Cher

Cher
Publicity photo of Cher, c. 1970s
Born	Cherilyn Sarkisian May 20, 1946 El Centro, California, U.S.
Other names	Cheryl LaPiere Cher Bono Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman
Occupation	Singer actress model fashion designer television host comedian songwriter dancer businesswoman philanthropist author film producer director record producer
Years active	1963–present
Spouse(s)	Sonny Bono (m. 1969; div. 1975) Gregg Allman (m. 1975; div. 1979)
Children	Chaz Bono Elijah Blue Allman
Parent(s)	Georgia Holt John Sarkisian
Awards	Full list
Musical career
Genres	Pop folk disco rock dance
Instruments	Vocals
Labels	Warner Bros. Wea Geffen Columbia Casablanca MCA Kapp Atco Imperial
Associated acts	Sonny & Cher Allman and Woman Black Rose

Cher (/ˈʃɛər/; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer and actress. Described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry, she is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances during her five-decade-long career, which has led to her being nicknamed the Goddess of Pop.

Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher after their song "I Got You Babe" reached number one on the American and British charts. She began her solo career simultaneously, releasing in 1966 her first million-seller song, "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)". She became a television personality in the 1970s with her shows The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, and Cher. She emerged as a fashion trendsetter by wearing elaborate outfits on her television shows. While working on television, she established herself as a solo artist with the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart-topping singles "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed", and "Dark Lady". After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, Cher launched a comeback in 1979 with the disco-oriented album Take Me Home and earned $300,000 a week for her 1980–82 residency show in Las Vegas.

In 1982, Cher made her Broadway debut in the play Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean and starred in the film adaptation of the same title. She subsequently earned critical acclaim for her performances in films such as Silkwood (1983), Mask (1985), and Moonstruck (1987), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She then revived her musical career by recording the rock-inflected albums Cher (1987), Heart of Stone (1989), and Love Hurts (1991), all of which yielded several successful singles. She reached a new commercial peak in 1998 with the album Believe, whose title track became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK; it features the pioneering use of Auto-Tune, also known as the "Cher effect". Her 2002–05 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time, earning $250 million. In 2008, she signed a $180 million deal to headline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for three years. After seven years of absence, she returned to film in the 2010 musical Burlesque. Cher's first studio album in 12 years, Closer to the Truth (2013), became her highest-charting solo album in the U.S. to date at number three.

Cher has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, a special CFDA Fashion Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and a Cannes Film Festival Award, among several other honors. Throughout her career, she has sold 200 million records worldwide. She is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in each decade from the 1960s to the 2010s. Outside of her music and acting, she is noted for her political views, philanthropic endeavors and social activism, including LGBT rights and HIV/AIDS prevention.

Life and career

1946–61: Early life

Cher as a high school student in 1960

Cher was born Cherilyn Sarkisian in El Centro, California, on May 20, 1946.^[1] Her father, John Sarkisian, was an Armenian-American truck driver with drug and gambling problems, and her mother, Jackie Jean Crouch, was an occasional model and bit-part actress who claimed Irish, English, German and Cherokee ancestry.^[2] Cher's father was rarely home when she was an infant,^[3] and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old.^[1] Her mother later married actor John Southall, by whom she had a daughter, Georganne Southall, Cher's half-sister.^[4]

Now living in Los Angeles, Cher's mother began acting while working as a waitress. She changed her name to Georgia Holt and played minor roles in films and on television. Holt also secured acting parts for her daughters as extras on television shows like The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.^[3] Her mother's relationship with Southall ended when Cher was nine years old, but she considers him her father and remembers him as a "good-natured man who turned belligerent when he drank too much".^[5] Holt remarried and divorced several more times, and she moved her family around the country (including New York, Texas, and California).^[3] They often had little money,^[5] and Cher remembers using rubber bands to hold her shoes together.^[5] At one point, her mother left Cher at an orphanage for several weeks.^[6] Although they met every day, both found the experience traumatic.^[5]

When Cher was in fifth grade, she produced a performance of the musical Oklahoma! for her teacher and class. She organized a group of girls, directing and choreographing their dance routines. Unable to convince boys to participate, she acted the male roles and sang their songs. By age nine, she had developed an unusually low voice.^[7] Fascinated by film stars, Cher's role model was Audrey Hepburn, particularly due to her role in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's. Cher began to take after the unconventional outfits and behavior of Hepburn's character.^[8] She was disappointed by the absence of dark-haired Hollywood actresses whom she could emulate then.^[8] She had wanted to be famous since childhood but felt unattractive and untalented, later commenting, "I couldn't think of anything that I could do ... I didn't think I'd be a singer or dancer. I just thought, well, I'll be famous. That was my goal."^[9]

In 1961, Holt married bank manager Gilbert LaPiere, who adopted Cher (under the name Cheryl LaPiere)^[10] and her half-sister Georganne, and enrolled them at Montclair College Preparatory School, a private school in Encino, whose students were mostly from affluent families. The school's upper-class environment presented a challenge for Cher; biographer Connie Berman wrote, "[she] stood out from the others in both her striking appearance and outgoing personality."^[9] A former classmate commented, "I'll never forget seeing Cher for the first time. She was so special ... She was like a movie star, right then and there ... She said she was going to be a movie star and we knew she would."^[9] Despite not being an excellent student, Cher was intelligent and creative, according to Berman. She earned high grades, excelling in French and English classes. As an adult, she discovered that she had dyslexia. Cher achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior: she performed songs for students during the lunch hours and surprised peers when she wore a midriff-baring top, being the first young woman in her social circle to do so.^[8] She later recalled, "I was never really in school. I was always thinking about when I was grown up and famous."^[3]

1962–65: Solo career breakthrough

At age 16, Cher dropped out of school, left her mother's house, and moved with a friend into Los Angeles, where she took acting classes and worked to support herself. She danced in small clubs along Hollywood's Sunset Strip, introducing herself to performers, managers, and agents.^[11] According to biographer Connie Berman, "[Cher] did not hesitate to approach anyone she thought could help her get a break, make a new contact, or get an audition."^[12] Cher met performer Sonny Bono in November 1962 when he was working for record producer Phil Spector.^[12] Cher's friend moved out, and Cher accepted Sonny's offer to be his housekeeper.^[13] Sonny introduced Cher to Spector, who used her as a backup singer on many recordings, including the Ronettes' "Be My Baby" and the Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'".^[14] Spector produced her first single, the commercially unsuccessful "Ringo, I Love You", which Cher recorded under the name Bonnie Jo Mason.^[15]

Cher and Sonny became close friends, eventual lovers, and performed their own unofficial wedding ceremony in a hotel room in Tijuana, Mexico, on October 27, 1964.^[14][16] Although Sonny had wanted to launch Cher as a solo artist, she encouraged him to perform with her because she suffered from stage fright, and so he began joining her onstage, singing the harmonies. Cher disguised her nervousness by looking at Sonny; she later commented that she sang to the people through him.^[17] In late 1964, they emerged as a duo called Caesar & Cleo, releasing the poorly received singles "Do You Wanna Dance?", "Love Is Strange", and "Let the Good Times Roll".^[18]

Cher signed with Liberty Records' Imperial imprint in the end of 1964, and Sonny became her producer. The single "Dream Baby", released under the name "Cherilyn", received airplay in Los Angeles.^[15] Encouraged by Imperial, Cher worked with Sonny on her second solo single on the label, a cover version of Bob Dylan's "All I Really Want to Do",^[15] which peaked at number 15 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1965.^[19] Meanwhile, the Byrds had released their own version of the same song. When competition on the singles charts started between Cher and the Byrds, the group's record label began to promote the B-side of the Byrds' single. Roger McGuinn of the Byrds commented, "We loved the Cher version ... We didn't want to hassle. So we just turned our record over."^[20] The namesake album, later described by AllMusic's Tim Sendra as "one of the stronger folk-pop records of the era",^[21] reached number 16 on the Billboard 200.^[22]

1965–67: Sonny and Cher's rise to pop stardom

Sonny & Cher in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, 1966

In early 1965, Caesar and Cleo began calling themselves Sonny & Cher.^[23] Following the recording of "I Got You Babe", they traveled to England in July 1965 at the Rolling Stones' advice; Cher recalled, "[they] had told us ... that Americans just didn't get us and that if we were going to make it big, we were going to have to go to England."^[24] According to writer Cintra Wilson, "English newspaper photographers showed up when S&C were thrown out of the London Hilton [because of their outfits] the night they arrived—literally overnight, they were stars. London went gaga for the heretofore-unseen S&C look, which was neither mod nor rocker."^[25]

