Lucerne

For other uses, see Lucerne (disambiguation).
English: Lucerne
German: Luzern

Coat of arms
English: Lucerne
German: Luzern
Coordinates: 47°3′N 8°18′E / 47.050°N 8.300°E / 47.050; 8.300Coordinates: 47°3′N 8°18′E / 47.050°N 8.300°E / 47.050; 8.300
Country Switzerland
Canton Lucerne
District Lucerne
Government
 • Executive Stadtrat
with 5 members
 • Mayor Stadtpräsident (list)
Stefan Roth CVP/PDC
(as of February 2014)
 • Parliament Grosser Stadtrat
with 48 members
Area[1]
 • Total 29.06 km2 (11.22 sq mi)
Elevation (Lake shore) 435 m (1,427 ft)
Highest elevation (Sonnenberg) 800 m (2,600 ft)
Lowest elevation (Rotsee) 422 m (1,385 ft)
Population (Dec 2014[2])
 • Total 81,057
 • Density 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Lucerne (Luzerner)
Postal code 6000
SFOS number 1061
Localities Luzern, Littau
Surrounded by Adligenswil, Ebikon, Emmen, Horw, Kriens, Malters, Meggen, Neuenkirch
Website www.stadtluzern.ch
Profile (German), SFSO statistics
Logo

Lucerne (/ˌluːˈsɜːrn/; German: Luzern, [luˈtsɛrn]; French: Lucerne, [lysɛʁn]; Italian: Lucerna, [luˈtʃɛrna]; Romansh: Lucerna; Lucerne Swiss-German: Lozärn) is a city in central Switzerland, in the German-speaking portion of the country. Lucerne is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and the capital of the district of the same name. With a population of about 80,501 people,[3] Lucerne is the most populous city in Central Switzerland, and a nexus of transportation, telecommunications, and government of this region. The city's urban area consists of 17 cities and towns located in three different cantons with an overall population of about 250,000 people.[4]

Owing to its location on the shore of Lake Lucerne (der Vierwaldstättersee), within sight of Mount Pilatus and Rigi in the Swiss Alps, Lucerne has long been a destination for tourists. One of the city's famous landmarks is the Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a wooden bridge first erected in the 14th century.

The official language of Lucerne is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

History

Early history and founding (750–1386)

After the fall of the Roman Empire beginning in the 6th century, Germanic Alemannic peoples increased their influence on this area of present-day Switzerland. Around 750 the Benedictine Monastery of St. Leodegar was founded, which was later acquired by Murbach Abbey in Alsace in the middle of the 9th century, and by this time the area had become known as Luciaria.[5] In 1178 Lucerne acquired its independence from the jurisdiction of Murbach Abbey, and the founding of the city proper probably occurred that same year. The city gained importance as a strategically located gateway for the growing commerce from the Gotthard trade route.

By 1290 Lucerne had become a self-sufficient city of reasonable size with about 3000 inhabitants. About this time King Rudolph I von Habsburg gained authority over the Monastery of St. Leodegar and its lands, including Lucerne. The populace was not content with the increasing Habsburg influence, and Lucerne allied with neighboring towns to seek independence from their rule. Along with Lucerne, the three other forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden formed the "eternal" Swiss Confederacy, known as the Eidgenossenschaft, on November 7, 1332. Later the cities of Zürich, Zug and Bern joined the alliance. With the help of these additions, the rule of Austria over the area came to an end. The issue was settled by Lucerne’s victory over the Habsburgs in the Battle of Sempach in 1386. For Lucerne this victory ignited an era of expansion. The city shortly granted many rights to itself, rights which had been withheld by the Habsburgs until then. By this time the borders of Lucerne were approximately those of today.

From city to city-state (1386–1520)

In 1415 Lucerne gained Reichsfreiheit from Emperor Sigismund and became a strong member of the Swiss confederacy. The city developed its infrastructure, raised taxes, and appointed its own local officials. The city’s population of 3000 dropped about 40% due to the Black Plague and several wars around 1350.

In 1419 town records show the first witch trial against a male person.

