Stork Club

Stork Club

Owner Sherman Billingsley at the Stork Club in 1951
Stork Club
Location in Manhattan
Address 132 West 58th St. (1929-1931)
511⁄2 East 51st St. (1931-1934)
3 East 53rd St. (1934-1965)
New York City
Coordinates 40°45′37″N 73°58′31″W / 40.76028°N 73.97528°W / 40.76028; -73.97528Coordinates: 40°45′37″N 73°58′31″W / 40.76028°N 73.97528°W / 40.76028; -73.97528
Owner Sherman Billingsley
Opened 1929 (1929)
Closed October 4, 1965 (1965-10-05)

The Stork Club was a nightclub in Manhattan, New York City, which during its existence from 1929 to 1965 was one of the most prestigious clubs in the world. A symbol of café society, the wealthy elite, including movie stars, celebrities, showgirls, and aristocrats all mixed in the VIP Cub Room of the club.

The club was established on West 58th Street in 1929 by Sherman Billingsley, a former bootlegger from Enid, Oklahoma. After an incident when Billingsley was kidnapped and held for ransom by Mad Dog Coll, a rival of his mobster partners, he became the sole owner of the Stork Club. The club remained at its original location until it was raided by Prohibition agents in 1931. After the raid, it moved to East 51st Street. From 1934 until its closure in 1965, it was located at 3 East 53rd Street, just east of Fifth Avenue, when it became world-renowned with its celebrity clientele and luxury. Billingsley was known for his lavish gifts, which brought a steady stream of celebrities to the club and also insured that those interested in the famous would have a reason to visit.

Until World War II, the club consisted of a dining room and bar with rest rooms on upper floors with many mirrors and fresh flowers throughout. Billingsley originally built the well-known Cub Room as a private place where he could play cards with friends. Described as a "lopsided oval", the room had wood paneled walls hung with portraits of beautiful women and had no windows. A head waiter known as "Saint Peter" determined who was allowed entry to the Cub Room, where Walter Winchell wrote his columns and broadcast his radio programs from Table 50.

During the years of its operation, the club was visited by many political, social and celebrity figures. It counted among its guests the Kennedy and Roosevelt families, and The Duke and Duchess of Windsor. The news of Grace Kelly's engagement to Prince Rainier of Monaco broke while the couple was visiting the Stork Club. Socialite Evalyn Walsh McLean, owner of the Hope Diamond, once lost the gem under a Stork Club table during an evening visit to the club. Ernest Hemingway was able to cash his $100,000 check for the film rights of For Whom the Bell Tolls at the Stork Club to settle his bill.

In the 1940s, workers of the Stork Club desired to be represented by a union, and by 1957, the employees of all similar New York venues were union members. However, Billingsley was still unwilling to allow his help to organize, which led to union supporters picketing in front of the club for many years until its closure. During this time, many of the club's celebrity and non-celebrity guests stopped visiting the Stork Club; it closed in 1965 and was demolished the following year. The site is now the location of Paley Park, a small vest-pocket park.

History

Early history

The Stork Club was owned and operated by Sherman Billingsley (1896–1966) an ex-bootlegger who came to New York from Enid, Oklahoma.[1][note 1] The Stork Club first opened in 1929 at 132 West 58th Street, just down the street from Billingsley's apartment at 152 West 58th Street.[3][4] Billingsley's hand-written recollections of the early days recall that he was approached by two gamblers he knew from Oklahoma in his New York real estate office, proposing to open a restaurant together, which he accepted. The origin of the name of the club is unknown; Billingsley once remarked, "Don't ask me how or why I picked the name, because I just don't remember."[3][5] New York City's El Morocco had the sophistication and Toots Shor's drew the sporting crowd, but the Stork Club mixed power, money and glamor.[6] Unlike its competitors, the Stork stayed open on Sunday nights and during the summer months.[7]

One of the first Stork Club customers was writer Heywood Broun, who resided in the vicinity. Broun's first visit to the Stork was actually made by mistake; he believed it to be a funeral home, but he soon became a regular, and invited his celebrity friends, as the name of the club spread further afield. Before long, Billingsley's Oklahoma partners sold their shares to a man named Thomas Healy.[3] Eventually Mr. Healy revealed that he was a "front" for three New York mobsters.[8][note 2] Billingsley was kidnapped and held for ransom by Mad Dog Coll, who was a rival of his mob partners. Before the ransom money could be collected by Coll, he was lured to a telephone booth where he was shot to death.[note 3] After the incident, the secret gangster partners reluctantly allowed Billingsley to buy them out for $30,000.[3][13]

Illustration of club's dining room in 1933
Illustration of the club's dining room on East 51st Street in 1933
Membership card 1932-1933
Membership card 1932-1933

Another New York nightclub owner, Tex Guinan, introduced Billingsley to her friend, the entertainment and gossip columnist Walter Winchell in 1930.[14] In September 1930, Winchell called the Stork Club "New York's New Yorkiest place on W. 58th" in his New York Daily Mirror column. That evening, the Stork Club was filled with moneyed guests.[14][15] Someone else who read Winchell's column in 1930 was singer-actress Helen Morgan, who had just finished filming a movie on Long Island. Morgan decided to hold a cast party at the Stork Club, paying the tab with two $1,000 bills.[16] Winchell became a regular at the Stork Club; what he saw and heard there at his private Table 50 was the basis of his newspaper columns and radio broadcasts.[17][18][8][19] Billingsley also kept professionals on his staff whose job was to listen to the chatter, determine fact from rumor, and then report the factual news to local columnists. The practice was seen as protective of the patrons by shielding them from unfounded reports, and also a continual source of publicity for the club.[20] Billingsley's long-standing relationship with Ethel Merman which began in 1939, brought the theater crowd to the Stork; there she had a waiter assigned to her whose job was just to light her cigarettes.[15][21][note 4] Billingsley later wrote that Merman had offered him $500,000 to leave his wife and that he turned down the offer.[23][note 5]