"I Got You Babe" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart^[26] and became, according to AllMusic's Bruce Eder, "one of the biggest-selling and most beloved pop/rock hits of the mid-'60s";^[15] Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2003.^[27] As the song knocked the Beatles off the top of the British charts, English teenagers began to emulate Sonny and Cher's fashion style, such as bell-bottoms, striped pants, ruffled shirts, industrial zippers and fur vests.^[28] Upon their return to the U.S., the duo made several appearances on the teen-pop showcases Hullabaloo and Shindig!^[29] and completed a tour of some of the largest arenas in the U.S.^[30] Their shows attracted Cher look-alikes—"girls who were ironing their hair straight and dyeing it black, to go with their vests and bell-bottoms".^[31] Cher expanded her creative range by designing a clothing line.^[32]

Sonny and Cher's first album, Look at Us (1965), released for the Atco Records division of Atlantic Records,^[15] spent eight weeks at number two on the Billboard 200, behind the Beatles' Help!.^[33] Their material became popular, and the duo successfully competed with the dominant British Invasion and Motown sounds of the era.^[32] Sonny and Cher charted ten Billboard top 40 singles between 1965 and 1972, including five top-ten singles: "I Got You Babe", "Baby Don't Go", "The Beat Goes On", "All I Ever Need Is You", and "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done".^[34] At one point, they had five songs in the top 50 at the same time, a feat equaled only by the Beatles and Elvis Presley.^[35] By the end of 1967, they had sold 40 million records worldwide and had become, according to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante, rock's "it" couple.^[36]

Cher's following releases kept her solo career fully competitive with her work with Sonny.^[15] The Sonny Side of Chér (1966) features "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", which reached number two in America and became her first million-seller solo single. Chér, also released in 1966, contains the Burt Bacharach and Hal David composition "Alfie", which was added to the credits of the American version of the 1966 film of the same name and became the first stateside version of the popular song. With Love, Chér (1967) includes songs described by biographer Mark Bego as "little soap-opera stories set to rock music" such as the U.S. top-ten single "You Better Sit Down Kids".^[37]

1967–70: Backlash from the younger generation, first marriage

Cher on the set of the television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E., 1967

By the end of the 1960s, Sonny and Cher's music had ceased to chart. According to biographer Connie Berman, "the heavy, loud sound of groups like Jefferson Airplane and Cream made the folk-rock music of Sonny and Cher seem too bland."^[38] Cher later commented, "I loved the new sound of Led Zeppelin, Eric Clapton, the electric-guitar oriented bands. Left to myself, I would have changed with the times because the music really turned me on. But Son[ny] didn't like it—and that was that."^[39] Their monogamous lifestyle during the period of the sexual revolution^[40] and the anti-drug position they adopted at the height of the drug culture eventually made the duo lose their popular appeal among American youths.^[41] According to biographer Mark Bego, "in spite of their revolutionary unisex clothes, Sonny and Cher were quite 'square' when it came to sex and drugs."^[41] In an attempt to recapture their young audience, the duo produced and starred in the film Good Times (1967), which was commercially unsuccessful.^[38]

Cher's next album, Backstage (1968), in which she runs in diverse musical directions, including Brazilian jazz and anti-war protest settings, was not a commercial success.^[42] In 1969, she was dropped from Imperial Records. Sonny and Cher had been dropped from Atco; however, the label wanted to sign Cher for a solo album.^[43] 3614 Jackson Highway (1969) was recorded without the guidance of Sonny and incorporates experiments in soul music; AllMusic's Mark Deming proclaimed it "the finest album of her career".^[44] Displeased with the 3614 Jackson Highway album, Sonny prevented Cher from releasing more recordings for Atco.^[43]

Meanwhile, Sonny repeatedly cheated on Cher, and by the end of the 1960s their relationship had begun to unravel. According to People magazine, "[Sonny] tried desperately to win her back, telling her he wanted to marry and start a family."^[45] They officially married after she gave birth on March 4, 1969 to Chastity Bono^[45] (who years later became Chaz Bono).^[46] That year, the duo spent $500,000 and mortgaged their home to make the film Chastity. Written and directed by Sonny, who did not appear in the movie, it tells the story of a young woman, played by Cher, searching for the meaning of life.^[47] The art film failed commercially, putting the couple $190,000 in debt with back taxes. However, some critics noted that Cher showed signs of acting potential;^[30] Cue magazine wrote, "Cher has a marvelous quality that often makes you forget the lines you are hearing."^[38]

At the lowest point of their career, the duo put together a nightclub routine that relied on a more adult approach to sound and style.^[48] According to writer Cintra Wilson, "Their lounge act was so depressing, people started heckling them. Then Cher started heckling back. Sonny ... reprimanded her; then she'd heckle Sonny".^[25] The heckling became a highlight of the act and attracted viewers.^[25] Television executives took note, and the couple began making guest appearances on prime-time shows, in which they presented a "new, sophisticated, and mature" image.^[49] Cher adopted alluring, low-cut gowns that became her signature outfits.^[49]

1971–74: Television career breakthrough, first musical comeback

Cher (right) with Farrah Fawcett on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour

CBS head of programming Fred Silverman offered Sonny and Cher their own television program after he noticed them as guest-hosts on The Merv Griffin Show in 1971.^[50] The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour premiered as a summer replacement series on August 1, 1971, and had six episodes. Because it was a ratings success, the couple returned that December with a full-time show.^[30]

Watched by more than 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run,^[48] The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour was praised for the comedic timing, and deadpan Cher mocked Sonny about his looks and short stature. According to biographer Connie Berman, they "exuded an aura of warmth, playfulness, and caring that only enhanced their appeal. Viewers were further enchanted when a young Chastity also appeared on the show. They seemed like a perfect family."^[51] Cher honed her acting skills in sketch comedy roles such as the brash housewife Laverne, the sardonic waitress Rosa, and historical vamps,^[52] including Cleopatra and Miss Sadie Thompson.^[53] The designer clothing Cher wore were part of the show's attraction, and her style influenced the fashion trends of the 1970s.^[54]

In 1971, Sonny and Cher signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records, and the latter singer released the single "Classified 1A", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam. Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, radio station programmers quickly rejected the song as uncommercial. Since Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced Cher's first U.S. solo number-one single, "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", which "proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did", writes biographer Mark Bego.^[55] The song was featured on the 1971 album Chér (eventually reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).^[56] Its second single, "The Way of Love", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart^[57] and established Cher's more confident image as a recording artist.^[15]

In 1972, Cher released the all-ballad set Foxy Lady, demonstrating the evolution of her vocal abilities, according to Bego.^[58] Following the release of the album, Garrett quit as producer after disagreeing with Sonny about the kind of material Cher should record.^[59] At Sonny's insistence, in 1973 Cher released an album of standards called Bittersweet White Light, which was commercially unsuccessful.^[60] That year, lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett "Half-Breed", a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father, that she had written especially for Cher. Although Garrett did not have Cher as a client at the time, he was convinced that "it's a smash for Cher and for nobody else", so he held the song for months until he got Cher back.^[59] "Half-Breed" was featured on the album of the same name and became Cher's second U.S. solo number-one single.^[61] Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA.^[62] Cher's third U.S. solo number-one single was "Dark Lady", in 1974, from the namesake album.^[61] Later that year, she released a Greatest Hits album that, according to Billboard magazine, proved her to be "one of the most consistent hitmakers of the past five years", as well as a "proven superstar who always sells records".^[63]

Between 1971 and 1973, Sonny and Cher's recording career was revived with four albums released under Kapp Records and MCA Records: Sonny & Cher Live (1971), All I Ever Need Is You (1972), Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1973), and Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 (1973).^[64] Cher later commented on this period: "I could do a whole album ... in three days ... We were on the road ... and we were doing the Sonny & Cher Show".^[65]

1974–79: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline of popularity

Cher performing with David Bowie on the Cher show, 1975

Cher and Sonny had marital problems since late 1972, but appearances were maintained until 1974. "The public still thinks we are married," Sonny wrote in his diary at the time, "[and] that's the way it has to be."^[66] In February 1974, Sonny filed for a separation, citing "irreconcilable differences".^[67] A week later, Cher countered with a divorce suit and charged Sonny with "involuntary servitude", claiming that he withheld money from her and deprived her of her rightful share of their earnings.^[67] The couple battled in court over finances and the custody of Chastity, which was eventually granted to Cher.^[67] Their divorce was finalized on June 26, 1975.^[68]

