Changde

For the Changde meteorite of 1977, see meteorite falls.
Changde
常德市
Prefecture-level city
Changde

Location of the city centre in Hunan

Coordinates: 29°02′N 111°41′E / 29.033°N 111.683°E / 29.033; 111.683
Country People's Republic of China
Province Hunan
Government
 • Mayor Zhou Derui (周德睿)
 • Party Secretary Wang Qun (王群)
Area
 • Prefecture-level city 2,748.7 km2 (1,061.3 sq mi)
Elevation 35 m (115 ft)
Population (2010 census)
 • Prefecture-level city 5,717,218
 • Density 2,100/km2 (5,400/sq mi)
 • Urban 1,232,182
Time zone China Standard (UTC+8)
Postal code 415000
Area code(s) 0736
GDP 2012[1]
 - Total CNY 203.85 billion
 - Per capita CNY 35,475
 - Growth Increase 12.1%
License plate 湘J
City tree Camphor laurel
City flower Gardenia
Website http://eng.changde.gov.cn/

Changde (Chinese: 常德; pinyin: Chángdé) is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Hunan province, People's Republic of China, with a population of 5,717,218 as of the 2010 census, of which 1,232,182 reside in the urban districts of Dingcheng and Wuling. In addition to the urban districts, Changde also administers the county-level city of Jinshi and six counties. Changde is adjacent to Dongting Lake to the east, the city of Yiyang to the south, Wuling and Xuefeng Mountains to the west, and Hubei province to the north.[2]

The area has been inhabited by humans since around 8,000 years ago. In that time, the city has changed names several times, but it has been known as Changde since the 12th century. The city is well known for the Battle of Changde during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) and the atrocities committed then by the Imperial Japanese Army.

In the past decade, the city has seen a massive construction boom. New highrises have sprung up, roads were rebuilt and new schools, parks and museums have opened. Locals and tourists often visit the Changde Poetry Wall, covered in a variety of poems mostly from ancient China. The wall stretches for 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) along the Yuan River downtown and functions as a flood wall. It is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest wall with engraved arts in the world.[3]

History

Prehistory

Changde is known for its many Paleolithic and Neolithic sites. About 500 of them have been discovered to date. In 1984 neolithic human settlements were discovered in Li County, part of Changde. In 1988, the Pengtoushan site was excavated leading to the identification of the "Pengtoushan Culture". The site contains the earliest evidence of a settled village yet discovered in China.[4] Archeological research from 2011 suggests that a settlement called Shanlonggang, part of the Pengtoushan civilization, may have cultivated rice 8,000-9,000 years ago, making it the possible birthplace of rice cultivation.[5]

Ancient history

In historical times it was also a centre from which governments controlled the mountain tribes of western Hunan. A county, named Linyuan, was established there in the 2nd century BC.

In the Han Dynasty the area was called "Wuling County". In the Sui Dynasty, it was called Langzhou. During the Song Dynasty, it was called Dingcheng. In the Tang Dynasty (618–907) it became the seat of Lang prefecture. In 1117, Changde county was established, and around 1165, Changde superior prefecture was established. The name Changde has been used for the city ever since.[2] This status was retained until 1912, when the superior prefecture was abolished and the city became a county seat.

19th and early 20th centuries

In the late 19th century Changde became a prosperous commercial center and the chief agricultural central market of the Yuan River basin. Many Chinese firms, and — after 1905, when it was opened to foreign trade — foreign firms as well, maintained branches there to buy rice, cotton, tung oil, and timber, so that Changde's economic influence reached out into northern Guizhou, southwestern Hubei, and parts of southeastern Sichuan province. The merchants of the Taho quarter of the city controlled much of the northwestern Hunan economy, and early in the 20th century Changde was the second city of Hunan, after Changsha.

