Cotswold Line

Cotswold Line
Overview
Type	Rural, Heavy rail
System	National Rail
Status	Operational
Locale	South East England South West England West Midlands
Termini	Oxford Hereford
Stations	19
Operation
Opened	1851
Owner	Network Rail
Operator(s)	Great Western Railway London Midland
Rolling stock	Class 43 HST Class 180 Adelante Class 165 Class 166 Class 150 Class 158 Class 172 Class 153 Class 170
Technical
No. of tracks	1–2
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Operating speed	100 mph (160 km/h) maximum

Cotswold Line
Legend
miles km Cherwell Valley Line to Didcot Parkway 0.0 mi  0 km  Oxford Sheepwash Channel 0.9 mi  1.4 km  Oxford North Junction Oxford to Bicester Line Wolvercot Platform Duke's Cut 2.9 mi  4.7 km  Wolvercot Junction Cherwell Valley Line to Banbury Yarnton Loop Varsity Line to Bletchley 3.8 mi  6.1 km  Yarnton Fairford Line River Evenlode 7.0 mi  11.3 km  Hanborough 8.0 mi  12.9 km  Combe 11.6 mi  18.7 km  Finstock 13.2 mi  21.2 km  Charlbury 16.9 mi  27.2 km  Ascott-under-Wychwood River Evenlode 18.2 mi  29.3 km  Shipton 19.7 mi  31.7 km  Bruern Crossing 21.2 mi  34.1 km  Kingham Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway 23.9 mi  38.5 km  Adlestrop 28.3 mi  45.5 km  Moreton-in-Marsh Stratford and Moreton Tramway (later Shipston-on-Stour branch) 31.5 mi  50.7 km  Blockley Blockley Chipping Campden 34.3 mi  55.2 km  Campden Tunnel Mickleton Halt Honeybourne Line to Stratford-upon-Avon 38.1 mi  61.3 km  (now freight only)   38.2 mi  61.5 km  Honeybourne 40.2 mi  64.7 km  Clayfield Littleton and Badsey River Avon (Upper Avon Navigation) Malvern Junction Midland Railway line to Barnt Green 43.2 mi  69.5 km  Evesham Gloucester Loop Line, part of MR Malvern Line to Ashchurch River Avon (Lower Avon Navigation) River Avon (Lower Avon Navigation) 46.3 mi  74.5 km  Fladbury Wyre Halt 49.1 mi  79 km  Pershore 51.3 mi  82.6 km  Stoulton 53.3 mi  85.8 km  proposed Norton Parkway Cross Country Route 53.8 mi  86.6 km  Norton Junction Norton Halt 54.5 mi  87.7 km  57.0 mi  91.7 km  Worcester Shrub Hill 57.3 mi  92.2 km  Rainbow Hill Junction Birmingham - Worcester lines Worcester and Birmingham Canal 57.6 mi  92.7 km  Worcester Foregate Street freight branch River Severn Henwick Boughton Halt Rushwick Halt 60.3 mi  97 km  River Teme Leominster Junction line to Leominster Bransford Road Newland Halt 64.4 mi  103.6 km  Malvern Link 65.6 mi  105.6 km  Great Malvern Tewkesbury & Malvern Rly, part of MR Malvern Line to Evesham Malvern Wells 67.1 mi  108 km  Colwall Tunnels 68.0 mi  109.4 km  68.4 mi  110.1 km  Colwall 72.1 mi  116 km  Ledbury Tunnel 72.6 mi  116.8 km  Ledbury Ledbury and Gloucester Railway Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal (disused) Ashperton Stoke Edith River Frome 81.9 mi  131.8 km  Withington River Lugg (navigation) Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal (disused) 84.6 mi  136.2 km  Shelwick Junction Welsh Marches Line to Crewe Barrs Court Junction Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway 86.3 mi  138.9 km  Hereford (Barrs Court) Welsh Marches Line to Newport

The Cotswold Line is an 86 ¹⁄₂-mile (139.2 km) railway line between Oxford and Hereford in England.

Route

The line comprises all or part of the following Network Rail routes:^[1]

• GW 200 from Oxford
• GW 310 from Wolvercot Junction
• GW 300 from Norton Junction
• GW 340 from Worcester Shrub Hill
• GW 730 from Shelwick Junction to Hereford

Infrastructure

The line is single track between the following places:

• Wolvercot Junction, (about 3 miles or 5 kilometres north of Oxford) and Charlbury.
• 1 mile or 1.6 kilometres west of Evesham and Norton Junction (3 miles or 4.8 kilometres south east of Worcester Shrub Hill)
• Worcester Shrub Hill through Worcester Foregate Street to Henwick.
• Malvern Wells, (1 mile or 1.6 kilometres south of Great Malvern) and Shelwick Junction (1.7 miles or 2.7 kilometres north of Hereford) with a crossing place at Ledbury.

