Campeche City

San Francisco de Campeche^[1] (pronounced: [san fɾanˈsisko de kamˈpetʃe]) (Ahk'ìin Pech - /aχkʼiːn˥˧ pʰetʃ/ in Yucatec Maya) is a city in Campeche Municipality in the state of Campeche —located at 19°51′N 90°32′W / 19.85°N 90.53°W / 19.85; -90.53, on the shore of the Bay of Campeche of the Gulf of Mexico— and its municipal seat also serves as the state's capital city. The city's population at the 2010 census was 220,389,^[2] and the municipality for which it serves as municipal seat had a population of 259,005.^[2]

The city was founded in 1540 by Spanish conquistadores as San Francisco de Campeche atop the pre-existing Maya city of Can Pech. The Pre-Columbian city was described as having 3,000 houses and various monuments, of which little trace remains.

The city retains many of the old colonial Spanish city walls and fortifications which protected the city (not always successfully) from pirates and buccaneers. The state of preservation and quality of its architecture earned it the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. Originally, the Spaniards lived inside the walled city, while the natives lived in the surrounding barrios of San Francisco, Guadalupe and San Román. These barrios still retain their original churches; the one in Guadalupe is almost 500 years old.

History

Facades of Colonial buildings with the city's cathedral visible.

Founded in 1540 by Francisco Montejo, Campeche was terrorized by pirates and marauders until the city started fortification in 1686.^[3]

San Francisco de Campeche was originally a village, Ah Kim Pech, where the first landed in Mexico in 1517. The city of Campeche was founded in 1540 and fortified against pirates during the 17th century. It still has the appearance of a fortress. Historical monuments and buildings, such as the Franciscan cathedral, old Maya ruins, and the old city walls and forts, attract many tourists.

The fortifications system of Campeche, an eminent example of the military architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries, is part of an overall defensive system set up by the Spanish to protect the ports on the Caribbean Sea from pirate attacks like the 1663 Sack of Campeche.

The state of preservation and quality of its architecture earned it the status of a World Heritage Site in 1999.^[4]^[5]

City fortifications

The Fort of San Miguel was built to defend the town against the attack of pirates during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The city of Campeche is an example of urbanism in a baroque colonial city, with a reticular and regular plan, its urban trace, a model of colonial port cities, reflects the main role that it played as a commercial, religious and military connection point characterized by its high level of integrity and homogeneity. More than one thousand buildings with a historic value have survived as witnesses of space and temporal superimposition of several significant historic periods of Mexico.

Due to the constant attacks of both English and Dutch buccaneers and pirates such as Francis Drake, John Hawkins, Laurens de Graaf, Cornelis Jol, Jacobo Jackson, Jean Lafitte, Francisco de Grammont, Bartolomé Portugués, William Parker, Francisco Nau, Edward Mansvelt, Henry Morgan, Lewis Scot, Roche Braziliano and Michel de Grammont for almost 160 years, in 1686 the government started to fortify the city.^[3]

The French engineer Louis Bouchard de Becour was commissioned to unify all the defensive works that surrounded the city with a wall. At its completion, the wall surrounding the city of Campeche was 2,560 meters in length, forming an irregular hexagon around the main part of the city, with eight defensive bastions on the corners. These bulwarks now serve different functions:

Santiago: Used as the Botanical Garden 'Xmuch´haltún'. Reconstructed.
San Pedro: Former prison.
San Francisco: Protects the Land Gate. Houses the library of the INAH.
San Juan: Protects the Land Gate.
Nuestra Señora de la Soledad: Also protects the Sea Gate. It is the largest one and holds the Museum of City History.
San Carlos: Holds the City Museum. This fort was the first one built. Protects the Sea Gate.
Santa Rosa.

It also contained four gates to allow access to the main quarters. The main entrances are the Puerta de la tierra ("Land Gate"), built in 1732, and the Puerta del mar ("Sea Gate"). The Land Gate is kept as a tourist attraction, having a light and sound show three nights each week and keeping original supplies and items from the 17th century. The other gates were Guadalupe and San Román, connecting to the outside neighborhoods.

Additionally, two main forts protected the city from two nearby hills on each side, the forts of San José el Alto (built in 1762) and San Miguel. These forts gave long-range artillery coverage and served also as look-outs. They were built before the walls of the city. The fort of San Miguel is used as a museum and houses a collection of pre-Hispanic items. The fort of San José houses a collection of boats and weapons of the period.

Demographics

Independence Park

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 259,005.^[2]

The municipal seat, and largest settlement, is the city of San Francisco de Campeche (often shortened to Campeche). As of 2010, the city had a population of 220,389.^[2]

Aside from the municipal seat, the municipality has 564 localities.