Prohibition agents closed the original club on December 22, 1931, and Billingsley moved it to East 51st Street for three years.[24] It was raided in August 1932 at the 51st Street location after an angry patron lost a quarter in a coin machine and notified police. The police asked guests to quietly pay their checks and leave the building; this took two hours.[25][note 6] In 1934, the Stork Club moved to 3 East 53rd Street, where it remained until it closed in October 1965.[15] Billingsley's guest list for the 53rd Street opening consisted of people from Broadway and Park Avenue. He sent out 1,000 invitations for champagne and dinner. The women found much to like about the fresh flowers everywhere and the mirrored walls, while the men were pleased to see their favorite dishes on the club's menu as well as many of their personal and business friends at the opening.[27] When the Stork Club became a tenant in 1934, the building was known as the Physicians and Surgeons Building. Many of the medical tenants were unhappy about the night club moving in, but in February 1946, Billingsley purchased the seven story building for $300,000 cash, evicting the doctors to expand the club.[28][note 7]

By 1936, the Stork was doing well enough to have a million dollar gross for the first time.[30] Young debutante Brenda Frazier made her first visit to the Stork Club in the spring of 1938; she became a regular, bringing many young people from the society set with her.[31] Billingsley welcomed young people who were not old enough to drink. He encouraged them to gather at the Stork Club by inviting debutantes to the club and holding a yearly "Glamor Girl" election.[32][33] As the father of three daughters, Billingsley kept an eye on the young people, making sure they were not served alcohol and that they were able to have an enjoyable time at the Stork Club without it.[5][27]

The Stork Club previously provided live entertainment but after Billingsley realized the reason people came to the club was to watch people, he abandoned the floor shows in favor of giving expensive gifts to regular customers of the club. A live band was provided in the main dining room for dancing.[34][33] Billingsley had a keen sense for business. Before he purchased the building the Stork Club was in, the yearly rent for the space it occupied was $12,000. Billingsley rented out the hat and coat check area to a separate concession for $27,000 a year. This paid the rent for the Stork Club, leaving $15,000 annually to cover bad checks.[35][note 8] When Ernest Hemingway wanted to pay his bill with a $100,000 check he received for the movie rights to For Whom the Bell Tolls, Billingsley told him he would be able to cash the check after the club closed at 4am.[3][37] He kept the Stork Club's name vivid in the minds of his patrons through mailing lists and a club news letter.[35][38] Billingsley was also aware of the need for a good working relationship with the press; food and drink for reporters and photographers assigned to cover the Stork Club were on the house.[27]

Controversies

A group of pickets led by Walter White outside the Stork Club following Josephine Baker's accusation of racism. Baker's friend, Bessie Buchanan, who was also a club guest at the time is among those on the picket line on October 27, 1951.

In early 1944, New York mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia ordered a check on the books of all major city night clubs. City tax accountants soon investigated the Stork Club, the Copacabana and other city night spots. By July, auditors turned in a report claiming that the clubs were overcharging patrons on tax, sending the city the proper amount and keeping the overbilled sums. On a Saturday in July, city officials arrived at the Stork Club with a court order granting permission for them to seize the club's property for the amount which was claimed to be overcharged as taxes, plus penalties. The total for the Stork Club was $181,000. Billingsley, out of town with his family, was notified. The club's employees refused to turn anything over to the officials, who were intent on closing it. Upon his return, Billingsley firmly protested that the Stork Club did not owe the city any money and was up to date on its tax payments. A compromise was reached: the club could stay open as long as a custodian for the city was allowed to be on the premises. Billingsley was eventually able to get a court order to eject the custodian, but the case dragged on for five years, costing Billingsley $100,000.[39][40]

On October 19, 1951, Josephine Baker made charges of racism against the Stork Club. Baker visited the club on October 16 as the guest of Roger Rico and his wife; both entertainers were at the Stork after their theater performances.[41] Baker said she ordered a steak and was apparently still waiting for it an hour later. The controversy grew when Baker accused Walter Winchell of being in the Cub Room at the time and not coming to her aid. Winchell was at the club; he said he had greeted Baker and vocalist Roger Rico as the two left their Cub Room table. Winchell said he was not aware of there being any problem, and left for a late screening of the film The Desert Fox. The next morning, Winchell's rumored failure to assist Baker was big news, and he received countless telephone calls. The incident blew into a major scandal and was widely publicized on the radio and newspapers.[42] Mrs. Rico, who was part of the Baker party with her husband, said that Baker's steak was waiting for her at the table after she returned from her phone call, but the entertainer chose to make a stormy exit from the Stork anyhow. News accounts show conflicting statements from the Ricos.[43][44][note 9]

Along with that of Billingsley and the Stork Club, Walter Winchell's name was further tarnished by the incident. After leaving the Stork, the Baker party made contact with WMCA's Barry Gray, where the story was told as part of Gray's radio talk show. One of those who phoned Gray's program was television personality and columnist Ed Sullivan, a professional rival of Winchell's whose "home base" was the El Morocco nightclub. Sullivan's on-air remarks dealt mainly with Winchell's alleged part in the event, saying, "What Winchell has done is an insult to the United States and American newspaper men."[46] Winchell's column of October 24, 1951 provides the same details as earlier news stories about Josephine Baker's accusations that he did not assist her at the Stork Club. Winchell also printed a letter he received from Walter White, who was the executive secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) at the time.[47] A New York police investigation of the matter followed the complaint made by the NAACP. The police investigation found that the Stork Club did not discriminate against Josephine Baker. The NAACP went on to say that the results of the police investigation did not provide enough evidence for the organization to pursue the incident further in criminal court.[48] Baker filed suit against Winchell over the matter, but the suit was dismissed in 1955.[43] Walter Winchell later said. "The Stork Club discriminates against everybody. White, black and pink. The Stork bars all kinds of people for all kinds of reasons. But if your skin is green and you're rich and famous or you're syndicated, you'll be welcome at the club." [49]