In 1974, Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour.^[69] The same year, Sonny premiered a solo show on ABC, The Sonny Comedy Revue, which carried the creative team behind the Sonny and Cher show. It was canceled after 13 weeks.^[70]

During the divorce proceedings, Cher had a two-year romantic relationship with record executive David Geffen, who freed her from her business arrangement with Sonny, under which she was required to work exclusively for Cher Enterprises, the company he ran.^[71] Geffen secured a $2.5 million deal for Cher with Warner Bros. Records,^[72] and she began work on her first album under the label in 1975. According to biographer Mark Bego, "it was their intention that [this album] was going to make millions of fans around the world take her seriously as a rock star, and not just a pop singer."^[73] Despite Cher's efforts to develop her musical range by listening to artists such as Stevie Wonder, Elton John, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan, the resulting album, Stars, was commercially and critically unsuccessful.^[73] Janet Maslin of The Village Voice wrote, "Cher is just no rock and roller ... Image, not music, is Cher Bono's main ingredient for both records and TV."^[74] The album has since become a cult classic and is generally considered among her best work.^[65]

Cher with then-husband Gregg Allman in 1975

On February 16, 1975, Cher returned to television with a solo show on CBS. Entitled Cher, it began as a highly rated special with guests Flip Wilson, Elton John, and Bette Midler.^[75] The show was produced by Geffen and centered on Cher's songs, monologues, comedy performance, and her variation of clothing,^[76] which was the largest for a weekly TV show.^[77] Early critical reception was favorable; Los Angeles Times exclaimed that "Sonny without Cher was a disaster. Cher without Sonny, on the other hand, could be the best thing that's happened to weekly television this season."^[77] Cher lasted for less than a year, replaced by a new show in which she professionally reunited with ex-husband Sonny;^[78] she said, "doing a show alone was more than I could handle."^[79]

On June 30, 1975, four days after finalizing her divorce from Sonny, Cher married rock musician Gregg Allman, co-founder of The Allman Brothers Band.^[80] She filed for divorce nine days later because of his heroin and liquor problems, but they reconciled within a month.^[81] They had one son, Elijah Blue, on July 10, 1976.^[82] Sonny and Cher's TV reunion, The Sonny and Cher Show, debuted on CBS in February 1976—the first show ever to star a divorced couple. Although the show was a ratings success on its premiere,^[83] Cher and Sonny's insulting onscreen banter about their divorce,^[78] her reportedly extravagant lifestyle, and her troubled relationship with Allman caused a public backlash^[84] that eventually contributed to the show's cancellation in August 1977.^[83]

Cher's next albums, I'd Rather Believe in You (1976) and Cherished (1977), the latter a return to her pop style at Warner's producers insistence, were commercially unsuccessful.^[85] In 1977, under the rubric "Allman and Woman", she recorded alongside Allman the duet album Two the Hard Way, later regarded by History as "the worst of either artist's respective career".^[80] Their relationship ended following the release of the album,^[81] and their divorce was finalized in 1979.^[86] Beginning in 1978,^[87] she had a two-year^[88] live-in relationship with Kiss member Gene Simmons.^[89] That year, she legally changed her name from Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman to Cher, to eliminate the use of four surnames.^[90] She returned to prime time television with the specials Cher... Special (1978)^[91] and Cher... and Other Fantasies (1979).^[92]

1979–82: Second musical comeback, shift from disco music to rock

Cher performing in Las Vegas, 1981

A single mother with two children, Cher realized that she had to make a choice about the direction of her singing career. Deciding to temporarily abandon her desire to be a rock singer, she signed with Casablanca Records and launched a comeback with the single "Take Me Home" and the album of the same name, both of which capitalized on the disco craze.^[93] Both the album and the single became instant successes, remained bestsellers for more than half of 1979,^[93] and were certified gold by the RIAA.^[62] Sales of the album may have been boosted^[93] by the image of a scantily clad Cher in a Viking outfit on its cover.^[94] Despite her initial lack of enthusiasm with disco music, she changed her mind after the success, commenting, "I never thought I would want to do disco ... [but] it's terrific! It's great music to dance to. I think that danceable music is what everybody wants."^[93]

Encouraged by the popularity of Take Me Home, Cher planned to return to rock music in her next album, Prisoner (1979).^[95] The album's cover features Cher draped in chains as a "prisoner of the press",^[96] which caused controversy among feminist groups for her perceived portrayal of a sex slave.^[97] She included rock songs, which made the disco release seem unfocused and led to its commercial failure.^[96] Prisoner produced the single "Hell on Wheels", featured on the soundtrack of the film Roller Boogie. The song exploits the late 1970s roller-skating fad and contributed to its popularity.^[65]

In 1980, alongside Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder, Cher wrote her last Casablanca disco recording, "Bad Love", for the film Foxes.^[98] She formed the rock band Black Rose that year with her then-lover, guitarist Les Dudek. Although Cher was the lead singer, she did not receive top billing because she wanted to create the impression that all band members were equal. Since she was easily recognized when she performed with the band, she developed a punk look by cutting her trademark long hair. Despite appearances on television, the band failed to earn concert dates.^[99] Their album Black Rose received unfavorable reviews; Cher told Rolling Stone, "The critics panned us, and they didn't attack the record. They attacked me. It was like, 'How dare Cher sing rock & roll?'"^[48] During the band's active period, Cher was simultaneously doing a residency show in Las Vegas, earning $300,000 a week.^[100] Its companion television special Cher... A Celebration at Caesars aired on Lifetime in April 1983.^[101] Black Rose disbanded in 1981.^[102] That year, she released a duet with musician Meat Loaf called "Dead Ringer for Love", which reached number five on the UK Singles Chart and was later described by AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco as "one of the more inspired rock duets of 1980s".^[103] In 1982, Columbia Records released the album I Paralyze, later deemed by biographer Mark Bego as Cher's "strongest and most consistent solo album in years" despite its low sales.^[104]

1982–87: Film career breakthrough, musical hiatus

With decreasing album sales and a lack of commercially successful singles, Cher decided to further develop her acting career.^[105] While she had previously aspired to venture into film, she had only the critically and commercially unsuccessful movies Good Times and Chastity to her credit, and the Hollywood establishment did not take her seriously as an actress.^[105] She moved to New York in 1982 to take acting lessons with Lee Strasberg, founder of the Actors Studio, but never enrolled after her plans changed.^[25] She auditioned for and was signed by director Robert Altman for the Broadway stage production Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean, playing a member of a James Dean fan club holding a 20-year reunion. That year, Altman cast her again in the film adaptation of the same title.^[106] Cher credits Altman for launching her acting career: "Without Bob [Robert Altman] I would have never had a film career. Everyone told him not to cast me ... I am convinced that Bob was the only one who was brave enough to do it."^[107]

Director Mike Nichols, who had seen Cher onstage in Jimmy Dean, offered her the part of Dolly Pelliker, a plant co-worker and Meryl Streep's lesbian roommate in the film Silkwood.^[106] When it premiered in 1983, audiences questioned Cher's ability as an actress. She recalls attending a film preview during which the audience laughed when they saw her name in the credits.^[108] For her performance, Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.^[106]

In 1985, Cher formed the film production company Isis.^[109] Her next film, Mask (1985), reached number two at the box office^[110] and was Cher's first critical and commercial success as a leading actress.^[106] For her role as a drug addict biker with a teenage son who has a severe physical deformity, she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress.^[106] During the making of the film, however, she clashed with director Peter Bogdanovich. She attended the 58th Academy Awards in a tarantula-like costume "to show her scorn for the 'system'", according to authors James Parish and Michael Pitts.^[106] The incident garnered her much publicity.^[111]

By 1987, Cher was receiving attention for her controversial lifestyle, including her tattoos, plastic surgeries, exhibitionist fashion sense, and affairs with younger men.^[112] She had romantic relationships with actors Val Kilmer, Eric Stoltz, and Tom Cruise, hockey player Ron Duguay, film producer Josh Donen, Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora, and Rob Camilletti, an 18-years-younger bagel baker whom she dated from 1986 to 1989.^[113]

1987–92: Film stardom, third musical comeback

Cher performing during a benefit concert for Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation in 1989