Swiss-Catholic town (1520–1798)

Lucerne in 1642

Among the growing towns of the confederacy, Lucerne was especially popular in attracting new residents. As the confederacy broke up during Reformation after 1520, most cities became Protestant, but Lucerne remained Catholic. After the victory of the Catholics over the Protestants in the Battle at Kappel in 1531, the Catholic towns dominated the confederacy. The future, however, belonged to the Protestant cities like Zürich, Bern and Basel, which defeated the Catholics in the 1712 Toggenburg War. The former prominent position of Lucerne in the confederacy was lost forever. In the 16th and 17th centuries, wars and epidemics became steadily less frequent and as a result the population of the country increased strongly.

Lucerne in 1758

Lucerne was also involved in the Swiss peasant war of 1653.

Century of revolutions (1798–1914)

Conflict at Lucerne, Illustrated London News, 1845.

In 1798, nine years after the beginning of the French Revolution, the French army marched into Switzerland. The old confederacy collapsed and the government became democratic. The industrial revolution hit Lucerne rather late, and by 1860 only 1.7% of the population worked in industry, which was about a quarter of the national average at that time. Agriculture, which employed about 40% of the workers, was the main form of economic output in the canton. Nevertheless, industry was attracted to the city from areas around Lucerne. From 1850 to 1913, the population quadrupled and the flow of settlers increased. In 1856 trains first linked the city to Olten and Basel, then Zug and Zürich in 1864 and finally to the south in 1897.

21st century

On June 17, 2007, voters of the city of Lucerne and the adjacent town of Littau agreed to a merger in a simultaneous referendum. This took effect on January 1, 2010.[6] The new city, still called Lucerne, has a population of around 80,000 people, making it the seventh-largest city in Switzerland. The results of this referendum are expected to pave the way for negotiations with other nearby cities and towns in an effort to create a unified city-region, based on the results of a study.[7]

Sights

View of the Reuss from the Rathaus-Steg

Since the city straddles the Reuss where it drains the lake, it has a number of bridges. The most famous is the Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a 204 m (669 ft) long wooden covered bridge originally built in 1333, the oldest covered bridge in Europe, although much of it had to be replaced after a fire on 18 August 1993, allegedly caused by a discarded cigarette. Part way across, the bridge runs by the octagonal Water Tower (Wasserturm), a fortification from the 13th century. Inside the bridge are a series of paintings from the 17th century depicting events from Lucerne's history. The Bridge with its Tower is the city's most famous landmark.

Lucerne city, lake and mountains view from the tower.

Downriver, between the Kasernenplatz and the Mühlenplatz, the Spreuer Bridge (Spreuerbrücke or Mühlenbrücke, Mill Bridge) zigzags across the Reuss. Constructed in 1408, it features a series of medieval-style 17th century plague paintings by Kaspar Meglinger titled Dance of Death. The bridge has a small chapel in the middle that was added in 1568.

The Reuss in the old part of Lucerne

Old Town Lucerne is located just north of the Reuss, and still has several fine half-timber structures with painted fronts. Remnants of the old town walls exist on the hill above Lucerne, complete with eight tall watch towers. An additional gated tower sits at the base of the hill on the banks of the Reuss.

The twin needle towers of the Church of St. Leodegar, which was named after the city's patron saint, sit on a small hill just above the lake front. Originally built in 735, the present structure was erected in 1633 in the late Renaissance style. However, the towers are surviving remnants of an earlier structure. The interior is richly decorated. The church is popularly called the Hofkirche (in German) and is known locally as the Hofchile (in Swiss-German).

The Lion Monument

Bertel Thorvaldsen's famous carving of a dying lion (the Lion Monument, or Löwendenkmal) is found in a small park just off the Löwenplatz. The carving commemorates the hundreds of Swiss Guards who were massacred in 1792 during the French Revolution, when an armed mob stormed the Tuileries Palace in Paris.

The Swiss Museum of Transport is a large and comprehensive museum exhibiting all forms of transport, including locomotives, automobiles, ships, and aircraft. It is to be found beside the lake in the northern-eastern section of the city.

The Culture and Convention Center beside the lake in the center of the city was designed by Jean Nouvel. The center has one of the world's leading concert halls, with acoustics by Russell Johnson.