Japanese occupation

Chinese soldiers defending Changde

In the 1943 Battle of Changde, the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army attempted to stop the invading Japan Imperial troops from completing their invasion of Sichuan. Frustrated, the Japanese side employed chemical weapons to clear their way. During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, proof was presented of operations to contaminate the area with plague as early as 1941 and 1942.[6]

People's Republic

Although the commercial dominance of Changde firms disappeared with the advent of communist rule in 1949, the city remained an important center of trade, with the majority of its population engaged either in commerce or in transportation.

In 1975, Changde was hit by Typhoon Nina.

Geography

Two fishermen on the Yuan river in downtown Changde. The bridge and Jiangnan district can be seen in the background.

Located on the Yuan River upstream from its junction with the Lake Dongting system, Changde is a natural center of the northwest Hunan plain. The city was historically situated on the north bank of the Yuan River, and has since expanded development south of the river. The Chinese phrase "三山三水" (literally "Three mountains and three rivers") is often used in reference to the general physical geography of the city. Around the city are three nearby mountains- Taiyang Mountain (太阳山) to the north, Mount De (德山) to the south, and Mount Hefu (河洑山) in the west. In addition to the Yuan River, the city has plentiful water resources with the Chuanzi and Xin Rivers both flowing through Wuling urban district. The other major geographic feature of the area is Liuye Lake (柳叶湖), to the northeast of the city center. There are also numerous lakes, ponds, and streams in the city although many have been diverted or buried.[7]

The larger prefecture-level city of Changde is adjacent to Dongting Lake to the east, the city of Yiyang to the south, Wuling and Xuefeng Mountains to the west, and Hubei province to the north.[2] Near the border with Hubei province in Shimen county is Huping Mountain (壶瓶山), the highest peaks in Hunan province with an altitude of 2,099 metres (6,886 ft).[8]

The Xuefeng and Wuling mountains have historically been part of the native habitat of the South China tiger. This species is critically endangered and believed to be extinct in the wild. In recent years, the Chinese government has worked to identify potential sites for the establishment of a tiger reserve for the reintroduction of captive-born tigers into the wild. Hupingshan-Houhe National Natural Reserve Complex in Shimen county was selected as one of several potential sites.[9]

Climate

It has a monsoon-influenced, four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with cool, damp winters, and hot, humid summers. Winter begins relatively dry but not sunny and becomes progressively damper and cloudier; spring brings frequent rain and the highest humidity levels of the year. Summer is comparatively sunny, while autumn is somewhat dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from 4.7 °C (40.5 °F) in January to 28.6 °C (83.5 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 16.92 °C (62.5 °F). The annual precipitation is about 1,320 mm (52 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 22% in February and March to 53% in July, the city receives 1,602 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Climate data for Changde (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)		 10.0
(50)		 14.3
(57.7)		 21.3
(70.3)		 26.1
(79)		 29.3
(84.7)		 32.9
(91.2)		 32.2
(90)		 27.6
(81.7)		 22.4
(72.3)		 16.7
(62.1)		 11.4
(52.5)		 21.0
(69.9)
Average low °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6)		 3.7
(38.7)		 7.4
(45.3)		 13.6
(56.5)		 18.5
(65.3)		 22.2
(72)		 25.2
(77.4)		 24.9
(76.8)		 20.2
(68.4)		 14.8
(58.6)		 9.3
(48.7)		 4.2
(39.6)		 13.8
(56.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60.1
(2.366)		 67.1
(2.642)		 114.6
(4.512)		 169.6
(6.677)		 162.8
(6.409)		 208.9
(8.224)		 152.4
(6)		 129.9
(5.114)		 73.1
(2.878)		 81.4
(3.205)		 64.7
(2.547)		 38.9
(1.531)		 1,323.5
(52.105)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.8 11.6 16.1 16.6 14.9 14.5 11.4 10.1 9.5 12.0 9.8 8.4 146.7
Average relative humidity (%) 80 80 82 81 80 82 79 80 80 80 79 77 80.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 83.1 68.5 80.8 116.7 149.9 150.0 224.0 213.2 155.0 135.3 118.7 106.8 1,602
Percent possible sunshine 26 22 22 30 36 36 53 52 42 38 37 34 35.7
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Administrative divisions

The municipal executive, legislature and judiciary is in Wuling District, together with the city's Communist Party headquarters and Public security bureau. Wuling sits on the left bank of the Yuan River. Opposite Wuling is the administrative centre for Dingcheng District.

