Ethel Merman

Ethel Merman
Born Ethel Agnes Zimmermann
(1908-01-16)January 16, 1908
Astoria, Queens, New York City, US
Died February 15, 1984(1984-02-15) (aged 76)
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Cause of death Brain cancer
Resting place Shrine of Remembrance Mausoleum, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Education P.S. 4
William Cullen Bryant High School
Occupation Actress, singer
Years active 1930–1982
Political party Republican
Religion Episcopalian
Spouse(s) William Smith (m. 1940; div. 1941)
Robert Levitt, Sr. (m. 1941; div. 1952)
Robert Six (m. 1953; div. 1960)
Ernest Borgnine (m. 1964; div. 1964)
Children Ethel Levitt (1942–1967)
Robert Levitt, Jr. (1945)
Let Me Call You Sweetheart (1930)
You Try Somebody Else (1932)
Time on My Hands (1932)

Ethel Merman (January 16, 1908 – February 15, 1984) was an American actress and singer.[1] Known primarily for her voice and roles in musical theatre, she has been called "the undisputed First Lady of the musical comedy stage."[2]

Among the many standards introduced by Merman in Broadway musicals are "I Got Rhythm" (from Girl Crazy); "Everything's Coming Up Roses", "Some People", and "Rose's Turn" (from Gypsy—Merman starred as Rose in the original 1959 Broadway production); and the Cole Porter songs "It's De-Lovely" (from Red, Hot and Blue), "Friendship" (from DuBarry Was a Lady), and "I Get a Kick Out of You", "You're the Top", and "Anything Goes" (from Anything Goes). The Irving Berlin song "There's No Business Like Show Business", written for the musical Annie Get Your Gun, became Merman's theme song.

Early life

Merman was born Ethel Agnes Zimmerman in her maternal grandmother's house located at 359 4th Avenue in Astoria, Queens, in New York City in 1908, though she would later emphatically insist that it was actually 1912.[3] Her father, Edward Zimmermann (1879–1977), was an accountant with James H. Dunham & Company, a Manhattan wholesale dry-goods company, and her mother, Agnes (Gardner) Zimmermann (1883–1974), was a teacher. Edward Zimmermann had been raised in the Dutch Reformed Church and his wife was Presbyterian. Shortly after they married, they joined the Episcopal congregation at Church of the Redeemer, where their daughter was baptized. Her parents were strict about church attendance, and she spent every Sunday there, at morning services, followed by Sunday school, an afternoon prayer meeting, and an evening study group for children.[4] Her family was of German and Scottish ancestry.[5]

Merman attended P.S. 4 and William Cullen Bryant High School (which later named its auditorium in her honor), where she pursued a commercial course that offered secretarial training.[6] She was active in numerous extracurricular activities, including the school magazine, the speakers' club, and student council, and she frequented the local music store to peruse the weekly arrivals of new sheet music.[7] On Friday nights, the Zimmermann family would take the subway into Manhattan to see the vaudeville show at the Palace Theatre, where Merman saw Blossom Seeley, Fanny Brice, Sophie Tucker, and Nora Bayes. At home she tried to emulate their singing styles, but her own distinctive voice was difficult to disguise.[8]

After graduating from Bryant High School in 1924, Merman was hired as a stenographer by the Boyce-Ite Company. One day during her lunch break, she met Vic Kliesrath, who offered her a job at the Bragg-Kliesrath Corporation for a $5 increase above the weekly $23 salary she was earning, and Merman accepted the offer.[9] She was eventually made personal secretary to company president Caleb Bragg, whose frequent lengthy absences from the office to race automobiles allowed her to catch up on the sleep she had lost the previous night when she was out late performing at private parties.[9] During this period, Merman also began appearing in nightclubs, first hired by Jimmy Durante's partner Lou Clayton. At this time, she decided the name Ethel Zimmermann was too long for a theater marquee. She considered combining Ethel with Gardner or Hunter, which was her grandmother's maiden name. These considerations got her father's "German" ire worked up. Finally, she abbreviated Zimmermann to Merman to appease her father.[10]