Other sections are double track.

Significant civil engineering structures on the line include Campden Tunnel (875 yards or 800 metres), the Colwall Tunnels (1,567 yards or 1,433 metres), Ledbury Tunnel (1,323 yards or 1,210 metres) and viaducts at Worcester and Ledbury.

Improvement Works 2008-2011

Network Rail completed the redoubling of 20 miles (32 km) of track from just east of Charlbury to Ascott-under-Wychwood, and from Moreton-in-Marsh to about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Evesham on 22 August 2011. This should improve reliability, enable non-stop operations and allow an hourly off peak service to run on the line.^[2] The Office of Rail Regulation approved the work in June 2008, although the planned work was over-budget and had to await final approval. In December 2008 vegetation was cleared.^[3] A six-week closure of all or part of the line between Oxford and Worcester for preparatory works took place in July and August 2009. Further weekend work planned for February 2010 was postponed by Network Rail. Initial work began in autumn of 2010, with the majority of the second track being relaid between December 2010 and May 2011 when the line was closed at 21.30 from Monday to Thursday. In March 2011 construction works were started on additional structures and signalling equipment that the new line needed, including three new platforms at Charlbury, Ascott-under-Wychwood and Honeybourne. Footbridges at Charlbury and Honeybourne as well as preparation for the upgrade of six Level Crossings.^[4] The new double track section between Charlbury and Ascott re-opened on 6 June 2011; the line between Oxford and Moreton-in-Marsh having been closed during the previous nine days. The section between Moreton and Evesham reopened as double track on 22 August 2011 with the line closed for the preceding two weeks.^[5]

New station proposals

There are proposals for new stations at Withington and Chipping Campden. A long-standing proposal for a new station at Worcester (Norton) Parkway where the line crosses the Birmingham and Bristol Railway has now substantial funding. It is anticipated that the proposal will go to the Planning stage early 2015. The plans and proposals are now available on Worcestershire County Council website and the public consultation period has begun..^[6]

Services

As of 11 December 2011, the previous off peak weekday service continues: roughly an hourly service between London and Worcester. Due to constraints of the former single track, there are some two-hour gaps. These services are extensions of the half-hourly Oxford fast trains. Some of the former gaps have been partly filled by three additional trains as far as Moreton-in-Marsh (running through from/to London Paddington).

During peak hours, both Oxford fast trains are extended to Worcester, giving a half-hourly service. Overall, about half the trains continue to/from Great Malvern and five trains a day continue to and from Hereford.

There is also an additional commuter service to and from Oxford in the morning and evening, which additionally calls at the halts (their "Parliamentary" service, preventing their closure). The historic problem of some trains having to wait at passing loops, extending journey times, has been eliminated by the redoubling, although some still have to wait at Charlbury or Evesham.

Due to short platforms, passengers alighting at stations except Shrub Hill, Oxford and Hereford should listen to onboard announcements telling them from which coaches they should alight. Normally this is from the 2–5 coaches at the country end of the train (further from the ticket barrier at London Paddington).

History

The line between Oxford and Worcester was built under an 1845 Act of Parliament and opened in 1851 as part of the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway.

The Act required the line to be built to Isambard Kingdom Brunel's 7 feet ¹⁄₄ inch (2,140 mm) broad gauge but delays, disputes and increasing costs led to its being completed as 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge.

The first stage of the Worcester and Hereford Railway opened between Henwick and Malvern Link on 25 July 1859. The bridge over the River Severn was approved for traffic the following year, and trains started running through from Malvern Link to Worcester Shrub Hill station on 17 May 1860. A short extension from Malvern Link to Malvern Wells opened on 25 May 1860.

On 1 July 1860 the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway absorbed both the Worcester & Hereford Railway and the Newport, Abergavenny & Hereford Railway to form the West Midland Railway.

On 13 September 1861 the final stage of the railway opened between Malvern Wells and Shelwick Junction. This junction is just north of Hereford station on the line between Hereford and Shrewsbury, and it finally created a through route between Worcester and Hereford.^[7]

The Great Western Railway took over the West Midland Railway in 1863.