Changde prefecture-level city oversees two districts, one county-level city and six counties :

Name Chinese Administrative seat Post code Population
(2010 census)		 Area
(km2)		 Density
(per km2)		 Population
(2000 census)
Urban Districts
Wuling District 武陵区 Nanpinggang Township (南坪岗乡) 415000 620,973 412 2,084 509,940
Dingcheng District 鼎城区 Wuling Town (武陵镇) 415100 837,563 2340 342 836,799
County-level City
Jinshi City 津市市 Xianyang Street Subdistrict (襄阳街街道) 415400 251,064 556 450 243,242
Counties
Shimen County 石门县 Chu River Town (楚江镇) 415300 599,475 3970 151 673,435
Li County 澧县 Liyang Town (澧阳镇) 415500 827,021 2075 399 824,902
Linli County 临澧县 Anfu Town (安福镇) 415200 401,071 1204 333 411,971
Anxiang County 安乡县 Shenliu Town (深柳镇) 415600 525,619 1086 484 543,602
Hanshou County 汉寿县 Longyang Town (龙阳镇) 415900 799,497 2091 383 764,213
Taoyuan County 桃源县 Zhang River Town (漳江镇) 415700 854,935 4442 192 932,77

Economy

Tobacco is the most important industry in Changde.[10] Changde Cigarette Factory (CDCF), now a subsidiary of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., is one of six key cigarette companies in China and employs 8,300 workers in Changde as of 2013.[11][12] CDCF is by far Changde's largest industrial concern accounting for 4.22 billion (51.2%) of the city's 8.2 billion total industrial value added in 2012.[13] Changde is also an administrative centre and a storage and shipping point for tung oil, grain, cotton, medicinal herbs, and wood. Manufactures include ceramics, machine tools, textiles, leather, and processed foods. Grain, oil, cotton, and other commodities are loaded into medium-sized ships and taken to Yueyang, Changsha, or Hankou (Wuhan, Hubei province) for onward shipment. Timber is also rafted there and floated across Lake Dongting to Yueyang, and thus to the Yangtze River. After 1949 the city developed some light industry, mostly based on such local products as wood, leather, and bristles.

Demographics

Changde is the fourth largest city in Hunan province with 5,717,218 inhabitants or 8.7% of the total population of the province according to the 2010 census.[14] 13.23% of the population was found to be under 15 years old, while the population over 65 comprised 11.43% of the total.[15]

Ethnic minorities

The Tujia people are native to Shimen county, having occupied parts of the area for over 2000 years. Other significant ethnic minority populations in Changde include the Hui, Uyghur, Miao and Zhuang peoples. Fengshu Hui and Uyghur Autonomous Township (枫树维吾尔族回族乡) in Taoyuan County is the largest Uyghur community outside of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.[16] Fengshu is one of four Hui and Uyghur Autonomous Townships in Changde. The other three are Qinglin (青林) also in Taoyuan county, Xujiaqiao (许家桥) in Dingcheng district, and Maojiatan (毛家滩) in Hanshou county. Changde has the largest Hui population in the province.[17] Minority ethnicities represented 7.2% of the total population of Changde in 2010, 0.8% less than in 2000. By far the largest group of ethnic minority residents is the Tujia with 361,200 people or approximately 6.3% of the total population.[18] The Tujia made up over half the population of Shimen county as of 2009.[17] As for the other major minority ethnic groups present in Changde, the Hui, Uyghur, Miao, and Zhuang peoples respectively comprise 0.5% (33,500 people), 0.08% (4,800 people), 0.08% (4,500 people), and 0.02% (1,300 people) of the total population of Changde.[18]