Career

Early career

During a two-week engagement at a club in midtown Manhattan called Little Russia, Merman met agent Lou Irwin, who arranged for her to audition for Archie Mayo, a film director under contract at Warner Bros. He offered her an exclusive six-month contract, starting at $125 per week, and Merman quit her day job, only to find herself idle for weeks while waiting to be cast in a film. She finally urged Irwin to try to cancel her agreement with Mayo; instead, he negotiated her a better deal allowing her to perform in clubs while remaining on the Warners payroll. Merman was hired as a torch singer at Les Ambassadeurs, where the headliner was Jimmy Durante, and the two became lifelong friends. She caught the attention of columnists such as Walter Winchell and Mark Hellinger, who began giving her publicity. Soon after, Merman underwent a tonsillectomy she feared might damage her voice, but after recovering, she discovered it was more powerful than ever.[11]

While performing on the prestigious Keith Circuit, Merman was signed to replace Ruth Etting in the Paramount film Follow the Leader (1930), starring Ed Wynn and Ginger Rogers. Following a successful seven-week run at the Brooklyn Paramount, she was signed to perform at the Palace for $500 per week. During the run, theatre producer Vinton Freedley saw her perform and invited her to audition for the role of San Francisco café singer Kate Fothergill in the new George and Ira Gershwin musical Girl Crazy. Upon hearing her sing "I Got Rhythm", the Gershwins immediately cast her, and Merman began juggling daytime rehearsals with her matinee and evening performance schedule at the Palace.[12]

Girl Crazy opened on October 14, 1930, at the Alvin Theatre, where it ran for 272 performances.[13] The New York Times noted Merman sang "with dash, authority, good voice and just the right knowing style", while The New Yorker called her "imitative of no one."[14] Merman was fairly blasé about her notices, prompting George Gershwin to ask her mother, "Have you ever seen a person so unconcerned as Ethel?"

Ethel Merman with Tyrone Power in the trailer for Alexander's Ragtime Band

During the run of Girl Crazy, Paramount signed Merman to appear in a series of 10 short musical films, most of which allowed her to sing a rousing number, as well as a ballad. She also performed at the Central Park Casino, the Paramount Theatre, and a return engagement at the Palace. As soon as Girl Crazy closed, her parents and she departed for a much-needed vacation in Lake George in Upstate New York, but after their first day there, Merman was summoned to Atlantic City, New Jersey, to help salvage the troubled latest edition of George White's Scandals. Because she was still under contract to Freedley, White was forced to pay the producer $10,000 for her services, in addition to her weekly $1,500 salary. Following the Atlantic City run, the show played in Newark and then Brooklyn before opening on Broadway, where it ran for 202 performances.[15]

Merman's next show, Humpty Dumpty, began rehearsals in August 1932 and opened—and immediately closed—in Pittsburgh the following month. Producer Buddy DeSylva, who also had written the book and lyrics, was certain it could be reworked into a success, and with a revamped script and additional songs by Vincent Youmans,[16] it opened with the new title Take a Chance on November 26 at the 42nd Street Apollo Theatre, where it ran for 243 performances.[17] Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times called it "fast, loud, and funny" and added Merman "has never loosed herself with quite so much abandon." Following the Broadway run, she agreed to join the show on the road, but shortly after the Chicago opening, she claimed the chlorine in the city's water supply was irritating her throat, and returned to Manhattan.[14]

Merman returned to Hollywood to appear in We're Not Dressing (1934), a screwball comedy based on the J. M. Barrie play The Admirable Crichton. Despite working with a cast including Bing Crosby, Carole Lombard, and Burns and Allen, under the direction of Academy Award–winning director Norman Taurog, Merman was unhappy with the experience, and she was dismayed to discover one of her musical numbers had been cut when she attended the New York opening with her family and friends. She also appeared on screen with Eddie Cantor in Kid Millions (also 1934), but her return to Broadway established her as a major star and cemented her image as a tough girl.[18]

Anything Goes proved to be the first of five Cole Porter musicals in which Merman starred. In addition to the title song, the score included "I Get a Kick Out of You", "You're the Top", and "Blow Gabriel Blow". It opened on November 21, 1934, at the Alvin Theatre,[19] and the New York Post called Merman "vivacious and ingratiating in her comedy moments, and the embodiment of poise and technical adroitness" when singing "as only she knows how to do." Although Merman always had remained with a show until the end of its run, she left Anything Goes after eight months to appear with Eddie Cantor in the film Strike Me Pink. She was replaced by Benay Venuta, with whom she enjoyed a long but frequently tempestuous friendship.[20]