The largest localities are, (with 2010 populations in parentheses): Lerma (8,281), Chiná (5,194), classified as urban, and Los Laureles (2,251), Alfredo V. Bonfil (2,060), Pich (1,756), Tikinmul (1,663), Imí (1,227), Hampolol (1,123), Castamay (1,101), and San Francisco Kobén (1,045), classified as rural.^[2]

Sister cities

View of San Francisco de Campeche

Climate

Campeche has a tropical savanna climate, with most rain falling in the wet season from June to October.

Climate data for Campeche (1951–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	38.8 (101.8)	39.0 (102.2)	41.0 (105.8)	44.0 (111.2)	45.0 (113)	43.0 (109.4)	40.0 (104)	40.0 (104)	39.0 (102.2)	40.5 (104.9)	38.0 (100.4)	40.0 (104)	45.0 (113)
Average high °C (°F)	29.1 (84.4)	30.6 (87.1)	32.7 (90.9)	35.0 (95)	35.9 (96.6)	34.9 (94.8)	34.5 (94.1)	34.2 (93.6)	33.4 (92.1)	32.1 (89.8)	30.7 (87.3)	29.4 (84.9)	32.7 (90.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	23.7 (74.7)	24.7 (76.5)	26.5 (79.7)	28.5 (83.3)	29.6 (85.3)	29.2 (84.6)	28.7 (83.7)	28.5 (83.3)	28.2 (82.8)	27.0 (80.6)	25.4 (77.7)	24.0 (75.2)	27.0 (80.6)
Average low °C (°F)	18.2 (64.8)	18.7 (65.7)	20.2 (68.4)	22.1 (71.8)	23.4 (74.1)	23.5 (74.3)	22.9 (73.2)	22.7 (72.9)	22.9 (73.2)	21.9 (71.4)	20.0 (68)	18.6 (65.5)	21.3 (70.3)
Record low °C (°F)	8.0 (46.4)	9.0 (48.2)	10.0 (50)	13.0 (55.4)	16.0 (60.8)	17.0 (62.6)	18.0 (64.4)	19.0 (66.2)	18.0 (64.4)	15.0 (59)	12.0 (53.6)	9.0 (48.2)	8.0 (46.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	25.8 (1.016)	15.8 (0.622)	12.4 (0.488)	13.0 (0.512)	53.9 (2.122)	162.0 (6.378)	181.3 (7.138)	188.2 (7.409)	203.1 (7.996)	117.9 (4.642)	41.0 (1.614)	25.0 (0.984)	1,039.4 (40.921)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	3.9	2.5	2.0	1.3	3.9	11.7	14.8	14.6	14.3	9.3	4.7	3.5	86.5
Average relative humidity (%)	74	71	68	66	64	68	74	76	78	77	77	75	72
Mean monthly sunshine hours	216	200	264	267	254	237	241	236	202	208	194	177	2,696
Source #1: Servicio Meteorológico National (humidity 1981–2000)^[11]^[12]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)^[13]^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Gallery

Archaeological zone of Edzná.
Colonial Spanish houses in Campeche.
Buildings along a street in central Campeche with typical colors
The church and convent of San Francisco, 1540, one of the oldest in the Americas, was built on the site where officiate the first church on the mainland in 1517.
Campeche fishermen cutting up the catch on the Gulf of Mexico
Shop in central Campeche selling magical adjuncts and elixirs
Francisco de Paula Toro Theatre, (1832 - 1834).
Maya stela at the Fort of San Miguel Museum.
Cathedral of the city.
Jardín Botánico Xmuch' Haltun
City of Campeche

Notes

Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática

References

↑ "Constitucion Politica del Estado de Campeche (chapter 10, article 24)" (PDF). Retrieved August 24, 2010.
1 2 3 4 5 "Campeche". Catálogo de Localidades. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL). Retrieved 23 April 2014.
1 2 Marley, David (2005) Historic cities of the Americas: an illustrated encyclopedia, Volume 1 p.223. ABC-CLIO, 2005
↑ Historic Fortified Town of Campeche - UNESCO World Heritage
↑ World Heritage Site - Campeche
↑ http://www.halifax.ca/council/Minutes/1998/c980113.pdf
↑ Lista de ciudades hermanas de Laredo
1 2 http://www.sre.gob.mx/gobiernoslocales/
↑ El Municipio y Ciudad de Veracruz, Veracruz: Ciudades hermanadas.
↑
↑ "Estado de Campeche–Estacion: Campeche (DGE)". NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951–2010 (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico National. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
↑ "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
↑ "Station 76695 Campeche, CAMP.". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 7 May 2015.

Notes

↑ Station ID for Campeche, CAMP. is 76695 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Campeche (city).

