China–United Kingdom relations

China-United Kingdom relations

China

United Kingdom

Chinese-United Kingdom relations (simplified Chinese: 中英关系; traditional Chinese: 中英關係; pinyin: Zhōng-Yīng guānxì), more commonly known as British–Chinese relations, Anglo-Chinese relations and Sino-British relations, refers to the interstate relations between China (with its various governments through history) and the United Kingdom. The UK and the People's Republic of China were on opposing sides of the Cold War, while the Republic of China and the UK were allies during World War II. Both countries are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

Chronology

Michael Shen Fu-Tsung resided in Britain from 1685 to 1688. "The Chinese Convert" by Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1687.
Signing of the Treaty of Nanking (1842).

Medieval

Rabban Bar Sauma from China visited France and met with King Edward I of England in Gascony.

William of Rubruck encountered an English bishop's nephew in the Mongol city of Karakorum.

Between England and the Ming Dynasty (1638 - 1644)

Between the UK and the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911)

Skilled diplomat, Li Hongzhang acted as a negotiator between the West and the late Qing Dynasty. Queen Victoria made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.

Between the UK and the Republic of China (1912 - )

British diplomats rescued Sun Yat-sen from their Qing counterparts in 1896. Sun later founded the Republic of China.

Between the UK and the People's Republic of China (1949 - )

The United Kingdom and the anti-Communist Nationalist Chinese government were allies during World War II. Britain sought stability in China after the war to protect its more than £300 million in investments, much more than from the United States. It agreed in the Moscow Agreement of 1945 to not interfere in Chinese affairs but sympathised with the Nationalists, who until 1947 were winning the Chinese Civil War against the Communist Party of China. By August 1948, however, the Communists' victories caused the British government to begin preparing for a Communist takeover of the country. It kept open consulates in Communist-controlled areas and rejected the Nationalists' requests that British citizens assist in the defense of Shanghai. By December, the government concluded that although British property in China would likely be nationalised, British traders would benefit in the long run from a stable, industrialising Communist China. Retaining Hong Kong was especially important; although the Communists promised to not interfere with its rule, Britain reinforced the Hong Kong Garrison during 1949. When the victorious Communist government declared on 1 October 1949 that it would exchange diplomats with any country that ended relations with the Nationalists, Britainafter discussions with other Commonwealth members and European countriesformally recognised the People's Republic of China in January 1950.[18]

Union Flag flies from the PLAN ship Changbai Shan during a visit to Portsmouth in 2015