Merman initially was overlooked for the film version of Anything Goes (1936). Bing Crosby insisted his wife Dixie Lee be cast as Reno Sweeney opposite his Billy Crocker, but when she unexpectedly dropped out of the project, Merman was cast in the role she had originated on stage. From the beginning, it was clear to Merman the film would not be the enjoyable experience she had hoped it would be. The focus was shifted to Crosby, leaving her very much in a supporting role. Many of Porter's ribald lyrics were altered to conform to the guidelines of the Motion Picture Production Code, and "Blow Gabriel Blow" was eliminated completely, replaced by a song, "Shang Hai-de-Ho", that Merman was forced to perform in a headdress made of peacock feathers while surrounded by dancers dressed as Chinese slave girls. The film was completed $201,000 over budget and 17 days behind schedule. Richard Watts, Jr., of the New York Herald Tribune described it as "dull and commonplace", with Merman doing "as well as possible", but unable to register "on screen as magnificently as she does on stage."[21]

In the film trailer for There's No Business Like Show Business (1954)

Merman returned to Broadway for another Porter musical, but despite the presence of Jimmy Durante and Bob Hope in the cast, Red, Hot and Blue closed after less than six months.[22] Back in Hollywood, Merman was featured in Happy Landing, a minor comedy with Cesar Romero, Don Ameche, and Sonja Henie; the box office hit Alexander's Ragtime Band, a pastiche of Irving Berlin songs interpolated into a plot that vaguely paralleled the composer's life; and Straight, Place or Show, a critical and commercial flop starring the Ritz Brothers.[23] She returned to the stage in Stars in Your Eyes, which struggled to survive while the public flocked to the 1939 New York World's Fair instead, and finally closed short of four months.[24] Merman followed this with two more Porter musicals. DuBarry Was a Lady, with Bert Lahr and Betty Grable, ran for a year,[25] and Panama Hattie, with Betty Hutton (whose musical numbers were cut out of the show on opening night at Merman's insistence), June Allyson, and Arthur Treacher, fared even better, lasting slightly more than 14 months.[26]

Shortly after the opening of the latter, Merman—still despondent about the end of her affair with Stork Club owner Sherman Billingsley—married her first husband, Treacher's agent, William Smith. She later said she knew on their wedding night she had made "a dreadful mistake," and two months later she filed for divorce on grounds of desertion.[27] Shortly after she met and married Robert D. Levitt, promotion director for the New York Journal-American. The couple eventually had two children and divorced in 1952 because of his excessive drinking and erratic behavior.[28]

In 1943, Merman was a featured performer in the film Stage Door Canteen and opened in another Porter musical, Something for the Boys, produced by Michael Todd. Her next project was Sadie Thompson, a Vernon Duke – Howard Dietz musical adaptation of a W. Somerset Maugham short story, but Merman found she was unable to retain the lyrics and resigned 12 days after rehearsals began.[29]

In August 1945, while in the hospital recovering from the Caesarean birth of her second child, Merman was visited by Dorothy Fields, who proposed she star as Annie Oakley in a musical her brother Herbert and she were writing with Jerome Kern. Merman accepted, but in November, Kern suffered a stroke while in New York City visiting Rodgers and Hammerstein (the producers of the show) and died a few days later. Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II invited Irving Berlin to replace him,[30] and the result was Annie Get Your Gun, which opened on May 16, 1946, at the Imperial Theatre, where it ran for nearly three years and 1,147 performances.[31] During that time, Merman took only two vacations and missed only two performances because of illness.[32] Merman lost the film version to Judy Garland, who eventually was replaced by Betty Hutton, but she did star in a Broadway revival two decades later at Lincoln Center with Bruce Yarnell, who was 27 years Merman's junior, cast as Annie Oakley's loyal husband and manager, Frank E. Butler.

Merman and Berlin reunited for Call Me Madam in 1950, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical, and she went on to star in the 1953 screen adaptation, as well, winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her performance. The following year, she appeared as the matriarch of the singing and dancing Donahue family in There's No Business Like Show Business, a film with a Berlin score.