Media related to San Francisco de Campeche (Campeche City) at Wikimedia Commons
Campeche travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official Campeche website

State of Campeche

Campeche (capital)

Municipalities and (municipal seats)	Calkiní (Calkiní) Campeche (Campeche) Carmen (Ciudad del Carmen) Champotón (Champotón) Hecelchakán (Hecelchakán) Hopelchén (Hopelchén) Palizada (Palizada) Tenabo (Tenabo) Escárcega (Escárcega) Calakmul (Xpujil) Candelaria (Candelaria)

World Heritage Sites in Mexico

North West	Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California¹ Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino

North Central	El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro Historic Centre of Zacatecas Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines Protected town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco

West	Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila Historic Centre of Morelia Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California¹ Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve¹

East	Earliest 16th-century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl¹ Pre-Hispanic City of El Tajín Historic Centre of Puebla Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan

South West	Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque

South Central	Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System Central University City Campus of the UNAM Earliest 16th-century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl¹ El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Historic Centres of Mexico City and Xochimilco Luis Barragán House and Studio Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve¹ Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacán

South East	Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche Historic Fortified Town of Campeche Pre-Hispanic City of Chichén Itzá Sian Ka'an Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal

¹ Shared by more than one region

Mexican state capitals

Spanish / Hispanic Colonial architecture

Bigger Historic Centres	Antigua Guatemala Bogotá Buenos Aires Campeche Cartagena de Indias Cienfuegos Coro Cuernavaca Cusco Guanajuato Havana León Los Angeles Lima Manila Mexico City Montevideo Morelia Oaxaca Old Panama Panama City Puebla Quito San Diego San Juan San Miguel de Allende Santo Domingo St. Augustine Trujillo Vigan

Spanish Missions concentrations	List of Spanish missions

Cathedrals	Argentina Bolivia Chile Costa Rica Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Guam Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay The Philippines Peru Puerto Rico United States Arizona California Louisiana San Antonio Uruguay Venezuela

Churches and monateries	Bohol Chiloé Popocatépetl

Fortresses	Santo Domingo North American Presidios Spanish Italian Presidi

Bridges and roads	Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Tayabas

Other buildings types	Hacienda Haciendas in the Valley of Ameca Cabildo Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines Plaza

Architecture types	Baroque Andean Baroque Churrigueresque Earthquake Mexican Colonial Chilotan Monterey Colonial Renaissance Rococo Neoclassical

Modern Revival Style	Spanish Colonial Revival architecture Mission Revival architecture

Category

Piracy

Periods	Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age 21st century

Types of pirate	Pirates Privateers Buccaneers Corsairs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate River pirate Brethren of the Coast Barbary pirates Moro pirates Wōkòu Vikings Ushkuiniks Narentines Cilician pirates Confederate privateer Baltic Slavic pirates Uskoks Cossack pirates Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Freebooters

Areas	Piracy in the Caribbean Piracy on Lake Nicaragua Piracy in the British Virgin Islands Piracy in the Strait of Malacca Piracy off the coast of Somalia Piracy in the Sulu Sea Piracy on Falcon Lake Pirates of the South China Coast Anglo-Turkish piracy Port Royal Tortuga Saint-Malo Barbary Coast Lundy Lagos Salé Spanish Main Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Piracy in Indonesia Barataria Bay Piracy in the Persian Gulf

Noted pirates	Bartholomew Roberts Hendrick Lucifer Hayreddin Barbarossa Blackbeard Stede Bonnet Anne Bonny Abshir Boyah Laurens de Graaf Michel de Grammont Calico Jack Alexandre Exquemelin William Kidd Edward Low Redbeard William Dampier Black Caesar Henri Caesar Roberto Cofresí Jean Lafitte Henry Morgan Lawrence Prince François l'Olonnais Henry Strangways Charles Gibbs Benito de Soto Diabolito Pedro Gilbert Mansel Alcantra Hippolyte Bouchard Samuel Hall Lord Nathaniel Gordon Albert W. Hicks Eli Boggs Bully Hayes Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah Louis-Michel Aury Shirahama Kenki John Newland Maffitt Joseph Baker Joseph Barss Jørgen Jørgensen Vincenzo Gambi Dominique You Pierre Lafitte John Hawkins Peter Easton Nicholas van Hoorn Moses Cohen Henriques Piet Pieterszoon Hein Charlotte de Berry Samuel Bellamy Benjamin Hornigold Samuel Mason Henry Every Roche Braziliano Gan Ning Liang Daoming Wang Zhi Limahong Zheng Zhilong Zheng Jing Cai Qian Cheung Po Tsai Ching Shih Shap Ng-tsai Chui A-poo Lai Choi San Fūma Kotarō Olivier Levasseur

Categories	Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates

Pirate ships	Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj-i-Sawai Queen Anne's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York

Pirate hunters	Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez (privateer)

Pirate battles and incidents	Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of Mandab Strait Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty-ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking

Slave trade	African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela

Fictional pirates	Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro One Piece Captain Nemo Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Captain Stingaree Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow

Miscellaneous	Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase, no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones' Locker Air pirate Space pirate

Lists	Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates

Literature	Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes

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