The original tunnel through the ridge of the Malvern Hills, Colwall Tunnel, was completed in July 1860. However, the tunnel was unstable, and it was closed for short periods in 1861 and again in 1907 following rock falls. Eventually the GWR decided to build a new tunnel to the south of the existing one. This opened for traffic on 2 August 1926. The old tunnel was abandoned, and during the Second World War it was used to store torpedoes.^[8]

Following serious floods, which washed parts of embankments away, the line was closed for about a fortnight during July and August 2007 for repairs.

In 2007 some trains in the morning rush hour started at Abergavenny but this was discontinued from December 2008.

Poetry

The line features in two notable poems: Adlestrop by Edward Thomas and Pershore Station, or A Liverish Journey First Class by Sir John Betjeman.

Route detail

Oxford to Charlbury

After departing Oxford station, the Cotswold Line shares track with the Cherwell Valley Line to Banbury. About 220 yards (200 m) north of the station, the line crosses the Sheepwash Channel which links the Castle Mill Stream and Oxford Canal with the River Thames.^[9] Immediately east of the current line is a swing bridge over the channel which used to carry the London and North Western Railway's Buckinghamshire Railway line to its terminus at Oxford Rewley Road railway station.^[10] The swing bridge is a listed building. The Rewley Road station building has been dismantled and re-erected at Buckinghamshire Railway Centre. The built up area east of the railway, visible across the Oxford Canal, is Jericho, a district which originated as lodgings outside the city walls where travellers could rest if they arrived after the gates were locked. The Eagle Ironworks of William Lucy & Co. was near the first road bridge over the track on Walton Well Road.

After the bridge, the open area to the left is Port Meadow, a water meadow bordering the Thames with a Bronze Age round barrow. The former LNWR Buckinghamshire Railway branches away to the north east. The section from Oxford to Bicester has been connected to the Chiltern Main Line by a new chord at Bicester, enabling through trains from Oxford to London Marylebone to run from September 2015. Proposals exist for re-opening the whole line and are included in the Draft Milton Keynes & South Midlands Sub-Regional Strategy, but there are many planning and funding matters to be resolved.^[11]

The line passes through Wolvercote. To the west, Lower Wolvercote was a centre for paper making, mainly for the Oxford University Press from the 17th century until 1998 and is the site of Godstow abbey, a Benedictine convent founded in the 12th century. The line passes under the viaduct carrying the A34 Oxford Western Bypass and 100 yards (91 m) further under the A40 road linking London and Fishguard.

An HST leaving the Cotswold Line at Wolvercot Junction, about 3 miles (5 km) north of Oxford.

The line now turns west; here the former Buckinghamshire Junction Railway link with the Buckinghamshire Railway used to converge from the east. About 4 miles (6.4 km) after Oxford station, Yarnton station was in the short stretch between here and where the Witney Railway diverged to the south-west.^[12] So far, the line has been close to the River Thames but the river now swings away to the south through a landscape dotted with gravel pits. The line now climbs the valley of the River Evenlode repeatedly crossing and re-crossing the river. Hanborough station serves the villages of Long Hanborough, Church Hanborough, Freeland and Bladon. The Oxford Bus Museum is next to Hanborough station.^[13]

From Hanborough the line enters the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and 1 mile (1.6 km) beyond Hanborough is Combe station. Building the line through Combe was difficult with several deep cuttings, four crossings of the Evenlode, and the diversion of a length of the river. To the south, just after the third river crossing are the remains of North Leigh Roman Villa. About 1 mile (1.6 km) beyond the villa the line crosses the course of Akeman Street Roman road. The Oxfordshire Way long-distance footpath follows Akeman Street from the north east to a point about 0.6 miles (1 km) north of the railway before turning to run through Stonesfield and meet the line at Charlbury station. The next station is Finstock. Between Finstock and Charlbury the deer park to the west of the line is Cornbury Park, original venue for the Cornbury Music Festival, which has now been replaced by the Wilderness Festival. The woodlands south west of the park are the remains of Wychwood Forest named after the Hwicce, one of the Anglo-Saxon peoples of Britain. Charlbury station is the start of the redoubled track and is first stop for faster trains over the line and retains its original Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway clapperboard building. Sir Peter Parker lived nearby at Minster Lovell and was a regular user of Charlbury station while chairman of the British Railways Board (1976 to 1983). The patronage of the head of the organisation may have helped to save the line at a time when the Serpell Report was calling for more rail closures.^[14] This is section of track has a maximum speed of 100 mph (160 km/h)^[15]

Charlbury to Moreton-in-Marsh

The line is now heading south-west and the site of Ascot d'Oilly Castle is to the north-west as the train enters Ascott-under-Wychwood. Few trains call at Ascott-under-Wychwood station, but there is a signal box controlling the level crossing and the points that were formerly the end of the single track section from Wolvercot Junction. 1.2 miles (1.9 km) beyond Ascott is Shipton station which serves the villages of Shipton-under-Wychwood, Milton-under-Wychwood and Fifield.