Culture

Dialect

The Changde dialect is a variety of Southwestern Mandarin.[19] As such, it lacks the retroflex consonants found in Standard Chinese. Changde dialect adds the initial consonant /ŋ/ not present in standard Chinese. In addition, /n/ and /l/ are merged. The dialect has the same four tones as standard Chinese.[20]

Media

Changde has two major daily newspapers, the Changde Daily (常德日报) and the Changde Evening News (常德晚报), both published by Changde Daily Media Group (常德日报传媒集团).[21] The Changde Livelihood Newspaper (常德民生报) is published every Monday, Wednesday and Friday by Changde City Broadcasting Department which also manages Changde's local television and radio. The five local television networks run by Changde Television (HNCDTV), a sub-division of Changde City Department of Broadcasting, are Changde News Channel, Changde Public Channel, Changde City Channel, Changde Wuling Channel, and Changde Teletext Channel. The department of broadcasting also manages Changde People's Radio Traffic Channel (97.1 FM) and Changde People's Radio News Channel (105.6 FM).[22]

Changde Uyghur culture

For more details on Uyghurs of Taoyuan, see Uyghur people.

Taoyuan county's Uyghur community is culturally distinct from the Uyghur communities of Xinjiang. While Islam plays a central role in Xinjiang Uyghur culture, Islam and religious orthodoxy are much less prominent in Changde Uyghur culture. In particular, young Changde Uyghurs often do not practice Islam and consume pork, strictly forbidden among Xinjiang Uyghurs and Muslims in general, but common for the Han Chinese. In addition, the Changde Uyghurs speak Chinese instead of Uyghur. Those who practice Islam also learn Arabic for religious purposes.[23]

Local food and beverage

Drinking Lei cha, a beverage made from tea and other dry ingredients ground together and steeped in boiled water, is popular in Changde, especially in the urban districts of Wuling and Dingcheng and Taoyuan and Hanshou counties. Wuling Lei cha, as the Changde variety is sometimes called, is usually made with sesame, peanut, meng bean, rice, tea and ginger. According to legend, the custom of drinking lei cha began in Changde over two thousand years ago when general Ma Yuan and his army passed through Wuling county, where Changde is now located. There was a sudden epidemic in the barracks which they were only able to cure with a home remedy given to Ma Yuan by a mysterious old lady. Lei cha has been popular in the region ever since.[24]

Arts

In the 17th century, folk music from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces began influencing the popular music scene in Changde's Yuan and Li river district. A unique style of theatrical folk music called Changde Sixian (常德丝弦; lit. "Changde strings") evolved from this combination. It includes short expressive sections of lyrics spoken and sung in turns in Changde dialect by a group of singers accompanied by traditional Chinese stringed instruments such as the yangqin, pipa, sanxian, and huqin. The traditional repertoire has over 100 songs, most of which are based on history or folklore. After the founding of the People's Republic a modern socialist realist repertoire emerged. Changde Sixian has been revitalized since the 1980s with several songs receiving national awards. The style has also attracted some international attention since a visiting performance by a Changde Sixian troupe to Malaysia.[25] In 2006, the State Council included Changde Sixian in its first national intangible cultural heritage list.[26]

Transportation

Changde has an extensive bus network with most short-distance busses within the city costing either CN¥1 or ¥1.50 depending on air-conditioning. Changde is a pedestrian friendly city with wide tree-lined avenues and streets.

