Pathological lying

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Pathological lying
Classification and external resources
Specialty Psychiatry

Pathological lying (also called pseudologia fantastica and mythomania) is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying.[1][2] It was first described in the medical literature in 1891 by Anton Delbrueck.[2] Although it is a controversial topic,[2] pathological lying has been defined as "falsification entirely disproportionate to any discernible end in view, may be extensive and very complicated, and may manifest over a period of years or even a lifetime".[1] The individual may be aware they are lying, or may believe they are telling the truth. Sometimes however, the individual may be lying to make their life seem more exciting when in reality they believe their life is unpleasant or boring.

Characteristics

Defining characteristics of pathological lying include:

Pathological lying may also present as false memory syndrome, where the sufferer genuinely believes that fictitious (imagined) events have taken place. The sufferer may believe that he or she has accomplished superhuman feats or awe-inspiring acts of altruism and love — or has committed equally grandiose acts of diabolical evil, for which the sufferer must atone or already has atoned in her/his fantasies.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing pathological lying can be very difficult for the untrained person. Psychologists are trained to read between the lines and see the issues this diagnosis presents, as a disorder. It is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition.[4] It is a stand-alone disorder as well as a symptom of other disorders such as psychopathy and antisocial, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders, but people who are pathological liars may not possess characteristics of the other disorders.[5] Excessive lying is a common symptom of several mental illnesses.

It has been shown through lie detector tests that PF (pseudologia fantastica) patients exhibit arousal, stress, and guilt from their deception. This is different from psychopaths, who experience none of those reactions. People affected by antisocial disorder lie for external personal profit in the forms of money, sex, and power. PF is strictly internal. The difference between borderline personality disorder and PF is that BPD patients desperately try to cope with their feeling of abandonment, mistreatment, or rejection by making empty threats of suicide or false accusations of abandonment. Pathological liars do not feel rejected, they have high levels of self-assurance that help them lie successfully. Unlike those with histrionic personality, pathological liars are more verbally dramatic than sexually flamboyant. Narcissists think they have achieved perfection and are unempathetic to others. PF patients do not show these anti-social behaviors, they often lie because they think their life is not interesting enough.[5] The only diagnosis in our current system where purposeless, internally motivated deception is listed is axis I factitious disorder. This diagnosis deals with people who lie about having physical or psychological disorders. People with PF tend to lie about their identities and past history. Since the symptoms do not match up, the individual may go undiagnosed.[6] Though they could well be diagnosed under the catch-all rubric of unspecified personality disorder (ICD-10 code F69) or perhaps even better under ICD-10 code F68.8 "Other specified disorder of adult personality and behaviour" as this defines itself as "This category should be used for coding any specified disorder of adult personality and behaviour that cannot be classified under any one of the preceding headings". Here the specified disorder is the lying for psychological reasons (not material ones e.g. money etc.) and the behavior would also need to meet the necessary conditions to be viewed as a mental disorder.

Psychopathy

Pathological lying is in Factor 1 of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL).[7]

Pathological liars

Lying is the act of both knowingly and intentionally/willfully making a false statement.[8] Most people do so out of fear.[9] Normal lies are defensive, and are told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible.[5] Pathological lying is considered a mental illness, because it takes over rational judgment and progresses into the fantasy world and back.[10] Pathological lying can be described as a habituation of lying. It is when an individual consistently lies for no personal gain. The lies are commonly transparent and often seem rather pointless.

There are many consequences of being a pathological liar. Due to lack of trust, most pathological liars' relationships and friendships fail. If the disease continues to progress, lying could become so severe as to cause legal problems, including, but not limited to, fraud.[11]

Psychotherapy appears to be one of the only methods to treat a person suffering from pathological lying. No research has been performed regarding the use of pharmaceutical medication to treat pathological liars.[11] Some research suggests that certain people may have a "predisposition to lying". A study showed that pathological liars had increased white matter volumes in the orbitofrontal, inferior frontal, and middle frontal cortices compared to control groups. There is a counter-argument saying long-term training may cause regional increase in white matter volume, and the repeated activation may cause permanent changes in brain chemistry.[12] It could be either a genetic condition, or an environmentally induced one. Further research is needed on this subject to determine the cause.

Pathological lying is a complex phenomenon, differing from other mental illnesses. It has many life-changing consequences for those who must live with the illness. Currently, there is not enough research in the area of pathological lying to guarantee a cure.[11]

Epidemiology

Although little has been written about pathological lying, one study found a prevalence of almost 1 in 1,000 repeat juvenile offenders. The average age of onset is 16 years when the level of intelligence is average or above average. Sufferers have also shown above level verbal skills as opposed to performance abilities. Thirty percent of subjects had a chaotic home environment, where a parent or other family member had a mental disturbance. Its occurrence was found by the study to be equal in women and men but some believe it occurs more in women.[3][5] Forty percent of cases reported central nervous system abnormality such as epilepsy, abnormal EEG findings, ADHD, head trauma, or CNS infection.[5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Dike CC, Baranoski M, Griffith EE (2005). "Pathological lying revisited". The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 33 (3): 342–9. PMID 16186198.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Dike, Charles C. (June 1, 2008). "Pathological Lying: Symptom or Disease?" 25 (7).
  3. 1 2 Healy, M., & Healy, W. (2004). Pathological lying, Accusation And Swindling. Winnetka, Illinois: Kessinger Publishing.
  4. ↑ Mayes, Rick; Horwitz, Allan V. (2005-06-01). "DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 41 (3): 249–267. doi:10.1002/jhbs.20103. ISSN 1520-6696.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 King BH, Ford CV (January 1988). "Pseudologia fantastica". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 77 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05068.x. PMID 3279719.
  6. ↑ Birch, S., Kelln, B. & Aquino, E. (2006). "A review and case report of pseudologia fantastica" (PDF). The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 17 (2): 299–320.
  7. ↑ Skeem, J. L.; Polaschek, D. L. L.; Patrick, C. J.; Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011). "Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy". Psychological Science in the Public Interest 12 (3): 95–162. doi:10.1177/1529100611426706.
  8. ↑ Lying. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved September 26, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lying
  9. ↑ Rowe, D. (2010). Why we lie: The Source of Our Disasters. New York: HarperCollins.
  10. ↑ Dike, C., Baranoski, M., & Griffith, E. (2005). Pathological lying revisited. The Journal Of The American Academy Of Psychiatry And The Law, 33(3), 342–349. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  11. 1 2 3 Dike, C. (2008). Pathological lying: symptom or disease? Lying with no apparent motive or benefit. Psychiatric Times, 25(7), 67–73. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  12. ↑ Yang, Y., Raine, A., Narr, K., Lencz, T., LaCasse, L. Colleti, P., Toga, A. (February 2007). "Localisation of increased prefrontal white matter in pathological liars." (PDF). British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 174–175.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhbs.20103/abstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhbs.20103/abstract

Further reading

External links

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