Because of Billingsley's long-standing friendship with Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) head J. Edgar Hoover, rumors persisted that the Stork Club was bugged. During his work on the Stork Club book, author and New York Times reporter Ralph Blumenthal was contacted by Jean-Claude Baker, one of Josephine Baker's sons. Having read an article by Blumenthal about Leonard Bernstein's FBI file, he indicated that he had read his mother's FBI file and by comparing the file to the tapes, said he thought the Stork Club incident was overblown.[50]

Union issues and closure

Postcard sent by the club when it was on East 51st Street and still had live entertainment

Hard times began for the Stork Club in 1956, when it lost money for the first time.[42] In 1957, unions tried once again to organize the club's employees. Their major effort ten years before had been unsuccessful; at that time, Sherman Billingsley was accused of attempting to influence his employees to stay out of the union with lavish staff parties and financial gifts.[51][52] By 1957, all other similar New York clubs except the Stork Club were now unionized.[53] This met with resistance from Billingsley and many dependable employees left the Stork Club over his refusal to allow them to be represented by a union.[54][note 10] Picket lines were set up and marched in front of the club daily for years, including the club's last day of business.[3][8] The club received many threats connected to his refusal to accept unions for his workers; some of the threats involved Billingsley's family. In 1957, he was arrested for displaying a gun when some painters who were working at the Austrian Consulate next to the family's home sat on his stoop for lunch. Billingsley admitted to acting rashly because of the threats.[56] Three months before his arrest, his secretary was assaulted as she was entering the building where she lived; her assailants made references to the union issues at the Stork Club.[57]

As a result of the union dispute, many club patrons no longer visited the night spot. Those who were performers were informed of the possibility of fines and suspensions by their respective unions for crossing the Stork Club picket line as the issue continued.[58] Many of Billingsley's friendships, including those of Walter Winchell and J. Edgar Hoover, were over as a result of the union problems.[15][59][60][61] He began firing staff without good cause. As the dispute dragged on, there was also no longer a live band in the dining room for music; members of the Musicians' Union had crossed the picket line to perform for some time.[15][58][note 11] Previously, the club had no need for advertising; it was mentioned frequently in print and word of mouth without it. In 1963, the club offered a hamburger and French fries for $1.99 in a New York Times ad; when those in the know about the club saw it, they realized the Stork Club's days were coming to an end.[62] In the last few months of its operation, at times there were only three customers for the entire evening.[8] On a good day in the mid-1940s, some 2,500 people visited the club.[27]

When the Stork Club initially closed its doors, news stories indicated it was being shut because the building it occupied had been sold and a new location was being sought.[63][note 12] The years of labor disputes had taken their toll on Billingsley financially. Trying to keep the Stork Club going took all of his assets and about $10 million from his three daughters' trust funds.[15] While in the hospital recuperating from a serious illness in October 1965, Billingsley sold the building to Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), who later turned the site into a park named after its founder's father.[8][64] In a 1937 interview, Billingsley said, "I hope I'll be running a night club the last day I live."[65] He fell just short of that mark. One year after the Stork Club closed, Sherman Billingsley died of a heart attack at his Manhattan apartment, leaving a wife, Hazel, and three daughters, Jacqueline, Barbara, and Shermane.[66][67][note 13] He was planning on re-opening the Stork Club in another location and was working on writing a book at the time of his death.[69]

Interior

Postcard illustrating the "Blessed Event" room for private parties.

From the physical layout of the club, as described by Ed Sullivan in a 1939 column, the Stork should have been doomed to failure, since it was strangely shaped and far from roomy in places.[13] The club's ladies' room was on the second floor of the structure and the men's room was on the third; only the dining room, bar, and later the Cub Room were on the first floor.[70] Despite this, the club could hold 1,000 guests.[71] A feature of the club was a solid 14 karat gold chain at its entrance; patrons were allowed entry through it by the doorman.[72][73][74] When the East 53rd Street building came down to make way for Paley Park, one of the artifacts found in it was a still. The New York Historical Society displayed that along with other Stork Club items and memorabilia in an exhibit in 2000.[50][75]

Billingsley's hospitality with food, drink, and gifts overcame the structural deficits to keep his patrons returning time after time.[13] He maintained order through a series of hand signals; without saying a word he could order complimentary drinks and gifts for a party at any given table.[76][77] Billingsley was also able to summon the club's private limousine to whisk favored customers away to a theater date or a ball game after drinks or dining at the Stork. He changed the meaning of the hand signals frequently to avoid regular patrons' being able to read them.[78] Guests dined on the finest wines and cuisine, and it was known for its champagne and caviar.[79] The club gained worldwide attention for its cocktails, made by chief barman Nathaniel "Cookie" Cook.[80] Cook invented dozens of cocktails at the bar, including the signature "Stork Club Cocktail". Today the ornamental bar of the Stork Club is to be found in Jim Brady's Bar in Maiden Lane.[81] The dining room featured live bands for dancing; the Benny Goodman orchestra were frequent performers.[80] According to a 1960 Services Labor Report, the kitchen and dining room employees working in the Stork Club did "not enjoy the same wages, hours and working conditions" as the others, a primary factor which led the majority of them to the strike in January 1957.[82]

Besides the Cub Room, the Main Dining Room, and the bar, the club contained a room for parties, the "Blessed Event Room", a large private room on the second floor with its own kitchen and bar, the "Loner's Room", which was just past the Cub Room and much like a men's club, and a private barber shop.[83][28][84] When the Blessed Event Room was added to the Stork Club, its walls were entirely mirrored. Patrons who had rented the room for poker parties complained that the mirrors allowed players to see everyone's hand of cards; the mirrors were then removed from the walls.[35]

The Cub Room

Stork Club's Cub Room, November 1944.
From left-Orson Welles (with cigar), Margaret Sullavan with husband, owner Sherman Billingsley (center table at far right), Morton Downey (at right).