Cher starred in three films in 1987.^[106] In Suspect, she played a public defender who is both helped and romanced by one of the jurors in the homicide case she is handling. Along with Susan Sarandon and Michelle Pfeiffer, she starred as one of three divorcees involved with a mysterious and wealthy visitor from hell who comes to a small New England town in the comedy horror The Witches of Eastwick. In Norman Jewison's romantic comedy Moonstruck, she played an Italian widow in love with her fiancé's younger brother.^[106] The two latter films ranked among the top ten highest-grossing films of 1987, at number ten and five, respectively.^[114] For her performance in Moonstruck, Cher won the Academy Award for Best Actress^[115] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical.^[69] By 1988, Cher had become one of the most acclaimed^[65] and bankable actresses of the decade, commanding $1 million per film.^[106] That year, she released the fragrance Uninhibited, which earned about $15 million in its first year sales.^[116]

In 1987, Cher signed with Geffen Records and revived her musical career with what music critics Johnny Danza and Dean Ferguson describe as "her most impressive string of hits to date", establishing her as a "serious rock and roller ... a crown that she'd worked long and hard to capture".^[65] Michael Bolton, Jon Bon Jovi, Desmond Child, and Richie Sambora produced her first Geffen album,^[65] Cher, which was certified platinum by the RIAA.^[62] It features the rock ballad "I Found Someone", her first U.S. top-ten single in more than eight years.^[65]

Cher's 19th studio album Heart of Stone (1989) was certified triple platinum by the RIAA.^[62] The music video for its second single, "If I Could Turn Back Time",^[117] caused controversy due to Cher's performance on a Navy warship, straddling a cannon,^[118] and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks.^[119] The song topped the Australian charts for seven weeks,^[117] reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became one of Cher's most successful singles.^[19] Further songs from Heart of Stone to reach the U.S. top ten were "After All", a duet with Peter Cetera, and "Just Like Jesse James".^[120] At the 1989 People's Choice Awards, Cher won the Favorite All-Around Female Star Award.^[121] She embarked on the Heart of Stone Tour in 1990.^[122] Most critics liked the tour's nostalgic nature and admired Cher's showmanship.^[123] Its parent television special Cher at the Mirage (1991) was filmed during a concert in Las Vegas.^[122]

In her first film in three years, Mermaids (1990), Cher paid tribute to her own mother in this story about a woman who moves her two daughters from town to town at the end of a love affair.^[109] She conflicted with the film's first two directors, Lasse Hallström and Frank Oz, who were replaced by Richard Benjamin.^[124] Believing Cher would be the star attraction, the producers allowed her creative control for the film.^[125] Mermaids was a moderate box office success and received mixed reviews.^[126] One of the two songs Cher recorded for the film's soundtrack,^[127] "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks.^[128]

Cher's final studio album for Geffen Records, Love Hurts (1991),^[129] stayed at number one in the UK for six weeks and produced the UK top-ten single "Love and Understanding".^[128] The album was certified gold by the RIAA.^[62] In later years, Cher commented that her Geffen label "hit years" had been especially significant to her, "because I was getting to do songs that I really loved ... songs that really represented me, and they were popular!"^[65] She released the exercise book Forever Fit in 1991,^[130] followed by the 1992 fitness videos CherFitness: A New Attitude and CherFitness: Body Confidence.^[72] She embarked on the Love Hurts Tour during 1992.^[131] That year, the UK-only^[132] compilation album Greatest Hits: 1965–1992 peaked at number one in the country for seven weeks.^[128] It features three new songs: "Oh No Not My Baby", "Whenever You're Near", and "Many Rivers to Cross".^[133]

1992–97: Health and professional struggles, directing debut

Partially due to her experiences filming Mermaids, Cher turned down leading roles in such films as The War of the Roses and Thelma & Louise.^[124] According to biographer Connie Berman, "After the success of Moonstruck, she was so worried about her next career move that she was overly cautious."^[134] In the early 1990s, she contracted the Epstein–Barr virus^[124] and developed chronic fatigue syndrome, which left her too exhausted to sustain her music and film careers.^[135] Because she needed to earn money and was not healthy enough to work on other projects, she starred in infomercials launching health, beauty, and diet products,^[136] which earned her close to $10 million in fees.^[137] The skits were parodied on Saturday Night Live^[138] and critics considered them a sellout,^[137] many suggesting her film career was over.^[139] She told Ladies' Home Journal, "Suddenly I became the Infomercial Queen and it didn't occur to me that people would focus on that and strip me of all my other things."^[136]

Cher made cameo appearances in the Robert Altman films The Player (1992) and Prêt-à-Porter (1994).^[131] During 1994, she started a mail-order catalogue business, Sanctuary, selling Gothic-themed products,^[140] and contributed a rock version of "I Got You Babe" to MTV's animated series Beavis and Butt-head.^[141] Alongside Chrissie Hynde, Neneh Cherry, and Eric Clapton, she topped the UK Singles Chart in 1995 with the charity single "Love Can Build a Bridge".^[142] Later that year, she signed with Warner Music UK's label WEA and released the album It's a Man's World (1995), which came out of her idea of covering men's songs from a woman's point of view.^[129] In general, critics favored the album and its R&B influences, some saying her voice had improved.^[143] Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "From an artistic standpoint, this soulful collection of grown-up pop songs ... is the high point of her recording career."^[144] It's a Man's World reached number 10 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the UK top-ten single "One by One".^[128] Tracks were remixed for the American release of the album, abandoning its original rock sound in favor of a style more accessible to U.S. radio;^[145] it reached number 64 on the Billboard 200.^[146]

In 1996, Cher played the wife of a businessman who hires a hitman to murder her in the Chazz Palminteri-scripted dark comedy film Faithful. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, Cher was praised for her role;^[147] The New York Times' Janet Maslin wrote that she "does her game best to find comic potential in a victim's role."^[148] Cher refused to promote the film, claiming it was "horrible".^[124] She made her directing debut with a segment in the abortion-themed anthology If These Walls Could Talk (1996), in which she also starred as a doctor murdered by an anti-abortion fanatic.^[143] It drew the highest ratings for an original HBO movie to date, registering an 18.7 rating with a 25 share in HBO homes^[149] and attracting 6.9 million viewers.^[150] Her music played a large role in the American TV series The X-Files episode "The Post-Modern Prometheus", which aired in November 1997.^[151] Written for her,^[152] it tells the story of a scientist's grotesque creature who adores Cher because of her role in Mask, in which her character cares for her disfigured son.^[153]

1998–2000: Death of Sonny Bono, fourth musical comeback

Sonny and Cher's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Following Sonny Bono's death in a skiing accident in 1998, Cher delivered a tearful eulogy at his funeral, calling him "the most unforgettable character" she had met.^[154] She paid tribute to him by hosting the emotional CBS special Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers, which aired on May 20, 1998.^[155] That month, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television.^[156] Later that year, Cher published the book The First Time, a collection of autobiographical essays of "first-time" events in her life, which critics praised for revealing the singer to be down to earth and genuine.^[157] Although the manuscript was almost finished when Sonny died, she could not decide whether to include his death in the book; she feared being criticized for capitalizing on the event. She later told Rolling Stone, "I couldn't ignore it, could I? I might have if I cared more about what people think than what I know is right for me." ^[158]

Cher's 22nd studio album Believe (1998) marked a musical departure for her, as it comprises dance-pop songs, many of which capture the "disco-era essence"; Cher said, "It's not that I think this is a '70s album ... but there's a thread, a consistency running through it that I love.'"^[65] Believe was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA^[62] and went on to be certified gold or platinum in 39 countries,^[159] selling 20 million copies worldwide.^[160] The album's title track reached number one in more than 23 countries^[161] and sold over 10 million copies worldwide.^[162] It became the best-selling recording of 1998 and 1999, respectively, in the UK^[161] and the U.S.,^[163] and Cher's most successful single to date.^[164] "Believe" topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK, selling over 1.7 million copies in the country as of November 2013.^[165] It also topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks,^[166] selling over 1.8 million units in the U.S. as of December 1999.^[167] The song earned Cher the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.^[168]

In January 1999, Cher performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the Super Bowl XXXIII.^[169] Two months later, she sang on the television special VH1 Divas Live 2, which attracted 19.4 million viewers.^[170] According to VH1, it was the most popular, and most watched program in the television network's history, as Cher's presence was "a huge part of making it exactly that."^[171] Capitalizing on the success of "Believe", Cher's former record company Geffen Records released the compilation album If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits (1999), which features the previously unreleased song "Don't Come Cryin' to Me".^[172] It was certified gold by the RIAA.^[62] The Do You Believe? tour ran from 1999 to 2000 and was sold out in every American city it was booked in,^[173] amassing a global audience of more than 1.5 million.^[174] Its companion television special, Cher: Live in Concert - From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999), was the highest rated original HBO program in 1998–99,^[175] registering a 9.0 rating among adults 18 to 49 and a 13.0 rating in the HBO universe of about 33 million homes.^[176] In November 1999, Cher released the compilation album The Greatest Hits, which sold three million copies outside of the U.S. as of January 2000.^[174]