Still following the Evenlode, the line now turns north-west. There is another level crossing near Bruern Abbey. The next junction on the line was at Kingham from where the Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway went west to Cheltenham via Stow-on-the-Wold and east to King's Sutton near Banbury. Kingham village is north of the station. The village west of the station is Bledington. The Oxfordshire Way which has been close to the railway since Akeman Street now turns west to Bourton-on-the-Water but it is replaced by another long distance footpath, the Diamond Way. At Moreton-in-Marsh the line crosses the course of another major Roman road, the Fosse Way which linked Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) and Lindum Colonia (Lincoln). Moreton-in-Marsh was the headquarters of the railway spot-hire company Cotswold Rail until the company moved to Gloucester.

Moreton-in-Marsh to Hereford

A First Great Western Link Network Express Turbo unit at Evesham station on 19 September 2004, with a service for London Paddington

About 28 miles (45 km) after Oxford is Moreton-in-Marsh. This was once the southern end of the Stratford and Moreton Tramway. The line then passes the corner of the Roman town of Dorn.^[16] The Cotswold Line leaves the Evenlode which drains into the Thames and enters the catchment of the River Severn. The first level crossing appears. The building west of the crossing is a brick works and the neighbouring pits were the site of Jurassic clay extraction for the works. The village to the north is Paxford. The large country house to the west is Northwick Park, former home of Edward Spencer-Churchill and site of a United States Army hospital during World War II and afterwards a centre for Polish refugees. The line the passes the site of Chipping Campden station, about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Chipping Campden itself. From here the line goes into cutting, then the 887 yards (811 m) Campden Tunnel under the Cotswold escarpment. In 1851 unrest among the navvies building the tunnel resulted in a riot – the 'Battle of Campden Tunnel'.^[17]

The next station is Honeybourne. From 1905 until 1977 this was the junction with the GWR line between Cheltenham and Stratford-upon-Avon. The track to the north remains as a link to the large former military depot at Long Marston. There is a good business case to restore the Stratford-Cotswolds link line. However, there is a good business case for Stratford-Cotswolds link.^[18] The large compound to the north with high walls, chapel, and floodlights is Long Lartin prison. There is another level crossing, where Littleton and Badsey station used to be. The line crosses the River Avon into Evesham. Opposite Evesham's Cotswold Line station is the former Midland Railway station, once on the Ashchurch & Barnt Green line. The line becomes single track again about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Evesham and then crosses the River Avon again and follows it towards Pershore.

The site of Norton Junction looking towards Oxford. The single tracked Cotswold Line branches off to the left, with the right hand branch linking to the Cross Country Route (southbound).

The line crosses over the Cross Country Route and then passes through Norton Junction where there was formerly a station. The junction links the line to the Cross Country Route. Here double track starts. Where the two routes cross is where the proposed Worcester (Norton) Parkway station would be built.

About 57 miles (92 km) after Oxford is Worcester Shrub Hill station. Here are connections to commuter lines going to Birmingham New Street. If Worcester (Norton) Parkway is built Shrub Hill station will be closed. Worcester Foregate Street station gives connections to the city centre and other lines to Birmingham. 6 miles (10 km) later the line reaches Malvern Link station. Great Malvern station follows, and 2 miles (3 km) later is the site of the former Malvern Wells station. After Malvern Wells the line enters the 1,584 yards (1,448 m) long Colwall New Tunnel. This is the second Colwall tunnel; the entrance to the original tunnel can be seen to the north. When the tunnel is below the ridge of the Malvern Hills, the line crosses the boundary between Worcestershire and Herefordshire. The line reaches Colwall station, where The Coca-Cola Company plant next to the station bottles Malvern Water, a local mineral water. Next to the bridge carrying the B4218 road over the railway is an unusual five-sided cottage. When the railway was built one corner had to be demolished and replaced by a plain wall. After the plant, Ledbury station is passed and Hereford station ends the journey on the line.