Merman returned to Broadway at the behest of her third husband, Continental Airlines executive Robert Six, who was upset she had chosen to become a Colorado housewife following their wedding in 1953. He expected her public appearances to engender publicity for the airline, and her decision to forgo the limelight did not sit well with him. He urged her to accept the lead in Happy Hunting, with a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse (who had written Call Me Madam) and a score by the unknown team of Harold Karr and Matt Dubey. Merman acquiesced to her husband's demands, although she clashed with the composers from the start and soon was at odds with co-star Fernando Lamas and his wife, Arlene Dahl, who frequently attended rehearsals. Based on the Merman name, the show opened in New York with an advance sale of $1.5 million and, despite the star's dissatisfaction with it, garnered respectable reviews. Although Brooks Atkinson thought the score was "hardly more than adequate", he called Merman "as brassy as ever, glowing like a neon light whenever she steps on the stage." Several months into the run, she insisted that two of her least-favorite numbers be replaced by songs written by her friend Roger Edens, who, because of his exclusive contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, credited them to Kay Thompson. She lost the Tony Award to Judy Holliday in Bells Are Ringing, and the show closed after 412 performances, with Merman happy to see what she considered "a dreary obligation" finally come to an end.[33]

Later career

Gypsy was based on the memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee and starred Merman as her domineering stage mother, Rose Hovick, possibly Merman's best-remembered performance. The musical opened on May 21, 1959, at The Broadway Theatre. In the New York Post, Richard Watts called Merman "A brilliant actress," and Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times said: "She gives an indomitable performance, both as actress and singer." Despite the acclaim, Merman lost the Tony Award to her close friend Mary Martin in The Sound of Music and jokingly quipped, "How are you going to buck a nun?" Shortly after she divorced Robert Six, his affair with television actress Audrey Meadows became public, and she found solace in her work.[34]

Throughout the 702-performance run of Gypsy, Mervyn LeRoy saw it numerous times, and repeatedly assured Merman that he planned to cast her in the film adaptation he was preparing. However, prior to the show's closing, it was announced that Rosalind Russell had been signed to star, instead. Russell's husband, theatre producer Frederick Brisson (whom Merman later called "the lizard of Roz"), had sold the screen rights to the Leonard Spigelgass play A Majority of One to Warner Bros. with the stipulation his wife would star in both films. Because Russell was still a major box office draw with the success of Auntie Mame a few years earlier, and Merman never having established herself as a popular screen presence, the studio agreed to Brisson's terms. Merman was devastated at this turn of events and called the loss of the role, "The greatest professional disappointment of my life." [35]

Following the Broadway closing of Gypsy on March 25, 1961, Merman half-heartedly embarked on the national tour. In San Francisco, she severely injured her back, but continued to play to packed houses. During the Los Angeles run, LeRoy visited her backstage and claimed Russell was so ill, "I think you're going to end up getting this part." Believing the film version of Gypsy was within her grasp, she generously gave him the many house seats he requested for friends and industry colleagues, only to discover she had been duped.[36]

Over the next several years, Merman was featured in two films, the successful It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963, in which she played Mrs. Marcus, the battle-axe mother in-law of Milton Berle) and the flop The Art of Love (1965). She made dozens of television appearances on variety series hosted by Perry Como, Red Skelton, Judy Garland, Dean Martin, Ed Sullivan, and Carol Burnett, talk shows with Mike Douglas, Dick Cavett, and Merv Griffin, and in episodes of That Girl, The Lucy Show, Match Game, Batman, and Tarzan, among others.

Producer David Merrick encouraged Jerry Herman to compose Hello, Dolly! specifically for Merman's vocal range, but when he offered her the role, she declined it. She finally joined the cast on March 28, 1970, six years after the production opened. On Merman's opening night, her performance was continually brought to a halt by prolonged standing ovations and the critics unanimously heralded her return to the New York stage. Walter Kerr in The New York Times described her voice: "Exactly as trumpet-clean, exactly as penny whistle-piercing, exactly as Wurlitzer-wonderful as it always was." He went on to say: "Her comic sense is every bit as authoritative, as high-handed, really, as her voice."[37] The seventh actress to portray the scheming matchmaker, she remained with the musical for 210 performances until it closed on December 27, 1970. Merman received the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance for what proved to be her last appearance on Broadway.