Cher was named the number-one dance artist of 1999 by Billboard.^[163] At the 1999 World Music Awards, she received the Legend Award for her "lifelong contribution to the music industry".^[177] Her next film, Franco Zeffirelli's Tea with Mussolini (1999),^[178] got mixed reviews, but she earned critical acclaim for her performance as a rich, flamboyant American socialite whose visit to Italy is not welcome among the Englishwomen; one reviewer from Film Comment wrote, "It is only after she appears that you realize how sorely she's been missed from movie screens! For Cher is a star. That is, she manages the movie star trick of being at once a character and at the same time never allowing you to forget: that's Cher."^[179]

Not.com.mercial (2000) was written mostly by Cher after she had attended a songwriters' conference in 1994; it marked her first attempt at writing most of the tracks for an album. As the album was rejected by her record label for being uncommercial, she chose to sell it only on her website. In the song "Sisters of Mercy", she calls the Catholic nuns who cared for her when she was a child "cruel, heartless and wicked" for keeping her in their orphanage long after her mother attempted to retrieve her; church leaders quickly issued denouncements.^[180]

2001–13: Touring success, Vegas residency, return to film

Cher performing during Living Proof: The Farewell Tour in 2004

Cher's highly anticipated dance-oriented follow-up to Believe,^[181] Living Proof (2001), entered the Billboard 200 at number nine, her highest-charting album debut in the U.S. to date,^[182] and was certified gold by the RIAA.^[62] The album includes the UK top-ten single "The Music's No Good Without You"^[128] and "Song for the Lonely", the latter song dedicated to "the courageous people of New York" following the September 11 attacks.^[181] In May 2002, she performed during the benefit concert VH1 Divas Las Vegas.^[183] At the 2002 Billboard Music Awards, she won the Dance/Club Play Artist of the Year Award^[184] and was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Steven Tyler for having "helped redefine popular music with massive success on the Billboard charts".^[185] That year, her wealth was estimated at $600 million.^[186]

In June 2002, Cher embarked on the Living Proof: The Farewell Tour,^[187] announced as the final live concert tour of her career, although she vowed to continue making records and films.^[188] The show highlighted her successes in music, television, and film, featuring video clips from the 1960s onwards and an elaborate backdrop and stage set-up.^[189] Initially scheduled for 49 shows,^[190] the worldwide tour was extended several times. By October 2003, it had become the most successful tour ever by a woman, grossing $145 million from 200 shows and playing to 2.2 million fans.^[191] A collection of live tracks taken from the tour was released in 2003 as the album Live! The Farewell Tour.^[192] The NBC special Cher - The Farewell Tour (2003) attracted 17 million viewers.^[193] It was the highest rated network-TV concert special of 2003^[194] and earned Cher the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special.^[195]

After leaving Warner UK in 2002, Cher signed a worldwide deal with the U.S. division of Warner Bros. Records in September 2003.^[196] The Very Best of Cher (2003), a greatest-hits collection that surveys her entire career, peaked at number four on the Billboard 200^[197] and was certified double platinum by the RIAA.^[62] She played herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You (2003), mocking her public image as she appears in bed with a much younger boyfriend.^[198] Her 326-date Farewell Tour ended in 2005 as one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time, seen by over 3.5 million fans and earning $250 million.^[199] In 2008, she began a three-year, 200-performance residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, for which she earned a reported $60 million per year.^[200] Titled Cher, the production featured state-of-the-art video and special effects, elaborate set designs,^[201] 14 dancers, four aerialists and more than 20 costume changes.^[202]

Cher returned to film in the 2010 musical Burlesque, playing a nightclub impresario whom a young Hollywood hopeful is looking to impress. One of the two songs she recorded for the film's soundtrack, the power ballad "You Haven't Seen the Last of Me",^[203] reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in January 2011, making Cher the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in each decade from the 1960s to the 2010s.^[204] In November 2010, she received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.^[205] The next year, she lent her voice to Janet the Lioness in the comedy Zookeeper.^[206] Dear Mom, Love Cher, a documentary she produced about her mother Georgia Holt, aired on Lifetime in May 2013.^[207]

2013–present: Return to music and touring, Broadway project

Cher performing during the Dressed to Kill Tour in 2014

Closer to the Truth, Cher's 25th studio album and the first since 2001's Living Proof, entered the Billboard 200 at number three in October 2013, marking her highest position on that chart to date.^[33] Michael Andor Brodeur from The Boston Globe commented that "Cher's 'Goddess of Pop' sash remains in little danger of undue snatching; at 67, she sounds more convincing than J-Lo or Madonna reporting from 'the club'".^[208] Cher premiered the lead single "Woman's World" on the season four finale of the talent show The Voice, her first live TV performance in over a decade.^[207] She later joined the show's season five as judge Blake Shelton's team adviser.^[209]

On June 30, 2013, Cher headlined the annual Dance on the Pier benefit, celebrating Gay Pride day. It became the event's first sellout in five years.^[210] In November 2013, she appeared as a guest performer and judge on the seventeenth season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, during its eighth week, which was dedicated to her.^[211] She embarked on the Dressed to Kill Tour in March 2014, nearly a decade after announcing her "farewell tour".^[212] She quipped about that fact during the shows, saying this would actually be her last farewell tour while crossing fingers.^[213] The tour's first leg, which included 49 sold-out shows in North America, grossed $54.9 million.^[212] In November 2014, she cancelled all remaining dates due to an infection that affected kidney function.^[214]

On May 7, 2014, Cher confirmed a collaboration with American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan on their album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Credited as Bonnie Jo Mason, she uses an alias of hers originated in 1964.^[215] Only one copy of the album has been produced, and it was sold by online auction in November 2015.^[216] After appearing as Marc Jacobs' guest at the 2015 Met Gala, Cher posed for his brand's fall/winter advertising campaign.^[217] The fashion designer stated, "This has been a dream of mine for a very, very long time."^[218]

Cher first announced plans for a Broadway musical based on her life and music in June 2012. At that time, she revealed that the show would feature three actresses playing herself during different stages of her life. She expressed interest in playing a fourth iteration of herself, as a wise figure who gives advice to her younger versions. By 2015, she was still working on the project, enlisting writer Rick Elice to help her develop the script.^[219]

Artistry

Music

	"All I Really Want to Do" (1965) In "All I Really Want to Do", Cher alternates between high and low registers; this gave listeners the impression of a Sonny and Cher song and demonstrated her ability to carry both male and female ranges.[220]
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Cher has employed various musical styles, including folk rock, pop rock, power ballads, disco, new wave music, rock music, punk rock, arena rock, and hip hop;^[221] she said she has done this to "remain relevant and do work that strikes a chord".^[222] Her music has mainly dealt with themes of heartbreak, independence, and self-empowerment for women; by doing so, she became "a brokenhearted symbol of a strong but decidedly single woman", according to Out magazine's Judy Wieder.^[223] Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder credited Cher's "nearly flawless" song selection as what made her a notorious rock singer; while several of her early songs were penned by or sung with Sonny Bono, most of her solo successes, which outnumbered Sonny and Cher's successes, were composed by independent songwriters, selected by Cher.^[224] Not.com.mercial (2000), the singer's first album mostly written by herself, presents a "1970s singer-songwriter feel" that proves "Cher adept in the role of storyteller", according to AllMusic's Jose F. Promis.^[225]

Robert Hilburn of Los Angeles Times writes, "There were a lot of great records by female singers in the early days of rock ... None, however, reflected the authority and command that we associate with rock 'n' roll today as much as [Cher's] key early hits".^[226] Some of Cher's early songs discuss subjects rarely addressed in American popular music such as divorce, prostitution, unplanned and underaged pregnancy, and racism.^[224] According to AllMusic's Joe Viglione, the 1972 single "The Way of Love" is "either about a woman expressing her love for another woman, or a woman saying au revoir to a gay male she loved" ("What will you do/When he sets you free/Just the way that you/Said good-bye to me").^[227] Her ability to carry both male and female ranges allowed her to sing solo in androgynous and gender-neutral-themed songs.^[227]