Usage

The busiest stations on this line are the city stations at Oxford, Worcester and Hereford, followed by Great Malvern. The busiest station served exclusively by Great Western Railway's Cotswold Line services is Charlbury, followed by Evesham. ^[19]

Station usage
Station Name	2002–03	2004–05	2005–06	2006–07	2007–08	2008–09	2009–10	2010–11	2011–12	2012–13	2013–14
Oxford	3,648,550	3,956,477	4,076,814	4,540,878	4,712,647	5,080,934	5,427,286	5,797,984	6,226,478	6,309,582
Hanborough	69,997	75,976	70,562	76,580	83,976	105,290	104,050	119,210	137,454	172,684
Combe (Oxfordshire)	1,548	2,037	2,591	2,612	2,042	2,120	1,836	2,546	2,838	2,112
Finstock	1,799	1,055	1,297	1,157	1,095	1,022	1,458	1,984	1,982	1,970
Charlbury	229,000	236,749	232,040	249,781	239,426	238,918	231,582	244,586	253,202	271,738
Ascott-under-Wychwood	2,050	2,534	2,931	1,769	2,499	2,860	2,264	1,658	2,702	2,484
Shipton	5,057	6,231	5,513	5,389	3,914	3,032	2,890	3,614	4,680	5,028
Kingham	121,318	124,462	126,995	131,183	141,310	147,554	137,944	150,890	156,668	169,496
Moreton-in-Marsh	176,389	180,458	178,004	189,230	176,502	185,284	178,040	195,878	203,082	209,238
Honeybourne	18,691	22,077	27,752	34,281	33,127	37,350	35,052	41,446	41,834	47,788
Evesham	240,174	269,474	239,257	236,611	214,364	207,998	203,578	221,594	220,072	258,190
Pershore	50,949	53,154	62,522	61,739	61,971	62,472	58,744	67,230	73,000	89,546
Worcester Shrub Hill	1,225,757	1,355,790	202,708	592,756	625,971	761,666	856,196	747,595	780,168	891,844
Worcester Foregate Street	379,734	319,996	1,582,620	1,273,385	1,252,182	1,469,283	1,487,256	1,625,011	1,791,810	1,859,984
Malvern Link	165,820	179,091	201,091	216,790	227,141	235,748	249,898	261,792	267,522	278,592
Great Malvern	394,411	373,914	392,143	405,371	384,906	447,172	464,296	484,668	502,468	514,778
Colwall	43,788	40,574	44,596	51,392	56,384	56,528	63,062	61,356	66,110	63,374
Ledbury	133,968	130,403	135,033	147,496	162,588	180,136	184,340	189,308	193,952	185,588
Hereford	602,219	732,320	800,448	854,475	899,199	974,844	974,668	1,017,114	1,081,990	1,085,918
The annual passenger usage is based on sales of tickets in stated financial years from Office of Rail Regulation statistics. The statistics are for passengers arriving and departing from each station and cover twelve month periods that start in April. Please note that methodology may vary year on year.

References

1. Network Rail Rules of the Plan
2. Oxford Mail
3. http://www.firstgreatwestern.co.uk/Content.aspx?id=3501 FGW's website
4. Network Rail Leaflet
5. this is oxfordshire website
7. "Railway Magazine", July 1959
8. "Railway Magazine", August 1959
9. "River Thames (Sheepwash Channel)". UK: CanalPlanAC. Retrieved 15 September 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
10. "Sheepwash Channel – Oxford Canal /River Thames". UK: Movable Bridges in the British Isles. Retrieved 15 September 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
11. Draft Milton Keynes & South Midlands Sub-Regional Strategy
12. "Yarnton Junction". Archived from the original on 22 July 2004.
13. Oxford Bus Museum
14. Serpell Report
15. "Network Rail - Baseline Capacity - Western" (PDF). Network Rail. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
16. Dorn
17. Coldicott, Fred. "The Battle of Campden (or Mickleton) Tunnel". Chipping Campden History. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
18. Railnews (22 October 2012). "Good business case for Stratford-Cotswolds link". Railnews. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
19. "Station Usage". Rail Statistics. Office of Rail Regulation.

Sources and further reading

• Atterbury, Paul (1989). See Britain by Train. AA Publishing. pp. not cited. ISBN 0-86145-760-9.
• Connolly, W. Philip (1976). British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer. Shepperton: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-0320-3.
• Dewick, Tony (2002). Complete Atlas of Railway Station Names. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2798-6.
• New Adlestrop Railway Atlas.
• Baxter, Ian (17–30 June 1998). "The Cotswold and Malvern Line: a bright future". RAIL. No. 333 (EMAP Apex Publications). pp. 26–31. ISSN 0953-4563. OCLC 49953699.

External links

• Hansard for 3 March 2004 — Record of House of Commons adjournment debate on the Cotswold Line.