For the remainder of her career, Merman worked as frequently as offers were made. In 1979, she recorded The Ethel Merman Disco Album, with many of her signature songs are set to a disco beat. Her last screen role was a self-parody in the 1980 comedy film Airplane!, in which she portrayed Lieutenant Hurwitz, a shell shocked soldier who thinks he is Ethel Merman. In the cameo appearance, Merman leaps out of bed singing "Everything's Coming Up Roses" as orderlies restrain her. She also appeared in several episodes of The Love Boat (playing Gopher's mother), guested on a CBS tribute to George Gershwin, did a summer comedy/concert tour with Carroll O'Connor, played a two-week engagement at the London Palladium, performed with Mary Martin in a concert benefiting the theatre and museum collection of the Museum of the City of New York, and frequently appeared as a soloist with symphony orchestras. She also volunteered at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center working in the gift shop or visiting patients.

Performance style

Merman was known for her powerful, belting mezzo-soprano voice and precise enunciation and pitch.[38] Because stage singers performed without microphones when Merman began singing professionally, she had a great advantage, despite the fact that she never took any singing lessons. In fact, Broadway lore holds that George Gershwin advised her never to take a singing lesson after she opened in his Girl Crazy.[39]

Personal life

Ethel Merman at the typewriter in 1953, New York World-Telegram photo by Walter Albertin

Marriages and children

Merman was married and divorced four times. Her first marriage was to theatrical agent William Smith, whom she married in 1940. They were divorced in 1941.[40] Later that same year, Merman married newspaper executive Robert Levitt. The couple had two children: Ethel (born July 20, 1942) and Robert, Jr. (born August 11, 1945). Ethel Levitt died on August 23, 1967, of a drug overdose that was ruled accidental.[41][42] Robert, Jr., was married to actress Barbara Colby, who, along with her boyfriend (Robert and she were estranged at the time), was shot and killed in a parking garage in Los Angeles in July 1975, by apparent gang members who had no apparent motive.[43] Merman and Levitt were divorced in 1952. In March 1953, Merman married Robert Six, the president of Continental Airlines.[44] They separated in December 1959 and were divorced in 1960.[40][45]

Merman's fourth and final marriage was to actor Ernest Borgnine. They were married in Beverly Hills on June 27, 1964.[46] They separated on August 7 and Borgnine filed for divorce on October 21.[47] Merman filed a cross-complaint shortly thereafter charging Borgnine with extreme cruelty. She was granted a divorce on November 18, 1964.[48] Borgnine later told fellow actor Frank Wilson that he spent most of his short marriage arguing with Merman. By the end, he recounted how she came back from a film one day and said, "The director said I looked sensational. He said I had the face of a 20-year-old, and the body and legs of a 30-year-old!". Borgnine replied, "Did he say anything about your old cunt?" "No" replied Merman, "he didn't mention you at all."[49]

In a radio interview, she said of her many marriages: "We all make mistakes. That's why they put rubbers on pencils, and that's what I did. I made a few lulus!"[50] In her autobiography Merman (1978), the chapter entitled "My Marriage to Ernest Borgnine" consists of one blank page.[51]

Profanity

Merman was notorious for her brash demeanour and for telling vulgar stories at public parties. For instance, she once shouted a dirty joke across the room at José Ferrer during a formal reception.[52]

While rehearsing a guest appearance on NBC's The Loretta Young Show, Merman exclaimed, "Where the hell does this go?" Young, who was a devout Catholic, advanced towards her waving an empty coffee can, saying, "Come on Ethel. You know my rules. That'll cost you a dollar." To which Merman replied "Ah, honey, how much will it cost me to tell you to go fuck yourself?!".[53]

Politics

Merman, a lifelong Republican, was a frequent guest at the Eisenhower White House.[54]

Autobiographies

Merman co-wrote two memoirs. The first, Who Could Ask for Anything More? (1955), was published by Doubleday & Co. and written with the assistance of Pete Martin.[55] The second, Merman (1978), was published by Simon & Schuster and written with George Eels.[56]