Voice

	"Believe" (1998) "Believe" features the pioneering use of Auto-Tune, also known as the "Cher effect".[228]
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Cher has a contralto singing voice,^[229] described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as "bold, deep, and with a spacious vibrato".^[221] Ann Powers of The New York Times called it "a quintessential rock voice: impure, quirky, a fine vehicle for projecting personality."^[230] AllMusic's Bruce Eder wrote that the "tremendous intensity and passion" of Cher's vocals coupled with her "ability to meld that projection with her acting skills" can provide "an incredibly powerful experience for the listener", despite her having a limited vocal range.^[231] Paul Simpson, in his book The Rough Guide to Cult Pop (2003), states that "Cher [is] the possessor of one of the huskiest, most distinctive voices in pop ... which can work wonders with the right material directed by the right producer".^[232] He further addresses the believability of her vocal performances: "she spits out the words ... with such conviction you'd think she was delivering an eternal truth about the human condition".^[232]

Writing about Cher's musical output during the 1960s, Robert Hilburn of Los Angeles Times stated that "Rock was subsequently blessed with the staggering blues exclamations of Janis Joplin in the late '60s and the raw poetic force of Patti Smith in the mid-'70s. Yet no one matched the pure, seductive wallop of Cher".^[226] By contrast, her vocal performances during the 1970s were described by Eder as "dramatic, highly intense ... [and] almost as much 'acted' as sung".^[15] First heard in the 1980 record Black Rose,^[233] Cher employed sharper, more aggressive vocals in her hard rock-oriented albums, establishing her sexually confident image.^[234] For the 1995 album It's a Man's World, she restrained her vocals, singing in higher registers and without vibrato.^[129] The 1998 song "Believe" has an electronic vocal effect proposed by Cher,^[222] and was the first commercial recording to feature Auto-Tune—an audio processor originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies in vocal music recordings—as a deliberate creative effect. After the success of the song, the technique became known as the "Cher effect"^[228] and has since been widely used in popular music.^[235] Cher continued to use Auto-Tune on the albums Living Proof (2001)^[236] and Closer to the Truth (2013).^[237]

Films, music videos, and performances

Cher performing during the Dressed to Kill Tour in 2014

Author Yvonne Tasker, in her book Working Girls: Gender and Sexuality in Popular Cinema (2002), notes that Cher's film roles often mirrors her public image as a rebellious, sexually autonomous, and self-made woman.^[238] In her films, she recurrently serves as a social intermediary to disenfranchised male characters, such as Eric Stoltz's elephantiasis victim in Mask (1985), Liam Neeson's mute homeless veteran in Suspect (1987), and Nicolas Cage's socially isolated baker with a wooden hand in Moonstruck (1987).^[239] Film critic Kathleen Rowe wrote of Moonstruck that the depiction of Cher's character as "a 'woman on top' [is] enhanced by the unruly star persona Cher brings to the part'.^[240] Jeff Yarbrough of The Advocate noted that Cher was "one of the first superstars to 'play gay' with compassion and without a hint of stereotyping", as she portrays a lesbian in the 1983 film Silkwood.^[241]

Cher's public image is also reflected in her music videos and live performances, in which she "repeatedly comments on her own construction, on her search for perfection and on the performance of the female body", wrote Tasker.^[242] Unlike other music video and stage acts of that time who often featured female backers who would mimic the singer's performance, Cher uses a male dancer dressed as her in the 1992 concert video Cher at the Mirage;^[242] Author Diane Negra commented, "In authorizing her own quotation, Cher acknowledges herself as fictionalized production, and proffers to her audience a pleasurable plurality."^[243] James Sullivan of San Francisco Chronicle wrote that "Cher is well aware that her chameleonic glitz set the stage for the current era of stadium-size razzle-dazzle. She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft."^[244]

Cher was ranked 17th on VH1's list of the "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".^[245] The 1980 video for "Hell on Wheels" involves cinematic techniques^[246] and was one of the first music videos ever.^[247] Deemed "controversial" for her performance on a Navy warship, straddling a cannon,^[118] and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks,^[119] the 1989 music video for "If I Could Turn Back Time" was the first ever to be banned by MTV.^[242]

Public image

Cher exposing her navel for a scene from an Egyptian soap opera skit on The Sonny and Cher Show, 1977

Cher emerged as a fashion trendsetter in the 1960s, popularizing "hippie fashion with bell-bottoms, bandanas, and Cherokee-inspired tunics".^[248] She began working as a model in 1967 for photographer Richard Avedon after then-Vogue editor Diana Vreeland discovered her at a party for Jacqueline Kennedy that year. Avedon took the famous photo of Cher in a beaded and feathered nude gown for the cover of Time magazine in 1975.^[248] Through her 1970s television shows, she became a sex symbol with her inventive and revealing Bob Mackie-designed outfits, and fought the network censors to bare her navel.^[112] Although Cher has been erroneously^{[nb 1]} attributed to being the first woman to expose her navel on television, she was the most prominent to do so^[251] since the establishment of the American Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters in 1951,^[252] which prompted network censors to ban navel exposure on U.S. television.^[253] People dubbed Cher the "pioneer of the belly beautiful".^[254] In 1972, after she was featured on the annual "Best Dressed Women" lists, Mackie stated: "There hasn't been a girl like Cher since [Marlene] Dietrich and [Greta] Garbo. She's a high-fashion star who appeals to people of all ages."^[255]

In May 1999, after the Council of Fashion Designers of America recognized Cher with an award for her influence in fashion, Robin Givhan of Los Angeles Times called her a "fashion visionary" for "striking just the right note of contemporary wretched excess".^[256] Givhan referenced Tom Ford, Anna Sui and Dolce & Gabbana as "[i]nfluential designers [who] have evoked her name as a source of inspiration and guidance."^[256] She concluded that "Cher's Native American showgirl sexpot persona now seems to epitomize the fashion industry's rush to celebrate ethnicity, adornment and sex appeal."^[256] Alexander Fury of The Independent lauded Cher as "the ultimate fashion icon" and traced her influence among female celebrities such as Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez, and Kim Kardashian, stating that "[t]hey all graduated from the Cher school of never sharing the stage, with anyone, or anything ... They're trying to share the spotlight, to have Cher's success."^[257]

Cher has attracted media attention for her physical appearance—particularly her youthful looks and her tattoos. Journalists have often called her the "poster girl" of plastic surgery.^[258] Author Grant McCracken, in his book Transformations: Identity Construction in Contemporary Culture (2008), draws a parallel between Cher's plastic surgeries and the transformations in her career: "Her plastic surgery is not merely cosmetic. It is hyperbolic, extreme, over the top ... Cher has engaged in a transformational technology that is dramatic and irreversible."^[258] Caroline Ramazanoglu, author of Up Against Foucault: Explorations of Some Tensions Between Foucault and Feminism (1993), wrote that "Cher's operations have gradually replaced a strong, decidedly 'ethnic' look with a more symmetrical, delicate, 'conventional' ... and ever-youthful version of female beauty ... Her normalised image ... now acts as a standard against which other women will measure, judge, discipline and 'correct' themselves."^[259]

Cher has six tattoos. The Baltimore Sun called her the "Ms. Original Rose Tattoo".^[260] She got her first tattoo in 1972.^[260] According to Sonny Bono, "Calling her butterfly tattoos nothing was like ignoring a sandstorm in the Mojave. That was exactly the effect Cher wanted to create. She liked to do things for the shock they created. She still does. She'll create some controversy and then tell her critics to stick it."^[261] In the late 1990s, she began having laser treatments to remove her tattoos.^[262] The process was still underway in the 2000s. She stated, "When I got tattooed, only bad girls did it: me and Janis Joplin and biker chicks. Now it doesn't mean anything. No one's surprised."^[263] In 1992, Madame Tussauds wax museum honored Cher as one of the five "most beautiful women of history" by creating a life-size statue.^[264] She was ranked 26th on VH1's list of the "100 Sexiest Artists" published in 2002.^[265]

Cher's presence on social media has drawn analysis from journalists. The New York Times writer Jenna Wortham commended Cher on her social media usage, saying "Most celebrities' social-media feeds feel painfully self-aware and thirsty ... In her own way, Cher is an outlier, perhaps the last unreconstructed high-profile Twitter user to stand at her digital pulpit and yell (somewhat) incomprehensibly, and be rewarded for it. Online, authenticity and originality are often carefully curated myths. Cher thrives on a version of nakedness and honesty that is rarely celebrated in the public eye."^[266] Monica Heisey of The Guardian called Cher's Twitter profile "a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet", and stated, "While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out."^[267]

Other interests

Philanthropy

Cher at an amfAR event, 2015

Cher's primary philanthropic endeavors have included support of health research and patients' quality of life, anti-poverty initiatives, veterans rights, and vulnerable children.^[268] She is the namesake of the Cher Charitable Foundation, which supports international projects such as the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, Operation Helmet, and the Children's Craniofacial Association.^[269]