Billingsley's original plan for the Cub Room was for it to be a private place for playing gin rummy with his friends.[note 14][50] The room was added to the club during World War II. Billingsley broke out a wall in the bar to create this private space, but it was Walter Winchell who began to call it the Cub Room.[86][6] The Cub Room had no windows and was described in a Louis Sobol column as a "lopsided oval". The room was lit with pink tones. On the wood-paneled walls were paintings of beautiful women; Billingsley also had similar portraits by the same artist in the Ladies' powder room.[35][87][note 15] After the club's labor problems began in 1957, Billingsley redecorated the entire club, choosing emerald green for the carpet and chairs, and a pinkish-red for the banquettes. The Cub Room's wood panels were replaced by beige burlap and the portraits of beautiful women were replaced by paintings of noted 19th-century race horses.[88] As a concession to those who wanted to have a business lunch at The Stork, the Cub Room was for men only during lunch time.[89][note 16] The sanctum sanctorum, the Cub Room ("the snub room"), was guarded by a captain called "Saint Peter" (for the saint who guards the gates of Heaven).[85][72]

The most famous of the Cub Room's headwaiters was John "Jack" Spooner, who was well known to many celebrities from his previous duties at LaHiff's.[91] Billingsley recruited him in 1934 after the death of Billy Lahiff and the subsequent closure of his club.[92][93] Spooner began an autograph book for his daughter, Amelia, while working at LaHiff's. Billingsley encouraged him to bring "The Book" to the Stork Club, where stars continued to sign it. Some who were famous illustrators or cartoonists such as E. C. Segar (Popeye), Chic Young (Blondie), and Theodor Geisel ("Dr. Seuss") would add personalized doodles or drawings for Spooner's young daughter.[94] Billingsley's rule of thumb for his help, "If you know them...they don't belong in here," did not apply to Spooner.[95] It was Spooner's knowing the patrons and socializing with them away from the job that helped make the Stork Club so successful with attracting celebrity clients.[92] At Christmas, Spooner dressed as Santa Claus, posing for photos with old and young alike.[96][97]

Clientele and image

Elizabeth Taylor and her parents at the Stork Club in 1947

Author T. C. McNult has referred to the Stork Club during its existence as "the most celebrated nightspot in the world";[98] while author Ed McMahon has called it the "most realistic nightclub of all", a name "synonymous with fame, class, and money, in no particular order".[99] Society writer Lucius Beebe wrote in 1946: "To millions and millions of people all of over the world the Stork symbolizes and epitomizes the de luxe upholstery of quintessentially urban existence. It means fame; it means wealth; it means an elegant way of life among celebrated folk".[80] The club was a prime example of the flourishing cafe society at the time, but the real purpose of the Stork Club, according to journalist Ed Sullivan, was people watching other people, particularly non-celebrities watching celebrities.[13] Author Mearl L. Allen, however, highlights that the club was more than a celebrity playground, and that "many decisions of tremendous social and economic importance regarding world affairs were made in the Stork Club during this time", and the likes of Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball could often be seen conversing with executive types.[100] Mark Bernardo, author of Mad Men's Manhattan: The Insider's Guide, has said: "In some ways, the Stork Club was ahead of its time—courting celebrities by picking up their tabs, hiring a house photographer who sent candid shots of guests to the tabloids, and offering a private enclave called the Cub Room, where stars could huddle away from the prying eyes of fans, all hallmarks of modern clubs that cater to boldface names".[101] The venue was usually packed with luminaries during its golden years, and dining orders could take a long time to be dealt with.[102]

Notable guests through the years included: Lucille Ball, Tallulah Bankhead, Joan Blondell,[103] Charlie Chaplin, Frank Costello, Bing Crosby, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, Brenda Frazier, Dorothy Frooks, Carmen Miranda, Dana Andrews, Michael O'Shea, Judy Garland, the Harrimans, Ernest Hemingway, Judy Holliday, J. Edgar Hoover, Grace Kelly, the Kennedys, Dorothy Kilgallen, Dorothy Lamour, Robert M. McBride, Vincent Price, Marilyn Monroe, the Nordstrom Sisters, Erik Rhodes, the Roosevelts, Ramón Rivero (Diplo), J. D. Salinger, Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, Gene Tierney, Mike Todd[103] and Gloria Vanderbilt.[85][3][13]

The main room of the club was also frequented by many of the prominent figures that had fled Europe, from royals to businessmen, debutantes, sportsmen and military dignitaries, who often, upon departing, took with them the signature ashtrays of the club as souvenirs.[104] The news of Grace Kelly's engagement to Prince Rainier of Monaco broke at the Stork. The couple was at the club on Tuesday, January 3, 1956, as the rumors flew. Veteran columnist Jack O'Brian passed Kelly a note, saying that reliable sources indicated she was about to become engaged to the Prince. Kelly replied she could not answer the question posed by O'Brian until Friday.[3][105] Socialite Evalyn Walsh McLean, owner of the Hope Diamond, wore the gem as if it was costume jewelry. It disappeared at the Stork Club one night during Mrs. McLean's visit there. Actress Beatrice Lillie found it under one of the club's tables.[106] Actor Warren Oates once worked at the club as a dishwasher.[107]

Conduct

Humphrey Bogart, who was banned from the club after a heated argument with Billingsley.