Geography

Lucerne and Lake Lucerne from the Pilatus

Lucerne has an area of 29.1 square kilometers (11.2 sq mi). Of this area As of 2009, 28.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 47.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[8]

View across Lake Lucerne

Before the merger, Littau had an area of 13.3 square kilometers (5.1 sq mi). Of this area, 52.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 21.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 24.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[9] In the 1997 land survey, 21.08% of the total land area was forested. Of the agricultural land, 49.17% is used for farming or pastures, while 3.16% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the settled areas, 10.47% is covered with buildings, 4.29% is industrial, 1.96% is classed as special developments, 2.33% is parks or greenbelts and 5.8% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 1.66% is unproductive flowing water (rivers) and 0.08% is other unproductive land.[10]

Climate

Between 1961 and 1990 Lucerne had an average of 138.1 days of rain per year and on average received 1,171 mm (46.1 in) of precipitation. The wettest month was June during which time Lucerne received an average of 153 mm (6.0 in) of rainfall. During this month there was rainfall for an average of 14.2 days. The driest month of the year was February with an average of 61 mm (2.4 in) of precipitation over 10.2 days.[11] Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[12]

Climate data for Lucerne
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)		 5.2
(41.4)		 10.3
(50.5)		 14.4
(57.9)		 19.1
(66.4)		 22.2
(72)		 24.7
(76.5)		 23.8
(74.8)		 19.4
(66.9)		 14.3
(57.7)		 7.8
(46)		 4.3
(39.7)		 14.1
(57.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)		 1.4
(34.5)		 5.4
(41.7)		 9.1
(48.4)		 13.7
(56.7)		 16.9
(62.4)		 19.1
(66.4)		 18.3
(64.9)		 14.6
(58.3)		 10.2
(50.4)		 4.6
(40.3)		 1.6
(34.9)		 9.6
(49.3)
Average low °C (°F) −2.3
(27.9)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 1.1
(34)		 4.3
(39.7)		 8.9
(48)		 12.1
(53.8)		 14.2
(57.6)		 13.9
(57)		 10.6
(51.1)		 6.7
(44.1)		 1.6
(34.9)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 5.7
(42.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51
(2.01)		 54
(2.13)		 74
(2.91)		 88
(3.46)		 128
(5.04)		 154
(6.06)		 151
(5.94)		 146
(5.75)		 107
(4.21)		 76
(2.99)		 73
(2.87)		 72
(2.83)		 1,173
(46.18)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 16.0
(6.3)		 20.2
(7.95)		 8.3
(3.27)		 1.2
(0.47)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.4
(0.16)		 5.3
(2.09)		 14.6
(5.75)		 66.0
(25.98)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.3 8.7 11.8 11.8 12.9 13.5 12.5 12.5 10.2 9.4 9.6 10.0 132.2
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 3.8 4.4 1.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.4 7.9 37.9
Average relative humidity (%) 83 79 73 70 72 72 72 75 80 83 84 84 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47 72 122 141 161 171 201 187 137 97 52 36 1,423
Percent possible sunshine 21 28 36 36 37 38 45 45 39 32 22 17 35
Source: MeteoSwiss[13]

Demographics

Largest groups of foreign residents 2013[14]
Nationality Numbers % of total
(% of foreigners)
 Germany 4,167 5.2 (20.7)
 Italy 2,279 2.8 (11.3)
 Portugal 1,765 2.2 (8.8)
 Serbia 1,430 1.8 (7.1)
 Kosovo 794 1.0 (3.9)
 Spain 760 0.9 (3.8)
 Sri Lanka 734 0.9 (3.6)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 543 0.7 (2.7)
 Croatia 538 0.7 (2.7)
 Republic of Macedonia 457 0.7 (2.6)

Lucerne has a population (as of 31 December 2014) of 81,057.[2] As of 2013, 19,264 or 25.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals, of which 19.9% are from Europe, 2.8% from Asia, 1.2% from Africa and 1.0% from America.[14] Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1.2%. Most of the population (as of 2010) speak German (87%), with Italian, as well as Serbo-Croatian and English with 5% being second most common languages, followed by French and Albanian with 3%, and Portuguese and Spanish with 2% each.[15]