Beginning in 1990, Cher served as a donor and as the National Chairperson and Honorary Spokesperson for the Children's Craniofacial Association, whose mission is to "empower and give hope to facially disfigured children and their families".^[268] The annual Cher's Family Retreat is held each June to provide craniofacial patients, their siblings and parents an opportunity to interact with others who have endured similar experiences. She supports and promotes Get A-Head Charitable Trust, which aims to improve the quality of life for people with head and neck diseases.^[268]

Cher is a donor, fundraiser, and international spokesperson for Keep a Child Alive, an organization that seeks to accelerate action to combat AIDS pandemic, including the provision of antiretroviral medicine to children and their families with HIV/AIDS.^[268] In 1996, she hosted the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) Benefit alongside Elizabeth Taylor at the Cannes Film Festival.^[270] In 2015, she received the amfAR Award of Inspiration for "her willingness and ability to use her fame for the greater good" and for being "one of the great champions in the fight against AIDS".^[271]

Cher has been a vocal supporter of American soldiers and returning veterans. She has contributed resources to Operation Helmet, an organization that provides free helmet upgrade kits to troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. She has contributed to the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, which serves military personnel who have been disabled in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and those severely injured in other operations.^[268] In 1993, she participated in a humanitarian effort in Armenia, taking food and medical supplies to the war-torn region.^[272]

Cher has engaged in the construction of houses with Habitat for Humanity and served as the Honorary National Chair of a Habitat's elimination of poverty housing initiative "Raise the Roof", an effort to engage artists in the organization's work while on tour.^[268] In 2007, she became the primary supporter of the Peace Village School (PVS) in Ukunda, Kenya, which "provides nutritious food, medical care, education and extracurricular activities for more than 300 orphans and vulnerable children, ages 2 to 13 years."^[268] Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities, and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community.^[268] In 2016, after the discovery of lead contamination in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan, Cher donated more than 180,000 bottles of water to the city as part of a partnership with Icelandic Glacial.^[273]

Cher's oldest child, Chaz Bono (born Chastity Bono), first came out as a lesbian at age 17, which reportedly caused her mother to feel "guilt, fear and pain".^[274] However, Cher soon came to accept Chaz's sexual orientation, and came to the conclusion that LGBT people "didn't have the same rights as everyone else, [and she] thought that was unfair".^[275] She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention, and has since become one of the LGBT community's most vocal advocates.^[275] In May 1998, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for having "made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men".^[276] On June 11, 2009, Chaz came out as a transgender individual, and his transition from female to male was legally finalized on May 6, 2010.^[46]

Politics

Cher during her July 12, 2006 visit at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany, which treats injured U.S. military personnel serving in Afghanistan and Iraq

Cher has said that she is not a registered Democrat, but has attended many Democratic conventions and events.^[277] Over the years, she has become known for her political views, having been an outspoken critic of the conservative movement. In an interview with Vanity Fair, she was critical of a variety of political topics, including Republican politicians like Sarah Palin and Jan Brewer.^[200] She has commented that she did not understand why anyone would be a Republican because eight years under the administration of George W. Bush "almost killed [her]".^[278] During the 2000 United States presidential election, ABC News wrote that she was determined to do "whatever possible to keep him [Bush] out of office".^[277] She told the site, "If you're black in this country, if you're a woman in this country, if you are any minority in this country at all, what could possibly possess you to vote Republican? ... You won't have one fucking right left."^[277] She added, "I don't like Bush. I don't trust him. I don't like his record. He's stupid. He's lazy."^[277]

On October 27, 2003, Cher anonymously called a C-SPAN phone-in program to recount a visit she made to maimed soldiers at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and criticized the lack of media coverage and government attention given to injured servicemen. She remarked that she watches C-SPAN every day. Although she identified herself as an unnamed entertainer, she was recognized by the C-SPAN host, who subsequently questioned her about her 1992 support for independent presidential candidate Ross Perot. She said, "When I heard him talk right in the beginning, I thought that he would bring some sort of common-sense business approach and also less partisanship, but then ... I was completely disappointed like everyone else when he just kind of cut and run and no one knew exactly why ... Maybe he couldn't have withstood all the investigation that goes on now".^[279]

On Memorial Day weekend in 2006, Cher called into C-SPAN's Washington Journal endorsing Operation Helmet, a group that provides helmets to help soldiers avoid head injuries while in the war zone.^[280] On June 14, 2006, she made a guest appearance on C-SPAN with Dr. Bob Meaders, the founder of Operation Helmet.^[281] That year, in an interview with Stars and Stripes, she explained her "against the war in Iraq but for the troops" position: "I don't have to be for this war to support the troops because these men and women do what they think is right. They do what they're told to do. They do it with a really good heart. They do the best they can. They don't ask for anything."^[282]

Cher supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.^[200] After Obama won the Democratic nomination, she supported his candidacy on radio^[283] and TV programs.^[284] However, in a 2010 interview with Vanity Fair, she commented that she "still thinks Hillary would have done a better job", although she "accepts the fact that Barack Obama inherited insurmountable problems".^[200] During the 2012 United States presidential election, Cher and comedian Kathy Griffin released a public service announcement titled "Don't Let Mitt Turn Back Time on Women's Rights". In the PSA, the pair criticized Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney for his support of Richard Mourdock, the U.S. Senate candidate who suggested that pregnancies resulting from rape were "part of God's plan".^[285] In September 2013, Cher declined an invitation to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Russia due to the country's controversial anti-gay legislation that overshadowed preparations for the event.^[286] In June 2015, after Donald Trump announced his candidacy for president, she made a series of critical comments on Twitter, stating that "Donald Trump's punishment is being Donald Trump".^[287]

Legacy and influence

Wax figure of Cher wearing an outfit similar to the one she wore at the 60th Academy Awards in 1988

According to Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder, Cher "has been and remains today one of the Rock Era's most dominant figures".^[288] He described her as the leader of an effort in the 1960s to "advance feminine rebellion in the rock world [and] the prototype of the female rock star, setting the standard for appearance, from her early hippie days to her later outlandish outfits, and her attitude—the perfect female punk long before punk even was a rock term."^[224] Cher's unconventional outfits and dominant attitude over her partner Sonny Bono have influenced the presence of women in rock music, inspiring contemporary singers such as Marianne Faithfull and Nancy Sinatra.^[224] According to Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News, "Her music has changed with the times over the decades, rather than changing those times through groundbreaking work"; however, he felt that subsequent female singers such as Cyndi Lauper, Christina Aguilera, Lady Gaga, and Madonna, whom he calls "her generation's Cher", were heavily inspired by Cher's abilities to combine "showmanship with deep musicality ... to make valid statements in a wide variety of trend-driven idioms ... to ease effortlessly between pop subgenres [and] to shock without alienating her fans", as well as by her charismatic stage presence and the strong LGBT support among her fan base.^[289] Billboard's Keith Caulfield wrote that "There's divas, and then there's Cher."^[290] She is commonly referred to by the media as the "Goddess of Pop".^[291]

Cher has repeatedly reinvented herself through various personas,^[292] for which Professor Richard Aquila from Ball State University called her "the ultimate pop chameleon".^[293] The New York Times declared Cher as the "Queen of the Comeback".^[144] According to author Lucy O'Brien, "Cher adheres to the American Dream of reinvention of self: 'Getting old does not have to mean getting obsolete.'"^[294] Author Craig Crawford, in his book The Politics of Life: 25 Rules for Survival in a Brutal and Manipulative World (2007), describes Cher as "a model of flexible career management", and relates her career successes to a constant reshaping of her image according to the evolving trends of popular culture.^[295] He further explains that she billed "each dramatic turnaround of style as another example of rebellion—an image that allowed her to make calculated changes while appearing to be consistent."^[295] Author Grant McCracken stated, "The term 'reinvention' is now often used to talk about the careers of American celebrities. But in Cher's case, it is particularly apt [because she] is inclined to lock on to each new fashion wave [and] is swept violently down the diffusion stream and out of fashion. Only substantial re-creation permits her to return to stardom."^[258] Her "integrity" and "perseverance" are highlighted in the Reaching Your Goals book series of illustrated inspirational stories for children, in which her life is detailed emphasizing the importance of self-actualization: "For years, Cher worked hard to become a successful singer. Then she worked hard to become an actress. Even when she needed money, she turned down movie roles that weren't right for her. Her goal has always been to be a good actress, not just a rich and famous one."^[239]