Guests were expected to dress to high standards, with men wearing evening suits and the women wearing "gowns with silk gloves reaching the elbow". All women in full evening dress received an orchid or gardenia corsage, compliments of the Stork Club.[16] A requirement for all men was a necktie; those who were not wearing one were either lent one or had to buy one to gain admittance.[108] Although African Americans were not explicitly barred from entry, there was a mutual understanding that they were not welcome.[109] Billingsley insisted on orderly conduct for all of his Stork Club guests; fighting, drunkenness or rowdiness were prohibited.[35] He ran the club on the principle of it being a place where people could have a good time and that it was somewhere he could bring his own family without worrying that they would see or hear something he did not want them to.[33] Billingsley closely controlled the seating placement system in the club.[110] Unescorted women were not allowed to enter the club after 6 pm; this was a protective measure for men who may have been out with someone other than their wives.[111]

Several celebrities did not abide by the rules and were banned from the club.[112][113][114][115] Humphrey Bogart was banned after a prolonged "shouting match" with Billingsley.[116] Milton Berle was officially barred for too much table-hopping, shouting and doing handsprings in the club; Berle contended that the real reason was because of a Stork Club satire he had recently performed on his television program.[112] Elliott Roosevelt, the so-called "black sheep of the club", became unwelcome at the club through an apparent misunderstanding. Billingsley had planned an engagement party for Roosevelt and his girl friend, vocalist Gigi Durston on the basis of the couple's friends' statements that they were going to be married. Durston had once worked at the Stork Club as a singer and Roosevelt was a long-time customer of the club. Billingsley sent out publicity notices about the party; the couple told him that they had no plans to announce their engagement at that time. Elliott Roosevelt was banned from the Stork and the party was canceled.[113] Jackie Gleason, who was a frequent guest of the club with his two daughters, was being seated with a female companion when the couple was asked to leave the premises in March 1957. Billingsley claimed that Gleason's conversation became loud and off-color when he arrived at a table and barred Gleason from the Stork Club for life. Gleason said that he had done nothing wrong. He wondered if the problem was because he was a member of the Musicians' Union, since the club's wait and kitchen staff had been on strike since January of that year.[115][117]

Despite the rules and banishments, there were incidents which made their way into newspapers. Billingsley associate Steve Hannagan believed that one "good fight" a year was permissible for a respectable night club. Johnny Weissmuller accused a Navy lieutenant of using a lit cigarette to burn the clothing of dancers as they passed his table. The lieutenant advised Weissmuller to get a haircut; his wife told Weissmuller to go back to Hollywood with the other ape-men. The Navy man suffered two black eyes and complained that Weissmuller's friends held him as he was punched by Weissmuller. Ernest Hemingway once took issue with a stranger who slapped him on the back; knocking him into three chairs and a table as he brushed him away. Billingsley contended that many of the incidents that appeared in print were minor disagreements which were inflated by the press.[27]

Jack Benny invited long-time friend, writer and performer Goodman Ace to lunch with him at the Stork. Ace arrived at the club first and received the "cold shoulder" because he was not recognized by the staff. When Benny arrived and asked for Ace, he was told that Ace became tired of waiting and left. Soon Ace began to receive mail from the Stork, which he proceeded to answer in his tongue in cheek style. Ace's response to the message about the club having wonderful air conditioning was that after having received the cold shoulder there, he was well aware of the climate. Bilingsley responded to Ace with a gift of some Stork Club bow ties. Ace then asked for some matching socks so he might be in style to be turned away again. Ace and his wife became regulars at the club after the issue was resolved.[118][119]

Stork Club gifts

Some of the gifts given to Stork Club patrons in 1944.

Owner Billingsley was well known for his extravagant gifts presented to his favorite patrons, spending an average of $100,000 a year on them. They included compacts studded with diamonds and rubies, French perfumes, champagne and other liquors, and even automobiles.[13][77][120] Many of the gifts were specially made for the Stork club, with the club's name and logo on them.[76] Some of the best known examples were the gifts of Sortilège perfume by Le Galion, which became known as the "fragrance of the Stork Club".[121] Billingsley convinced Arthur Godfrey, Morton Downey, and his own assistant, Steve Hannigan, to form an investment group with him to obtain the United States distributorship of the fragrance.[122][123][124] The partners expanded into the sale of soap, cosmetics and other sundries under the Stork Club name. They called the business Cignone – the French word for stork; the line was carried by various drug and department stores in the United States.[125][126] [note 17] Every female guest of the club received a small vial of perfume and a tube of Stork Club lipstick as souvenirs of her visit.[33] It was also Billingsley's standard practice to send every regular club patron a case of champagne at Christmas.[125][128][129]

Women guests at one of the Stork Club's weekly Balloon Nights

Sunday night was "Balloon Night". As is common with New Year's celebrations, balloons were held on the ceiling of the Main Dining Room by a net and the net would open at the stroke of midnight. As the balloons came down, the ladies would begin frantically trying to catch them.[35][120] Each contained a number and a drawing would be held for the prizes, which ranged from charms for bracelets to automobiles; there were also at least three $100 bills folded and placed randomly in the balloons.[77][128][130][note 18]

Billingsley's generosity was not confined to those who were always at the club. He received the following letter in 1955: "I am grateful to you for your thoughtful kindness in sending me such a generous selection of attractive neckties. At the same time may I once again thank you for the cigars that you regularly send to the White House." It was signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower.[131] During World War II, three bomber planes were christened with the name of the Stork Club. Billingsley commissioned Tiffany & Co. to produce sterling silver Stork club logo Victory pins as gifts for their crew members.[90] Patrons were not always on the receiving end; Billingsley's writings claimed that one of his waiters received a $20,000 tip.[3] A bartender received a new Cadillac from a grateful patron, and a headwaiter received a $10,000 tip from tennis star Fred Perry.[132][133] It was necessary for Billingsley to give the expensive gifts and to provide some to all of a celebrity's Stork Club services for free to bring the stars to the club and keep them coming back. The notables were what brought people from all over the country in all walks of life to visit the Stork Club.[134][33][50]

In popular culture

The Stork Club was a television series hosted by Billingsley, who circulated among the tables interviewing guests at the club. Originally sponsored by Fatima cigarettes, the series ran from 1950 to 1955.[3][8][33][135] The show was directed by Yul Brynner, who was a television director before he became a well-known actor.[136] The program began on CBS Television with the network having built a replica of the Cub Room on the Stork Club's sixth floor to serve as the set for the show. Billingsley was paid $12,000 each week as its host, but he was never really comfortable on camera and it was noticeable.[33][137] The television show moved to ABC by 1955.[138] During the broadcast of May 8, 1955, Billingsley made some remarks about fellow New York restaurateur Bernard "Toots" Shor's financial solvency and honesty.[138] Shor responded by suing for a million dollars. He collected just under $50,000 as a settlement in March 1959. The Stork Club television show ended in the same year the statements were made.[139]