Intercity rail

The city is connected to the national passenger rail network, with connections to other Chinese cities via Changde Railway Station in Wuling district. Train tickets can be purchased at the station, before departure or once on the train. A planned high-speed Chongqing-Changsha special passenger line will connect Changde with Chongqing, Changsha and other cities along the line at 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph) once completed.[27][28] The Qianjiang-Zhangjiajie-Changde section has been approved and is expected to begin construction in 2014. The Changde-Changsha section has already begun construction.[28]

Bus rapid transit

On December 26, 2012, Changde officially launched its bus rapid transit (BRT) system. As of July 2013, the BRT system in Changde has eight lines operating both inside and outside BRT roads. These include the H1 main line running from Changde Bus Station to Deshan Bus Station and seven branch lines, H11, H12, H13, H15, H16, L12, and L13 although there are a total of only 24 BRT stations in the city. The system operates on the same flat fare as the city's normal innercity bus network, charging ¥1 yuan for transit between any two stops on the line except in the summer when the fare increases to ¥1.50. Changde BRT uses Huanghai CNG busses. The stations are located in the center of the roadway.[29][30]

Public bike service

One of Changde's many public bike rental stations on Renmin street.

Changde also has a public bike service begun in October 2012 with 30 rental stations throughout the city and a thousand bicycles. The system has continued to expand and plans at least a 120 rental stations and 3,200 bicycles by 2015. It is the second such system to be implemented in Hunan province[31] after a similar bike rental program was begun in Zhuzhou in May 2011.[32] Users sign up for the program with an annual or temporary subscription and must pay a ¥200 deposit. Riders can use the bikes for up to two hours for free and pay one yuan for each additional hour up to a maximum of fifteen yuan per day. Rental stations are open from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m.[33]

Road

Air

Changde Taohuayuan Airport (CDG) was constructed in 1958 and links Changde with several other Chinese cities including Haikou, Beijing, Shanghai, Kunming, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Tianjin, Liuzhou, Chongqing, and Wuhan.[34] The airport is located approximately 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi) south of the city.[35]

Water

Since the Yuan river has a minimum channel depth of over two meters year-round, it is navigable by thousand-ton ships. Yuanguan port in Changde is the second largest port in Hunan province covering an area of 200 mu (13 hectares). Construction of the new port began in 1999 and the first and second stages were completed in 2008 with two thousand-ton berths, two five-hundred-ton berths and one three-hundred-ton berth. Since 2012, The port of Changde is linked directly to the port of Shanghai.[36]

Tourism

Changde Poetry Wall

Changde is home to several tourist attractions. A few of them are located within the city but the most important of them are in the counties outside the city. Inside the city tourist areas include Liuye Lake, Taiyang Mountain, Changde Poetry Wall, and Walking street. Liuye Lake is now a national AAA tourism area with facilities for local, national, and international sporting events such as the 8th Asian Rowing Championship. The lake is an important recreation area for the city.[37]

Outside the city in Taoyuan county is the famous Taohuayuan (桃花源) or "Peach Blossom Spring" in English, named after the fable by Tao Yuanming. The area is famous for its plentiful peach blossoms and natural scenery.

Education

Changde is home to several institutions of higher education.