Cher's "ability to forge an immensely successful and lengthy career as a woman in a male-dominated entertainment world"^[289] has drawn attention from feminist critics.^[296] According to author Diane Negra, Cher was presented in the beginning of her career as a product of male creativity;^[297] Cher remembers, "It was a time when girl singers were patted on the head for being good and told not to think".^[144] However, her image eventually changed due to her "refusal of dependence on a man and the determination not only to forge a career (as an actor) on her own terms but to refuse the conventional role assigned to women over forty years old in an industry that fetishises youth", wrote author Yvonne Tasker.^[298] She was featured in the 16th-anniversary edition of Ms. magazine as an "authentic feminist hero" and a 1980s role model for women: "Cher, the straightforward, tattooed, dyslexic single mother, the first Oscar winner to have entered into matrimony with a known heroin addict and to have admitted to being a fashion victim by choice, has finally landed in an era that's not afraid to applaud real women."^[299] Her 1988 Oscar win signaled an important change in Hollywood, according to biographer Connie Berman, as Cher appeared in a negligee outfit, danced onstage and was applauded for her daring.^[300] Stephanie Brush from The New York Times wrote that Cher "performs the function for women moviegoers that Jack Nicholson has always fulfilled for men. Free of the burden of ever having been America's sweetheart, she is the one who represents us [women] in our revenge fantasies, telling all the fatheads ... exactly where they can go. You need to be more than beautiful to get away with this. You need to have been Cher for 40 years."^[40]

The reverence the gay community holds for Cher has been attributed to the accomplishments in her career, her sense of style and her longevity. Alec Mapa of The Advocate elaborates: "While the rest of us were sleeping, Cher's been out there for the last four decades living out every single one of our childhood fantasies ... Cher embodies an unapologetic freedom and fearlessness that some of us can only aspire to."^[301] Rolling Stone's Jancee Dunn wrote, "Cher is the coolest woman who ever stood in shoes. Why? Because her motto is, 'I don't give a shit what you think, I'm going to wear this multicolored wig.' There are folks all over America who would, in their heart of hearts, love to date people half their age, get multiple tattoos and wear feathered headdresses. Cher does it for us."^[302] Alexander Fury of The Independent wrote that Cher "represents a seemingly immortal, omnipotent, uni-monikered level of fame."^[257] Biographer Mark Bego stated: "No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has been a teenage pop star, a television hostess, a fashion magazine model, a rock star, a pop singer, a Broadway actress, an Academy Award-winning movie star, a disco sensation, and the subject of a mountain of press coverage."^[303]

Achievements and recognition

Throughout her career, Cher has sold 200 million records worldwide.^[304] She is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in each decade from the 1960s to the 2010s.^[204] She has held U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles over the longest period of time in history: 33 years, seven months and three weeks between "I Got You Babe", which topped the chart for the first time in August 14, 1965, and "Believe", whose last week at number one was April 3, 1999.^[166] With "Believe", she became the oldest female artist to have a U.S. number-one song in the rock era, at the age of 52.^[305] Billboard ranked her at number 43 on their "Greatest Hot 100 Artists of All Time" list.^[306] In 2014, the magazine listed her as the 23rd highest-grossing touring act since 1990, with total earned revenue of $351.6 million and 4.5 million attendance at her shows.^[307]

In 2003, Cher appeared at number 41 on VH1's list of "The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons", which recognizes "the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society".^[308] She was ranked 31st on VH1's list of "The 100 Greatest Women in Music", based on the period 1992–2012.^[309] Esquire magazine placed her at number 44 on their list of "The 75 Greatest Women of All Time".^[310] In a 2001 poll, Biography magazine ranked her as their third favorite leading actress of all time, behind Audrey Hepburn and Katharine Hepburn.^[311] She was featured on the "100 Greatest Movie Stars of our Time" list compiled by People.^[312] She is one of the few artists to win three of the four major American entertainment awards (EGOT—Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony),^[313] and one of five actor-singers to have had a U.S. number-one single and won an acting Academy Award.^[52]

Discography

• All I Really Want to Do (1965)
• The Sonny Side of Chér (1966)
• Chér (1966)
• With Love, Chér (1967)
• Backstage (1968)
• 3614 Jackson Highway (1969)
• Chér (1971)
• Foxy Lady (1972)
• Bittersweet White Light (1973)
• Half-Breed (1973)
• Dark Lady (1974)
• Stars (1975)
• I'd Rather Believe in You (1976)
• Cherished (1977)
• Take Me Home (1979)
• Prisoner (1979)
• I Paralyze (1982)
• Cher (1987)
• Heart of Stone (1989)
• Love Hurts (1991)
• It's a Man's World (1995)
• Believe (1998)
• Not.com.mercial (2000)
• Living Proof (2001)
• Closer to the Truth (2013)

Tours and residency shows

• Cher World Tour (1979–82)
• Heart of Stone Tour (1990)
• Love Hurts Tour (1992)
• Do You Believe? (1999–2000)
• Living Proof: The Farewell Tour (2002–05)
• Cher (2008–11)
• Dressed to Kill Tour (2014)

Filmography

• Good Times (1967)
• Chastity (1969)
• Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982)
• Silkwood (1983)
• Mask (1985)
• Suspect (1987)
• The Witches of Eastwick (1987)
• Moonstruck (1987)
• Mermaids (1990)
• The Player (1992)
• Prêt-à-Porter (1994)
• Faithful (1996)
• If These Walls Could Talk (1996)
• Tea with Mussolini (1999)
• Stuck on You (2003)
• Burlesque (2010)
• Zookeeper (2011)

See also

• Honorific nicknames in popular music
• List of best-selling music artists
• List of people of self-identified Cherokee ancestry
• Mononymous persons
• Culture of the United States

References

Notes

1. Nichelle Nichols and BarBara Luna in the TV series Star Trek episode "Mirror, Mirror" on October 6, 1967,^[249] and Diana Ewing in the episode "The Cloud Minders" of the same program on February 28, 1969.^[250]

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252. Trier-Bieniek 2014, p. 105.
253. Chunovic 2000, p. 57.
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256. Givhan, Robin (May 14, 1999). "And the Fashion Award Goes to ... Cher?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
257. Fury, Alexander (July 23, 2015). "Cher on the cover of Love magazine: Queen of chiffon and sequins is the ultimate fashion icon". The Independent. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
258. McCracken 2008, p. 27
259. Ramazanoglu 1993, p. 197.
260. Sullivan, Jim (June 2, 1996). "Cher thinks the unthinkable: removing all but one tattoo Gasp: Actress-singer-rebel ponders if it's time for a change, now that tattoos are so popular. She bets that even Bob Dole has one". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
261. Bono 1992, p. 237.
262. Jerome, Jim (May 25, 1998). "Being Cher". People. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
263. Gundersen, Edna (February 6, 2008). "Cher shares: Life, love, tattoos, politics, paparazzi". USA Today. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
264. Ullman 2007, p. 165.
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266. Wortham, Jenna (January 29, 2016). "There’s Only Love and Fear: On Cher's Twitter". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
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273. Yaeger, Lynn (January 20, 2016). "In Praise of Cher’s Response to the Flint Water Crisis". Vogue. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
274. Bernstein 2003, p. 166.
275. Plumez 2002, p. 182.
276. "Quote, unquote". The Advocate. May 26, 1998. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
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285. Couch, Aaron (November 3, 2012). "Cher, Kathy Griffin Slam Mitt Romney as 'Anti-Women' in PSA (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
286. Michaels, Sean (September 16, 2013). "Cher: I won't play Winter Olympics due to Russia's anti-gay laws". The Guardian. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
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Sources

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• Bernstein, Robert A. (2003). Straight Parents, Gay Children: Keeping Families Together. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-452-1.
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• Carson, Mina; Lewis, Tisa; Shaw, Susan M. (2004). Girls Rock! Fifty Years of Women Making Music. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813129044.
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• Crawford, Craig (2007). The Politics of Life: 25 Rules for Survival in a Brutal and Manipulative World. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1-4422-1297-7.
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• McCracken, Grant David (2008). Transformations: Identity Construction in Contemporary Culture. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21957-4.
• Negra, Diane (2001). Off-White Hollywood: American Culture and Ethnic Female Stardom. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-21678-8.
• Parish, James Robert; Pitts, Michael R. (2003). Hollywood Songsters: Allyson to Funicello. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-94332-9.
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External links

• Official website
• Cher at AllMovie
• Cher at AllMusic
• Cher in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory

• Cher at the Internet Movie Database
• Cher at the TCM Movie Database