British in China

Statesmen

Diplomats

Merchants

Military

Missionaries

Academics

Chinese statesmen

See also

Notes

  1. Mundy, William Walter (1875). Canton and the Bogue: The Narrative of an Eventful Six Months in China. London: Samuel Tinsley. p. 51.. The full text of this book is available.
  2. Dodge, Ernest Stanley (1976). Islands and Empires: Western impact on the Pacific and East Asia (vol.VII). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-0-8166-0788-4. Dodge says the fleet was dispersed off Sumatra, and Wendell was lost with all hands.
  3. J.H.Clapham (1927). "Review of The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635-1834 by Hosea Ballou Morse". The English Historical Review (Oxford University Press) 42 (166): 289–292. JSTOR 551695. Clapham summarizes Morse as saying that Wendell returned home with a few goods.
  4. BBC
  5. "Shameen: A Colonial Heritage", By Dr Howard M. Scott
  6. China in Maps - A Library Special Collection
  7. Alfred Stead (1901). China and her mysteries. LONDON: Hood, Douglas, & Howard. p. 100. Retrieved 19 February 2011.(Original from the University of California)
  8. William Woodville Rockhill (1905). China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895. LONDON: Luzac & Co. p. 5. Retrieved 19 February 2011.(Colonial period Korea ; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)
  9. Alicia E. Neva Little (10 June 2010). Intimate China: The Chinese as I Have Seen Them. Cambridge University Press. pp. 210–. ISBN 978-1-108-01427-4.
  10. Mrs. Archibald Little (1899). Intimate China: The Chinese as I Have Seen Them. Hutchinson & Company. pp. 210–.
  11. http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Intimate_China_1000044096/225
  12. https://archive.org/stream/intimatechinachi00litt/intimatechinachi00litt_djvu.txt
  13. 1 2 "Britain Recognizes Chinese Communists: Note delivered in Peking". The Times (London). 7 January 1950. p. 6. ISSN 0140-0460.
  14. J. K. Perry, "Powerless and Frustrated: Britain's Relationship With China During the Opening Years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1939," Diplomacy and Statecraft, (Sept 2011) 22#3 pp 408-430,
  15. 1 2 File documents from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, passim. , released in response to a Freedom of Information Act request at Whatdotheyknow.com
  16. http://www.roc-taiwan.org/uk/np.asp?ctNode=929&mp=132&xp1=132
  17. Minutes of Evidence from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to the House of Commons Select Committee on Foreign Affairs
  18. Wolf, David C. (1983). "'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China - 1950". Journal of Contemporary History 18 (2): 299–326. doi:10.1177/002200948301800207. JSTOR 260389.
  19. Malcolm Murfett, Hostage on the Yangtze: Britain, China, and the Amethyst crisis of 1949 (Naval Institute Press, 2014)
  20. "British Envoy for Peking". The Times (London). 2 February 1950. p. 4. ISSN 0140-0460.
  21. Mishra, Pankaj (December 20, 2010). "Staying Power: Mao and the Maoists". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  22. "Backgrounder: China and the United Kingdom". Xinhua. 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-10. "Chinese Envoy for London: A chargé d'affaires". The Times (London). 18 June 1955. p. 6. ISSN 0140-0460.
  23. David C. Wolf, "'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China-1950." Journal of Contemporary History (1983): 299-326.
  24. Harold Munthe-Kaas; Pat Healy (23 August 1967). "Britain's Tough Diplomatist in Peking". The Times (London). p. 6. ISSN 0140-0460.
  25. 1 2 "Revealed: the Hong Kong invasion plan", by Michael Sheridan. From The Sunday Times, June 24, 2007
  26. "Red Guard Attack as Ultimatum Expires". The Times (London). 23 August 1967. p. 1. ISSN 0140-0460.
  27. Peter Hopkirk (30 August 1967). "Dustbin Lids Used as Shields". The Times (London). p. 1. ISSN 0140-0460.
  28. "Backgrounder: China and the United Kingdom". Xinhua. 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-10. "Ambassador to China after 22-year interval". The Times (London). 14 March 1972. p. 1. ISSN 0140-0460.
  29. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91342/6341963.html
  30. 1 2 Shaun Breslin, "Beyond diplomacy? UK relations with China since 1997." British Journal of Politics & International Relations 6#3 (2004): 409-425.
  31. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/21/content_411202.htm
  32. Foreign and Commonwealth Office Written Ministerial Statement on Tibet 29 October 2008. Retrieved on 10 December 2008.
  33. Kerry Brown, What's Wrong With Diplomacy?: The Future of Diplomacy and the Case of China and the UK (Penguin, 2015) ch 1.
  34. http://www.china.org.cn/world/2010-07/05/content_20426640.htm
  35. Zheng, Yongnian et al , "China's Foreign Policy: Coping with Shifting Geopolitics and Maintaining Stable External Relations." East Asian Policy 4#1 (2012) pp: 29-42.
  36. Ross, John (2013). "The New Realities of China-UK Relations". China Today 12: 15.
  37. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c8da89c2-788d-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html#axzz3pKPPWPGl
  38. Elgot, Jessica (20 October 2015). "Xi Jinping visit: Queen and Chinese president head to Buckingham Palace - live". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  39. Fitzgerald, Todd (20 October 2015). "Five places that Chinese President Xi Jinping should visit during his trip to Manchester with David Cameron". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 20 October 2015.

Bibliography

Since 1931

Primary sources

External links

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