Carcharocles chubutensis

Carcharocles chubutensis
Temporal range: Oligocene - Pliocene
Partially preserved C. chubutensis broken tooth with a slant height of 129 mm.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Disputed; either Lamnidae or Otodontidae
Genus: Disputed; either Carcharodon or Carcharocles
Binomial name
Disputed; either Carcharodon subauriculatus or Carcharocles chubutensis
For Carcharodon subauriculatus, Agassiz, 1843
Synonyms
  • Carcharodon mexicanus
  • Carcharodon productus
  • Megaselachus chubutensis Glikman, 1964

Carcharocles chubutensis, meaning "glorious shark of Chubut", from Ancient Greek: κλέϝος (kléwos) “glory/fame” + καρχαρίας (karkharías) “shark”, is a prehistoric megatoothed shark that lived during Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene epochs, approximately 28 – 5 million years ago.[1] This shark is considered to be a close relative of another prehistoric megatoothed shark, C. megalodon.[1] However, as is the case with C. megalodon, the classification of this species is disputed.

Fossil record

This species is also known from fossil teeth and some fossilized vertebral centra. Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage and not bone, and cartilage rarely gets fossilized. Hence, fossils of C. chubutensis are generally poorly preserved. Although the teeth of C. chubutensis are morphologically similar to teeth of C. megalodon,[2] they are comparatively slender with curved crown, and with presence of lateral heels feebly serrated.[3] Fossils of this species have been found in North America,[3] South America,[3] Cuba,[4] Puerto Rico,[5] Africa,[6] and Europe.[7]

Size

C. chubutensis was larger than C. angustidens.[8] Teeth of C. chubutensis can approach 130 mm in slant height (diagonal length),[9] which according to size estimation method proposed by Gottfried at al, in 1996, indicate 12.2 m (40 ft) long specimen.[9]

Paleoecology

Paleontological research suggests that this species may have changed habitat preferences through time, or it may have had enough behavioral flexibility to occupy different environments at different times.[3]

Diet

C. chubutensis was likely an apex predator and commonly preyed upon fish,[3] sea turtles,[3] cetaceans (e.g. whales),[3] and sirenids.[3]

Phylogeny

As is the case with other known megatoothed sharks, the genus of C. chubutensis remains in dispute.[8] The Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz first identified this shark as a species of Carcharodon in 1843.[10] In 1906, Ameghino renamed this shark as C. chubutensis.[9] In 1964, shark researcher, L. S. Glikman recognized the transition of Otodus obliquus to C. auriculatus. In 1987, shark researcher, H. Cappetta reorganized the C. auriculatus - C. megalodon lineage and placed all related megatoothed sharks along with this species in the genus Carcharocles. Finally, the complete Otodus obliquus to C. megalodon progression became clear and has since gained the acceptance of many shark researchers.[11]

Within the Carcharocles lineage; C. chubutensis is the succeeding species of C. angustidens and is followed by C. megalodon.[1] In short, C. chubutensis is considered a possible ancestor of C. megalodon.[1][11][12] However, due to its co-existence with C. megalodon during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, it is regarded as a morpho-species.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Renz, Mark (2002). Megalodon: Hunting the Hunter. PaleoPress. pp. 26–30. ISBN 0-9719477-0-8
  2. ↑ Nyberg K.G, Ciampaglio C.N, Wray G.A (2006). "Tracing the ancestry of the GREAT WHITE SHARK". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (4): 806–814. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[806:TTAOTG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aguilera O., Augilera E. R. D. (2004). "Giant-toothed White Sharks and Wide-toothed Mako (Lamnidae) from the Venezuela Neogene: Their Role in the Caribbean, Shallow-water Fish Assemblage". Caribbean Journal of Science 40 (3): 362–368.
  4. ↑ Iturralde-Vinent, M.; G. Hubbell; R. Rojas (1996). "CATALOG OF CUBAN FOSSIL ELASMOBRANCHII (PALEOCENE--PLIOCENE) AND PALEOOCEANOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS OF THEIR LOWER--MIDDLE MIOCENE OCCURRENCE" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Jamaicana de Geología (Cuba) 31: 7–21. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  5. ↑ Nieves-Rivera, Angel M.; Ruizyantin, Maria; Gottfried, Michael D. (2003). "New Record of the Lamnid Shark Carcharodon megalodon from the Middle Miocene of Puerto Rico". Caribbean Journal of Science 39: 223–227.
  6. ↑ Cook, Todd D.; Alison M. Murray; Elwyn L. Simons; Yousry S. Attia; Prithijit Chatrath (18 February 2010). "A Miocene selachian fauna from Moghra, Egypt". Historical Biology (Egypt) 22: 78–87. doi:10.1080/08912960903249329. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  7. ↑ Marsili, Stefano; Giorgio Carnevale; Ermanno Danesea; Giovanni Bianuccia; Walter Landinia (March 2007). "Early Miocene vertebrates from Montagna della Maiella, Italy". Annales de Paléontologie (Italy: Elsevier) 93 (1): 27–66. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2007.01.001.
  8. 1 2 Gottfried M.D., Fordyce R.E (2001). "An Associated Specimen of CARCHARODON ANGUSTIDENS (CHONDRICHTHYES, LAMNIDAE) From the LATE OLIGOCENE of NEW ZEALAND, with comments on CARCHARODON Interrelationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 730–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0730:AASOCA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  9. 1 2 3 Andres, Lutz. "Megatooth Fossils Found at the Calvert Cliffs of Maryland". Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  10. ↑ Klimley, Peter; Ainley, David (1996). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-415031-4.
  11. 1 2 Andres, Lutz (2002). "C. megalodon — Megatooth Shark, Carcharodon versus Carcharocles". Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  12. ↑ Bruner, John (1997). "The "Megatooth" shark, Carcharodon megalodon". Mundo Marino Revista Internacional de Vida Marina.

External links


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