Notable people

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ "常德市2012年国民经济和社会发展统计公报". 湖南省统计局. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 "Introduction to Changde". Changde(China) Official Web Portal- Changde's International Window. Changde City Government. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  3. ↑ "Changde Poem Wall". China Daily. 2004-06-08. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  4. ↑ Charles Higham (1996). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-521-56505-7.
  5. ↑ "China's Hunan may be birthplace of cultivated rice". People's Daily. Xinhua News. November 24, 2011.
  6. ↑ Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity., 2004, pages 220–221.
  7. ↑ "Reinventing Waterscape Urbanism: Changde, China" (PDF). Hannover: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  8. ↑ "Mount Huping National Nature Reserve". Hunan Provincial People's Government. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  9. ↑ Yiyuan Qin; Philip Nyhus (April 2010). "South China Tiger Prey Habitat Suitability Assessment in Hupingshan - Houhe National Nature Reserve Complex, China" (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  10. ↑ "Tobacco Industry". Changde City Government. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  11. ↑ "Changde Cigarette Factory". Changde City Government. 2013-08-22. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  12. ↑ 常德卷烟厂 (in Chinese). 常德市人民政府. 2013-07-23. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  13. ↑ 刘勇; 彭雅惠 (2013-07-08). "常德：从"一烟独大"到"三足鼎立"". 湖南日报. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  14. ↑ 湖南省第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 (in Chinese). 湖南省统计局. 2011-05-13. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  15. ↑ 湖南人口老龄化与公共管理创新研究 (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Hunan Province. 2012-11-02. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  16. ↑ "Ethnic Minorities". Changde City People's Government. 2010-07-05. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  17. 1 2 常德市少数民族概况 (in Chinese). 常德市民族宗教事务局. 2009-06-19. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  18. 1 2 常德市人口发展报告 (in Chinese). 常德市统计局. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  19. ↑ 李, 永明 (1989). 常德方言志 (in Chinese). 岳麓书社. p. 2. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  20. ↑ 郑, 庆君 (1999). 常德方言硏究 (in Chinese). 湖南敎育出版社. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  21. ↑ 常德日报传媒集团简介 (in Chinese). 常德市日报社. 2008-09-22. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  22. ↑ 常德市广播电视台所属媒体介绍 (in Chinese). 常德市广播电视台. 2008-11-25. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  23. ↑ Shih, Chih-yu (2002). "Ethnic Religion: The adaptation of Islam". Negotiating Ethnicity in China: Citizenship as a Response to the State. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 0-415-28372-8. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  24. ↑ 常德特产·武陵擂茶 (in Chinese). 红网综合. 2007-08-28. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  25. ↑ 常德丝弦介绍 (in Chinese). 湖南省非物质文化遗产保护中心. 2008-12-19. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  26. ↑ 国务院关于公布第一批国家级 非物质文化遗产名录的通知 (in Chinese). 中国政府网. 2006-05-20. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  27. ↑ Zhang Yi, ed. (2013-03-06). "Railway to bring Chongqing, Changsha closer". Chongqing News. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  28. 1 2 "Changde to Usher in the Era of High-speed Rail". Changde City Government. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  29. ↑ "Changde BRT(Bus Rapid Transit) System". Changde City Government. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  30. ↑ "Changde BRT". Institute for Transportation & Development Policy. 2013-03-30. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  31. ↑ "Changde Public Bicycle Rental System". Changde City Government. 2013-07-31. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  32. ↑ "Hunan's First Public Bicycle Rental System Launched in Zhuzhou". Hunan Provincial People's Government. 2011-05-08. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  33. ↑ "Public Bike: Changde". Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. 2013-07-05. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  34. ↑ 天津—常德—柳州航线6月28日开通，每天一班 (in Chinese). 常德桃花源机场. 2013-07-01. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  35. ↑ "Taohuayuan Airport". Changde City Government. 2010-07-05. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  36. ↑ "Changde Port- Shanghai Port Direct Route Opens". Hunan Provincial People's Government. 2012-09-18. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  37. ↑ "Liuye lake Introduction". Changde Municipal People's Government. 2009-10-27. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  38. ↑ Kuhlman, Erika (2002). A to Z of Women in World History. Infobase Publishing. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-8160-4334-7.
  39. ↑ Guo Jian; Yongyi Song; Yuan Zhou (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Scarecrow Press inc. p. 125.
  40. ↑ "Liu Yuxi". Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry Web Companion. Whittier College. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  41. ↑ "Lin Boqu". CPC Encyclopedia. China Daily. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  42. ↑ Gao, James Zheng (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China. Scarecrow Press inc. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-8108-4930-3.
  43. ↑ "Yuan Chunqing 袁纯清". China Vitae. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  44. ↑ 香香的艺人档案 (in Chinese). Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  45. ↑ 许榆婧 (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 December 2015.

.[1]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Changde.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Changde.
  1. ↑ 3 Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity., 2004, pages 220–221
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