The age distribution in Lucerne is (as of 2013); 12,916 people or 15.7% of the population is 0–19 years old. 26,381 people or 33.8% are 20–39 years old, and 25,863 people or 32.1% are 40–64 years old. The senior population distribution is 10,530 people or 13.1% are 65–79 years old, 4,208 or 5.2% are 80–89 years old and 900 people or 1.1% of the population are 90+ years old.[16]

In Lucerne about 73.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

The crowded Rathausquai

As of 2000 there are 30,586 households, of which 15,452 households (or about 50.5%) contain only a single individual. 853 or about 2.8% are large households, with at least five members.[10] As of 2000 there were 5,707 inhabited buildings in the municipality, of which 4,050 were built only as housing, and 1,657 were mixed use buildings. There were 1,152 single family homes, 348 double family homes, and 2,550 multi-family homes in the municipality. Most homes were either two (787) or three (1,468) story structures. There were only 74 single story buildings and 1,721 four or more story buildings.[10]

Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:[5]

Politics

In the 201 election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the SPS which received 21.9% of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the SVP (17.4%), the CVP(17.0%) and the FDP (15.7%), the GPS (15.7%), and the GLP (8.9%).[8]

Religion

Jesuit Church

The city grew up around Sankt Leodegar Abbey, founded in AD 840, and remained strongly Roman Catholic into the 21st century. By 1850, 96.9% of the population was Catholic, in 1900 it was 81.9% and in 1950 it was still 72.3%. In the 2000 census the religious membership of Lucerne was: 35,682 (60%) Roman Catholic, 9,227 (15.5%) Protestant, with an additional 1,979 (3.33%) who were of some other Christian denominations; 1,824 individuals (3.07% of the population) Muslim; 196 individuals (0.33% of the population) Jewish. Of the remainder, 1,073 (1.8%) individuals were another religion; 6,310 (10.61%) stated they do not belong to any organized religion; and 3,205 (5.39%) did not answer the question.[10]

Culture and entertainment

Culture

The Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre at night

Since plans for the new culture and convention center arose in the late 1980s, Lucerne has found a balance between the so-called established culture and alternative culture. A consensus was reached that culminated in a culture compromise (Kulturkompromiss). The established culture comprises the Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre (KKL), the city theater (Luzerner Theater) and, in a broader sense, smaller establishments such as the Kleintheater, founded by comedian Emil Steinberger, a Lucerne native, or Stadtkeller, a music restaurant in the city's old town. KKL houses a concert hall as well as the Museum of Art Lucerne (Kunstmuseum Luzern).

Alternative culture took place mostly on the premises of a former tube factory, which became known as Boa. Other localities for alternative culture have since emerged in the same inner city area as Boa. Initially, Boa staged various plays, but concerts became more and more common; this new use of the building clashed with the development of apartment buildings on nearby lots of land. Due to possible noise pollution, Boa was closed and a replacement in a less heavily inhabited area is currently under construction. Critics claimed though that the new establishment would not meet the requirements for an alternative culture.

Südpol is a center for performing arts in Lucerne presenting music-, dance- and theatre-events. The house at the foot of Mount Pilatus is opened since November 2008.

Lucerne is home to the Luzerner Sinfonieorchester, a category A symphonic orchestra, and to the 21st Century Symphony Orchestra, and they both hold most of their performances in the Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre.

Lucerne is also home to Kunstpunktkultur (http://kunstpunktkultur.com/), a series of classical chamber music concerts held throughout each year.

Events

Jodelling festival 2008

Every year, towards the end of winter, Fasnacht (Carnival) breaks out in the streets, alleyways and squares of the old town. This is a glittering outdoor party, where chaos and merriness reign and nothing is as it normally is. Strange characters in fantastic masks and costumes make their way through the alleyways, while Guggenmusiken (carnival bands ) blow their instruments in joyful cacophony and thousands of bizarrely clad people sing and dance away the winter. The Lucerner Fasnacht, based on religious, Catholic backgrounds, starts every year on the Thursday before Aschermittwoch (Ash Wednesday) with a big bang at 5am called Morgenwacht (Morning Watch). There are big parades in the afternoon on Schmotzige Donnerstag (literally: Lardy Thursday )[17] and the following Monday, called Güdismontag (literally: Paunch Monday), which attract tens of thousands of people. Lucerne's Carnival ends with a crowning finish on Güdisdienstag (literally: Paunch Tuesday) evening with the Monstercorso, a tremendous parade of Guggenmusiken, lights and lanterns with even a larger audience. Rather recently a fourth Fasnacht day has been introduced on the Saturday between the others Fasnacht days, the Rüüdige Samstag while mainly several indoor balls take place. From dusk till dawn on the evenings of Schmotzige Donnerstag, Güdismontag, and after the Monstercorso many bands wander through the historical part of the city playing typical Fasnacht tunes. Until midnight, the historical part of the city usually is packed with people participating. A large part of the audience are also dressed up in costumes, even a majority in the evenings.