Promotional photo for the premiere of the television program. Peter Lind Hayes and Mary Healy served as co-hosts (27 June 1950)

A Philco Television Playhouse presentation, "Murder at the Stork Club", was aired on NBC Television on January 15, 1950. Franchot Tone and Billingsley had cameo roles in the television drama.[140] The television show was an adaptation of Vera Caspary's 1946 mystery novel, The Murder in the Stork Club, where the action took place in and around the famous nightclub, with Sherman Billingsley and other real-life characters appearing in the plot.[141][142][143]

The Stork Club was also featured in several movies, including The Stork Club (1945), Executive Suite (1954), and My Favorite Year (1982).[144] Billingsley received $100,000 for the use of the club's name in the 1945 film.[27] In All About Eve (1950), the characters played by Bette Davis, Gary Merrill, Anne Baxter and George Sanders are shown in the Cub Room of the Stork Club. The Alfred Hitchcock film The Wrong Man (1957) starred Henry Fonda as real-life Stork Club bassist Christopher Emanuel Balestrero ("Manny"), who was falsely accused of committing robberies around New York City. Scenes involving Balestrero playing the bass were actually shot at the club. The film's screenplay, written by Maxwell Anderson, was based on a true story originally published in Life magazine.[145][146][note 19]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ In later years, Billingsley claimed to have been born in 1900, but this is refuted by both the 1930 census and the Social Security Death Index.[2]
  2. ↑ Healy told Billingsley the three mobsters were Owney Madden, Big Bill Dwyer and Frenchy De Mange.[9]
  3. ↑ Billingsley's notes indicate he was forced into a car on Madison Avenue and blindfolded after having dinner with Texas Guinan.[3] Only a few hours before Coll was killed, Walter Winchell's New York Daily Mirror column said that he would be gunned down by members of the Chicago mob, who had arrived in New York for this purpose.[10][11] It is said that Coll was on the telephone with Owney Madden when he was shot to death.[12]
  4. ↑ Billingsley had additional connections in the theatrical world. His wife, Hazel, was a former Ziegfeld girl.[22]
  5. ↑ After the affair between Merman and Billingsley ended, Merman eventually felt comfortable enough to return to being a regular at the club.[6]
  6. ↑ When Prohibition had ended, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover was a frequent visitor to the club, often as the guest of Walter Winchell.[26]
  7. ↑ The eight story building eventually had its banquet and private party rooms on the second floor with other floors containing a complete carpentry shop, the set for the Stork Club television show, business offices for the club and for the Sortilege perfume business, a floor for refrigerators and freezers holding extra provisions if needed, and a floor which was Billingsley's personal suite of offices. He often moved offices and various departments from one floor to another in the building.[29]
  8. ↑ After Billingsley had purchased the East 53rd Street building, he managed the hat and coat check room as part of the club.[36]
  9. ↑ Winchell was at the Stork Club with fellow columnist Jack O'Brian and his wife at the time of the incident. When Winchell saw Baker and Rico leave their table, he believed they were going into the main dining room to dance. They were actually going to use the club's pay phone. Neither Winchell nor O'Brian saw anything wrong, and both left for the late The Desert Fox film screening. The club was busy at the time, so everyone was experiencing some slow service.[43] Mrs. Rico said the rest of the party did not order food and it was about two hours before Baker's steak arrived. At that point, her husband became angry and asked for a bill. He was told that there would be none, since this was a celebrity party. Rico, who spoke only French, insisted he had been billed on previous Stork Club visits and threw some money on the table. He and his party then left the Stork Club.[41] Bessie A. Buchanan, an old friend of Baker's, was also a guest of Mr. and Mrs. Rico. Buchanan later picketed the Stork Club over the incident.[43][45]
  10. ↑ Billingsley's initial resistance to allowing a union to represent his employees was based on the union being linked to organized crime. Billingsley's earlier experiences with the mob made him especially wary. Later on, his refusal to accept a union at the Stork Club was based on the thought that he would have a smaller margin of profit with unionized employees.[55]
  11. ↑ In a 1974 column, Jack O'Brian wondered why the band members, who were members of the Musicians' Union, were willing to cross the picket lines for such a long period of time.[58]
  12. ↑ The club did its last business on Saturday, October 2, 1965 and did not reopen. It was not until Tuesday, October 5, that a sign was placed on the door indicating the closure of the club and that a new location for it was being sought.[63]
  13. ↑ The actress Barbara Billingsley was once married to Sherman Billingsley's nephew, Glenn.[68]
  14. ↑ Billingsley told some friends he had built the room as a private place for Ethel Merman after her theater performances; he told others he built it while trying to get over her after their affair had ended.[85]
  15. ↑ "Beautiful women are the only decoration worth a damn in a night club."-Sherman Billingsley[40]
  16. ↑ During World War II, many military commanders visited the Stork Club and held strategic planning sessions there. The men would often sketch battle plans on the club's tablecloths. These tablecloths were not sent to the club's laundry but were disposed of due to their potential sensitive nature.[90]
  17. ↑ The Duchess of Windsor, a regular club patron when in New York, named the club's soaps "nude". The bars had cameos of Morton Downey, Billingsley, or Arthur Godfrey on one side, and the club logo on the other.[127]
  18. ↑ During World War II, the $100 bills were replaced with $100 War Bonds.[35]
  19. ↑ Hitchcock, who produced and directed the film, was one of the Stork Club's regular guests.[145]