Later life and death

Merman began to become forgetful with advancing age, and on occasion, had difficulty with her speech. At times her behavior was erratic, causing concern among her friends. On April 7, 1983, she was preparing to travel to Los Angeles to appear on the 55th Academy Awards telecast, when she collapsed in her apartment. Merman was taken to Roosevelt Hospital, where doctors initially thought she had suffered a stroke. However, after undergoing exploratory surgery on April 11, Merman was diagnosed with stage 4 glioblastoma.[57] The New York Times reported that she underwent brain surgery to have the tumor removed, but in fact, it was inoperable and her condition was deemed terminal (doctors had given Merman eight and half months to live).[57][58] The tumor caused Merman to become aphasic, and, as her illness progressed, she lost her hair and her face swelled.[59][60] According to Merman biographer Brian Kellow, Merman's family and manager did not want the true nature of her condition revealed to the public.[58] Merman's son Robert, Jr., who took charge of her care, later said he chose not to publicly disclose his mother's true condition because Merman strove to keep her personal life private. He stated, "Mom truly appreciated [her fans'] presence and their applause. But you shouldn't attempt to be personal—she drew lines, and she could cut you off."[59]

Merman's health eventually stabilized enough for her to be brought back to her apartment in Manhattan. Her son hired a healer who was able to reduce the size of Merman's tumor by a third. However, Merman began to refuse to see the healer and her health began to decline.[59] On February 15, 1984, 10 months after she was diagnosed with brain cancer, Merman died at her home in Manhattan at the age of 76.[61] On the evening of Merman's death, all 36 theatres on Broadway dimmed their lights at 9 pm in her honor.[62][63] A private funeral service for Merman was held in a chapel at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church on February 27, after which Merman was cremated at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel.[64][65] In accordance with her wishes, Merman's remains were given to her son Robert, Jr.[57] Merman was interred in the Shrine of Remembrance Mausoleum in Colorado Springs, Colorado where she was laid to rest next to her daughter, Ethel Geary.

On October 10, 1984, an auction of her personal effects, including furniture, artwork, and theatre memorabilia, earned in excess of $120,000 at Christie's East.[66] The 56th Academy Awards, held on April 2, 1984, ended with a performance of "There's No Business Like Show Business" in tribute to Merman.

Awards and nominations

Year Award Category Nominated Work Result
1951 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Call Me Madam Won
1953 Golden Globe Award Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Call Me Madam Won
1957 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Happy Hunting Nominated
1960 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Gypsy Nominated
1970 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical Hello, Dolly! Won
1972 Tony Award Special Tony Award Won

Performances

Theatre

Ethel Merman in a trailer for Alexander's Ragtime Band (1938)

Filmography

In the film Stage Door Canteen (1943)

Television

Ethel Merman in a trailer for Alexander's Ragtime Band (1938)