Lucerne Fasnacht

The city hosts various renowned festivals throughout the year. The Lucerne Festival for classical music takes place in the summer. Its orchestra, the Lucerne Festival Orchestra, is hand-picked from some of the finest instrumentalists in the world. In June yearly the pop music festival B-Sides takes place in Lucerne. In July, the Blue Balls Festival brings jazz, blues and punk music to the lake promenade and halls of the Culture and Convention Center. The Lucerne Blues Festival is another musical festival which usually takes place in November. Since spring 2004, Lucerne has hosted the Festival Rose d'Or for television entertainment. And in April, the well-established comics festival Fumetto attracts an international audience.

Being the cultural center of a rather rural region, Lucerne regularly holds different folklore festivals, such as Lucerne Cheese Festival, held annually. In 2004, Lucerne was the focus of Swiss Wrestling fans when it had hosted the Swiss Wrestling and Alpine festival (Eidgenössisches Schwing- und Älplerfest), which takes place every three years in a different location. A national music festival (Eidgenössiches Musikfest) attracted marching bands from all parts of Switzerland in 2006. In summer 2008, the jodelling festival (Eidgenössisches Jodlerfest) is expected to have similar impact.

Every year in June the B-Sides Festival takes place. B-Sides focuses on international acts in alternative music, indie rock, experimental rock and other cutting edge and left field artistic musical genres.

Economy

As of 2011, Lucerne has an social assistance rate of 3.2%. There were 153 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 54 businesses involved in this sector. 7296 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 672 businesses in this sector. 69,602 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 6666 businesses in this sector.[8] As of 2000 51.7% of the population of the municipality were employed in some capacity. At the same time, women made up 47.9% of the workforce.[10]

Thanks to its continuous tax-cutting policies, Lucerne has become Switzerland's most business-friendly canton. As of 2012 Lucerne offers Switzerland's lowest corporate tax rate at cantonal level.[18]

Furthermore, Lucerne also offers very moderate personal income tax rates. In a recent published study of BAK Basel Economics taxation index 2012, Lucerne made it to the 4th place with an only marginally 2% higher tax rate compared to the top canton in this comparison.[19]

As the biggest Canton of Central Switzerland, not only by the number of inhabitants but also in terms of land, Lucerne still has plenty of affordable land and office space to offer, which is another essential reason why Lucerne has become so popular and attractive for companies.

Since November 2009, Zürich Airport can be reached from Lucerne within 1 hour and 2 minutes[20] by a direct (every hour) train connection every half an hour with a stop just below the airport, and within 50 minutes by car due to a direct motorway from Lucerne to the Airport, but only if you travel outside of rush hours.

People

Lucerne, by Helga von Cramm, chromolithograph, with prayer by F.R. Havergal. c. 1879.

Sports

There are several football clubs throughout the city. The most successful one is FC Luzern which plays in Switzerland's premier league (Swiss Super League). The club plays its home matches at the new Swissporarena, with a capacity of 16,800.

The city's main hockey team is the HC Luzern which plays in the Swiss Second League, the fourth tier of Swiss hockey. They play their home games in the 5,000-seat Swiss Life Arena.

In the past, Lucerne also produced national successes in men's handball and women's volleyball and softball.

Having a long tradition of equestrian sports, Lucerne has co-hosted CSIO Switzerland, an international equestrian show jumping event, until it left entirely for St. Gallen in 2006. Since then, the Lucerne Equestrian Masters replaced it. There is also an annual horse racing event, usually taking place in August.