Notes

  1. ↑ Nichols, Max (July 13, 2000). "Oklahoma, Bootleggers, and Cafe Society". The Journal Record. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  2. ↑ "Social Security Death Index for Sherman Billingsley". Familysearch.org. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Blumenthal, Ralph (July 1, 1996). "Look who Dropped in at the Stork". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  4. ↑ "152 West 58th Street - Notable Past Residents". Archived from the original on October 18, 2012.
  5. 1 2 Kellow 2007, p. 76.
  6. 1 2 3 Kellow 2007, p. 137.
  7. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 4.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Breslin, Jimmy (October 6, 1965). "Famous Tables Empty In Silent Stork Club". Toledo Blade. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  9. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 103.
  10. ↑ "Columnist predicted murder". Dunkirk Evening Observer. February 8, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved February 2, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "Vincent Coll Slain In New York Drug Store Earlier Today". The Sedalia Democrat. February 8, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved February 2, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ Maeder, Jay (October 24, 1999). "Mad Dog Coll Mayhem". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sullivan, Ed (September 20, 1939). "Hollywood". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  14. 1 2 Billingsley, Sherman (August 24, 1941). "Things You Never Knew About Winchell". Herald-Journal. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hamill, Pete (May 7, 2000). "The 'In' Crowd". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  16. 1 2 Reynolds, Quentin (October 1, 1938). "Have You a Reservation?". Collier's: 16, 41–43. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  17. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 42.
  18. ↑ Kellow 2007, p. 138.
  19. ↑ Connors, Anthony (October 5, 1997). "Then & Now: When The Stork Catered To The Creme De La Creme". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Gossiping Pays At Stork Club". The Spokesman-Review. April 2, 1944. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  21. ↑ Kellow 2007, pp. 76-79.
  22. ↑ Peretti 2011, p. 177.
  23. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 187.
  24. ↑ "5 Supper Clubs May Be Closed". Prescott Evening Courier. December 23, 1931. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Call Stork Club Raid "Nicest" They Have Ever Known". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 30, 1932. p. 15. Retrieved February 3, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ Peretti 2011, p. 170.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Whelan, Russell (September 1944). "Inside the Stork Club". The American Mercury: 357–365. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  28. 1 2 Lyons, Leonard (February 13, 1946). "Lyons Den". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  29. ↑ Sylvester 1956, pp. 110-114.
  30. ↑ Sullivan, Ed (March 3, 1936). "Broadway". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  31. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 138.
  32. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 19.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Stork Club Makes Friends But Bounces Some". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. April 21, 1957. p. 3. Retrieved February 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 29.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tucker, George (September 23, 1942). "Manhattan". Fitchburg Sentinel. p. 6. Retrieved February 11, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ↑ Sylvester 1956, p. 119.
  37. ↑ Lyons, Leonard (July 27, 1961). "Lyons Den". Post-Standard. p. 13. Retrieved February 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 18.
  39. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, pp. 26-29.
  40. 1 2 "Billingsley, Stork Club Owner, Dies". La Crosse Tribune. October 4, 1966. p. 3. Retrieved February 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. 1 2 "Josephine Baker Charges Stork Club With Racial Discrimination". The Norwich Sun. October 19, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved February 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. 1 2 The New York Times Book Reviews 2000. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Taylor & Francis. 2001. p. 825. ISBN 978-1-57958-058-2.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Hinckley, David (November 9, 2004). "Firestorm Incident At The Stork Club, 1951". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Stork Club Refused to Serve Her, Josephine Baker Claims". Milwaukee Journal. October 19, 1951. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  45. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, pp. 159-170.
  46. ↑ Pegler, Westbrook (January 28, 1955). "Ed Sullivan Backs Josephine Baker". Milwaukee Sentinel. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  47. ↑ Winchell, Walter (October 24, 1951). "Walter Winchell". The Daily Times-News. p. 2. Retrieved February 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ↑ "N. Y. Police Probe Clears Stork Club". The Miami News. November 30, 1951. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  49. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 159.
  50. 1 2 3 4 Kissel, Howard (May 3, 2000). "Stork Club Special Delivery Exhibit at the New York Historical Society recalls a glamour gone with the wind". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  51. ↑ "Some of Stork Club's Glamor Saved for its Dishwashers". The Milwaukee Journal. December 2, 1947. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Stork Club Boss Cleared of Charges". The Pittsburgh Press. December 23, 1947. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  53. ↑ "Winchell and Billingsley". The Washington Afro American. April 1, 1952. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  54. ↑ Thanks!. Billboard. January 6, 1958. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  55. ↑ Peretti 2001, p. 180.
  56. ↑ "Police Arrest Club Owner Sherman Billingsley". The Milwaukee Journal. June 12, 1957. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  57. ↑ "2 Thugs Beat Billingsley's 'Girl Friday'". The Miami News. March 27, 1957. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  58. 1 2 3 O'Brian, Jack (October 16, 1974). "Voice of Broadway". Monroe News-Star. p. 9. Retrieved February 4, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ↑ "Halt Picketing At Stork Club". Sarasota Journal. February 9, 1960. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  60. ↑ "Rules Union Picketing Of Stork Club Legal". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. July 8, 1960. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  61. ↑ "Stork Club Suing Actors' Union". The Montreal Gazette. August 29, 1960. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  62. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 259.
  63. 1 2 "Doors Closed By Stork Club". The Free Lance Star. October 6, 1965. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  64. ↑ Wallace, Mike (May 15, 2000). "Books Of The Times: Stars, Mobsters and Blueboods Welcome". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  65. ↑ "Good Manners Are Stressed By Cowboy Owner Of Club". The Telegraph-Herald. June 9, 1937. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  66. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, pp. 283-284.
