Chumak

For other uses, see Chumak (disambiguation).

Chumak
Occupation
Taras Shevchenko, Chumaks among burial mounds, 1846
Names	Salt traders, salt dealers
Occupation type	vocation
Activity sectors	trading, salt industry
Description
Competencies	social skills

Chumak (Ukrainian: чумак) is a historic occupation on the territory of the modern Ukraine as merchants or traders, primarily known for the trade in salt.

Chumaks grew as a merchant class facilitating trade of salt from the areas of Halychyna as well as the coastal areas of Black and Azov Seas, in addition to other items.

They prospered until the end of the 19th century, when competition from railroads made longer trade routes unprofitable.^[1] The process of transportation was conducted by a wagons that were pulled by two oxen paired with yoke. Oxen were often of Bessarabian breed.

Chumaks were the most popular during the times of the Cossack Hetmanate (17th century) trading between the Moscow state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate, and Moldavia. Further modernization marginalized traditional economic activity, and relegated Chumak traders to areas in western Ukraine with the lowest levels of service.

Influence on the Ukrainian culture

Chumaks on the break, Ivan Aivazovsky

The style of living of chumaks set a great mark in the Ukrainian folklore, language, and the culture overall.

In Ukrainian language Milky Way is called the Chumaks' Way. There is a Ukrainian surname Chumak.

Chumak traders also were featured heavily in Ukrainian folklore and fables. Their trade is mentioned in the literal as well as artistic works of Taras Shevchenko, the Crimean-Armenian Ivan Aivazovsky, the song of Taras Petrynenko Ukraina.

References

↑ Chumak (decline) at the Chumatstvo.info

External links

Chumak's roads by A.Basargina, a senior scientist at the Belgorod State Museum of Folk Culture (YouTube)

Salt

History	History of salt In the American Civil War International Salt Co. v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road

Types	List of edible salts Alaea Bittern Black lava Butter Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Kala Namak Kosher LoSalt Calcium chloride Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Onion RealSalt Rock Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Truffle

Food usage	Brine Cheese brining Salted foods Salt-cured meat Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease

Commerce and industry	Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Production Salt mining Open-pan salt making List of countries by salt production

By region	In Cheshire In Ghana In Syracuse, New York

Culture	Salt in the Bible Salting the earth

Miscellaneous	Mineral lick Smelling salts

Category

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