Lucerne annually hosts the final leg of the Rowing World Cup on Rotsee Lake, and has hosted numerous World Rowing Championships, among others the first ever in 1962. Lucerne was also bidding for the 2011 issue but failed.

Lucerne hosts the annual Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern Track and field meeting, which attracts world class athletes such as Yohan Blake and Valerie Adams.

The Lucerne Eagles are the baseball and softball team of Lucerne.

The city also provides facilities for ice-hockey, figure-skating, golf, swimming, basketball, rugby, skateboarding, climbing and more.

Lucerne hosted FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour event Lucerne Open 2015 and FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championship in 2016.

Events

The 2021 Winter Universiade will be hosted by Lucerne.

Transport

Lucerne railway station.

Lucerne boasts a developed and well-run transport network, with the main operator, VBL, running both the Lucerne trolleybus system and a motor bus network in the city. Other operators, such as Auto AG Rothenburg, provide bus services to neighboring towns and villages.

Lucerne railway station is one of Switzerland's principal stations, and enjoys excellent links to the rest of Switzerland via rail services operated by Swiss Federal Railways and the Zentralbahn. Two other stations are located within the city boundaries, with Lucerne Allmend/Messe station close to the Swissporarena in the south of the city, and the Lucerne Verkehrshaus station adjacent to the Swiss Museum of Transport in the north.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Lucerne is twinned with the following towns:[21]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen
  2. 1 2 Swiss Federal Statistics Office – STAT-TAB Ständige und Nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Region, Geschlecht, Nationalität und Alter (German) accessed 31 August 2015
  3. ↑ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Altersgruppen Ende 2013 – Gemeinden Kanton Luzern – Männer und Frauen - Absolut". www.lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat - Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
  4. ↑ List of agglomerations and isolated cities in Switzerland, 2000 (Microsoft Excel) (German) Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved on August 30, 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 Lucerne in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  6. ↑ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz, Mutationsmeldungen 2009 / Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse, Mutations 2009 / Elenco ufficiale dei Comuni della Svizzera, Mutazione 2009 (PDF) (Report). Federal Statistical Office. 2009. 3161. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  7. ↑ Grundlagenstudie 'Starke Stadtregion Luzern' PDF (3.50 MiB) January 4, 2007 (German)
  8. 1 2 3 "Regional portraits – Communes: Key figures" (PDF). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 20 March 2014. pp. 2497–2498. Retrieved 2015-02-09. data from 2012
  9. ↑ "STAT-TAB: Die interaktive Statistikdatenbank – Raumnutzung und Landschaft: Tabelle: Arealstatistik: Bodenbedeckung (NOLC04) nach Bezirk und Gemeinde, in Hektaren" (online database access). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. data from 1997
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 LUSTAT Lucerne Cantonal Statistics (German) accessed 12 August 2009
  11. ↑ "Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961–1990" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology – MeteoSwiss. Retrieved 8 May 2009..
  12. ↑ Climate Summary for Lucerne, Switzerland
  13. ↑ "Climate normals Luzern (Reference period 1981−2010)" (PDF). Zürich-Airport, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-03.
  14. 1 2 "Ausländische Personen nach Nationalität und Status Ende 2013 - Stadt Luzern". www.lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat - Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  15. ↑ "Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010 – Stadt Luzern". www.lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat - Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  16. ↑ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Altersgruppen Ende 2013 – Gemeinden Kanton Luzern – Männer und Frauen - in Prozent". www.lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat - Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
  17. ↑ "Woher hat der Schmutzige Donnerstag seinen Namen?". Regionalzeitung Rontaler AG (in German). 17 February 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  18. ↑ Schöchli, Hansueli (17 January 2012). "Die Steuern sind weiter gesunken" [Taxes have fallen further in 2012]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  19. ↑ "Zwischenbericht Executive Summary" (PDF). BAK Basel (in German). Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  20. ↑ "City pocket timetable: Luzern – Zürich Flughafen" (PDF) (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Railways (SBB AG). 2015. p. 88. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Partnerstädte der Stadt Luzern". Stadt Luzern (in German). Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  22. ↑ "Dorset Twinning Association List". The Dorset Twinning Association. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  23. ↑ "Die Partnerstädte der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam". www.potsdam.de (in German). Retrieved 24 June 2010.

Further reading

Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century

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