  67. ↑ "Billingsley, Stork Club Owner, Dies". The Free Lance Star. October 4, 1966. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  68. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 13.
  69. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 282.
  70. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 17.
  71. ↑ Sylvester 1956, p. 109.
  72. 1 2 "The Stork Club". Jitterbuzz.com. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  73. ↑ "Photo of gold chain at Stork Club entrance". Stork Club.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  74. ↑ Lyons, Leonard (January 3, 1949). "The Lyons Den". Beaver Valley Times. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  75. ↑ "Video of New York Historical Society Exhibit". Stork Club.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  76. 1 2 "Life Visits the Stork Club". Life Magazine: 110–125. November 6, 1944. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  77. 1 2 3 Runyon, Damon (May 1947). "Mr. "B" and His Stork Club". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
  78. ↑ Sylvester 1956, pp. 122-123.
  79. ↑ New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. 17 November 1969. p. 72. ISSN 0028-7369.
  80. 1 2 3 Duecy 2013.
  81. ↑ "Jim Brady's Bar website". Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  82. ↑ Services Labor Report. Bureau of National Affairs. 1960. p. 394.
  83. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, pp. 17, 288.
  84. ↑ Ross, George (June 23, 1936). "News Behind the News". The Owosso Argus-Press. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  85. 1 2 3 Blumenthal 2003, p. 2.
  86. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 16.
  87. ↑ Sobol, Louis. "New York Cavalcade". Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  88. ↑ Billingsley, Sherman (November 6, 1957). "Famed Stork Club Attracts Famous". The Oneonta Star. p. 4. Retrieved February 17, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  89. ↑ Winchell, Walter (February 25, 1964). "Walter Winchell of Broadway". Lebanon Daily News. p. 19. Retrieved February 11, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  90. 1 2 Blumenthal 2003, p. 23.
  91. ↑ "Inside the Cub Room at the Stork Club". Spooner Central. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  92. 1 2 "Jack Spooner 1886—1963". Spooner Central. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  93. ↑ "William F. Lahiff Dies in New York". Newport Mercury. June 15, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved February 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. ↑ "Stork Club page 4". Spooner Central. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  95. ↑ "Stork Club". Spooner Central. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  96. ↑ Winchell, Walter (December 19, 1948). "Edgar Bergen Took Out Insurance and Retired". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
  97. ↑ "Photo of Jack Spooner as Santa Claus". Spooner Central. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
  98. ↑ McNulty 2012, p. 173.
  99. ↑ McMahon 2007, p. 140.
  100. ↑ Allen 1980, p. 148.
  101. ↑ Bernardo 2010, p. 33.
  102. ↑ Wilson 2004, p. 16.
  103. 1 2 Kennedy 2007, p. 103.
  104. ↑ Goldstein 2010, p. 200.
  105. ↑ Taraborelli 2003, p. 225.
  106. ↑ Lyons, Leonard (May 1, 1947). "Mrs. MacLean's Fabulous Diamond Frequently Lost Like A Bauble". The Miami News. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  107. ↑ Compo 2009, p. 49.
  108. ↑ Sylvester 1956, p. 126.
  109. ↑ Haygood 2011, p. 257.
  110. ↑ Batterberry & Batterberry 1999, p. 258.
  111. ↑ Blumenthal.
  112. 1 2 "Stork Club Bans Berle". Palm Beach Post. February 5, 1954. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  113. 1 2 "Stork Club Bans Elliott For Spat Over Engagement". Pittsburgh Press. February 18, 1950. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  114. ↑ "Obituaries". Montreal Gazette. October 5, 1966. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  115. 1 2 "Jackie Gleason Barred From Stork Club". Deseret News. March 5, 1957. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  116. ↑ Duchovnay 1999, p. 28.
  117. ↑ "Report Gleason Ejected From Stork Club". The Times-News. March 5, 1957. p. 5. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  118. ↑ Steinhauser, Si (January 28, 1945). "Easy Ace Is Not So Easy". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  119. ↑ Wilson, Earl (November 2, 1944). "Ace of Aces Gives Stork Club the Bird". The Miami News. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  120. 1 2 Ross, George (March 8, 1938). "In New York". The Modesto Bee.
  121. ↑ Product Marketing for Beauty Industry Retailers & Manufacturers. U.S. Business Press. 1985. p. 193.
  122. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 34.
  123. ↑ "Le Galion 'Sortilege' perfume presentation". WorthPoint. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  124. ↑ "Newspaper ad for Sortilege". The Miami News. March 2, 1951. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  125. 1 2 Blumenthal 2003, p. 35.
  126. ↑ "Ad for Stork Club lipstick and perfume". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 26, 1951. p. 5. Retrieved February 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  127. ↑ "Stork Club soaps". Kokomo Tribune. December 20, 1956. p. 11. Retrieved February 12, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  128. 1 2 Capen, Jean Balch (March 29, 1953). "It really happened at the Stork". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  129. ↑ Dougherty, Richard (October 13, 1971). "NY Night Life Is Suffering". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  130. ↑ Ross, George (March 13, 1939). "Broadway". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  131. ↑ "Stork Club Personal Notes". Stork Club.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  132. ↑ Blumenthal 2003, p. 10.
  133. ↑ "Stork Club Bartender Gets Cadillac As Tip". Ellensburg Daily Record. January 31, 1949. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  134. ↑ Kellow 2007, p. 77.
  135. ↑ "Stork Club Television Videos". Stork Club.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  136. ↑ Wilson, Earl (December 22, 1975). "It Happened Last Night". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  137. ↑ O'Brian, Jack (March 23, 1978). "Recalling The Stork". Herald-Journal. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  138. 1 2 Dickenson, Fred (February 19, 1955). "Behind the Scenes at TV's Snootiest Show". Reading Eagle. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  139. ↑ "Toots Shor Accepts $48,500 For Libel". Daytona Beach Morning News Journal. March 19, 1959. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  140. ↑ "Philco Television Playhouse-Murder at The Stork Club-January 15, 1950". Classic TV Archive. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  141. ↑ The Very Latest Mysteries by Vera Caspary. Life. October 28, 1946. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  142. ↑ "Philco Television Playhouse". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  143. ↑ Winchell, Walter (July 31, 1945). "Walter Winchell". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  144. ↑ Monohan, Kasper (February 1, 1946). "'Stork Club' at Stanley Light and Amusing". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  145. 1 2 Maeder, Jay (November 14, 2005). "After Hours: The Stork Club's most famous bull fiddle man, 1953". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  146. ↑ Brean, Herbert, ed. (June 29, 1953). A Case Of Identity. Life Magazine. pp. 97–107. Retrieved October 30, 2010.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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