Hit records

Audio samples of Ethel Merman

Courtesy of NPR Windows Media Player Required

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Obituary Variety, February 22, 1984.
  2. ↑ Ethel Merman at Musicals101.com
  3. ↑ Kellow, Brian, Ethel Merman: A Life. New York: Viking Press 2007. ISBN 0-670-01829-5, p. 2.
  4. ↑ Kellow, pp. 2–4.
  5. ↑ Schumach, Murray (February 16, 1984). "Ethel Merman, Queen of Musicals, Dies at 76". nytimes.com. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  6. ↑ Kellow, pp. 4–7.
  7. ↑ Kellow, p. 7.
  8. ↑ Kellow, p. 6.
  9. 1 2 Kellow, Brian (2008). Ethel Merman : a life. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143114208.
  10. ↑ Kellow, pp. 8–13.
  11. ↑ Kellow, pp. 13–19.
  12. ↑ Kellow, pp. 21–26.
  13. ↑ Girl Crazy at the Internet Broadway Database
  14. 1 2 Kellow, p. 30.
  15. ↑ Kellow, pp. 32–37.
  16. ↑ Kellow, pp. 37–40.
  17. ↑ Take a Chance at the Internet Broadway Database
  18. ↑ Kellow, pp. 42–67.
  19. ↑ Anything Goes at the Internet Broadway Database
  20. ↑ Kellow, pp. 55–57.
  21. ↑ Kellow, pp. 57–59.
  22. ↑ Red, Hot and Blue at the Internet Broadway Database
  23. ↑ Kellow, pp. 69–71.
  24. ↑ Kellow, p. 75.
  25. ↑ DuBarry Was a Lady at the Internet Broadway Database
  26. ↑ Panama Hattie at the Internet Broadway Database
  27. ↑ Kellow, pp. 87–89.
  28. ↑ Kellow, pp. 136–137, 142–143.
  29. ↑ Kellow, pp. 104–105.
  30. ↑ Kellow, pp. 107.
  31. ↑ Annie Get Your Gun at the Internet Broadway Database
  32. ↑ Kellow, p. 116.
  33. ↑ Kellow, pp. 160–169.
  34. ↑ Kellow, pp. 174-188
  35. ↑ Kellow, Brian, pp. 173-195
  36. ↑ Kellow, pp. 191-192
  37. ↑ Kerr, Walter."Merman: A Kid Who Wins All the Marbles; Merman Wins" The New York Times (abstract), April 12, 1970, p.D1
  38. ↑ Michael Darvell. "Ethel Merman: A 100th-Anniversary Tribute". classicalsource.com. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
  39. ↑ Flinn, Caryl. Brass Diva: The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman (2009), p. 33, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-26022-8
  40. 1 2 Sonneborn, Liz (2002). A to Z of American Women in the Performing Arts. Infobase Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 1-438-10790-0.
  41. ↑ "Ethel Merman's Daughter Dead; Autopsy Slated". The Prescott Courier. August 24, 1967. p. 3. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Drugs Kill Daughter Of Singer". Herald-Journal. August 26, 1967. p. 24. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  43. ↑ "Ethel Merman Kin Slain Leaving Dramatic School". Schenectady Gazette. July 25, 1975. p. 10. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Ethel Merman Seeks Divorce". The Spokesman-Review. November 15, 1960. p. 15. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  45. ↑ "Ethel Merman, Hubby Parted; Blame Careers". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. December 18, 1959. p. 17. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  46. ↑ "Ethel Merman, Ernest Borgnine Wed". St. Petersburg Times. June 28, 1964. pp. 6–A. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  47. ↑ "Borgnine Sues Merman For Divorce". The Morning Record. October 22, 1964. p. 20. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  48. ↑ "Ethel Merman Granted Divorce". The Blade. November 19, 1964. p. 2. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  49. ↑ "Ernest Borgnine & Ethel Merman- a Saucy Tale". Ernest Borgnine & Ethel Merman- a Saucy Tale. July 12, 2012.
  50. ↑ Interview with Ray Wickens, April 1979, on CHRE-FM, St. Catharines, Ontario.
  51. ↑ Flinn, Caryl (2007). Brass Diva: The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman. University of California Pres. p. 352. ISBN 0-520-22942-8.
  52. ↑ "I GOT RHYTHM! The Ethel Merman Story". https://www.kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved November 30, 2015. External link in |publisher= (help)
  53. ↑ Mark, Geoffrey (2006). Ethel Merman: The Biggest Star on Broadway. Barricade Legend. p. 66. ISBN 9781569802939.
  54. ↑ Flinn 2007 p.177
  55. ↑ "With Ethel - Anything Goes!". St. Petersburg Times. July 17, 1955. p. 12. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  56. ↑ Apone, Carl (July 2, 1978). "Fans Find 'Merman' For Them". The Pittsburgh Press. pp. H–6. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  57. 1 2 3 Flinn 2007 p.410
  58. 1 2 Kellow 2007 p.262
  59. 1 2 3 Flinn 2007 p.411
  60. ↑ Mark, Geoffrey (2006). Ethel Merman: The Biggest Star on Broadway. Barricade Legend. p. 204. ISBN 1-569-80293-9.
  61. ↑ "Fans Mourn death of Ethel Merman". Reading Eagle. February 16, 1984. p. 53. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  62. ↑ "Broadway Lights Dimmed To Honor Ethel Merman". Ludington Daily News. February 16, 1984. p. 3. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  63. ↑ Parish, James Robert; Pitts, Michael R. (2003). Hollywood Songsters: Garland to O'Connor. Taylor & Francis. p. 572. ISBN 0-415-94333-7.
  64. ↑ "Private religious service held for Ethel Merman in New York". Lakeland Ledger. February 27, 1984. p. 2A. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  65. ↑ "Broadway Musical Star Ethel Merman Dies". The Lewiston Daily Sun. February 16, 1984. p. 10. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  66. ↑ Kellow, pp. 261-266

Further reading

External links

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