de Havilland DH.88

This article is about the de Havilland DH.88" 1930s racing aircraft. For the jet airliner, see de Havilland Comet.

DH.88 Comet
G-ACSS Grosvenor House during a display at the Shuttleworth Collection in September 2014
Role Racing aircraft
Manufacturer de Havilland
First flight 1934
Status Two in restoration
Number built Five
Unit cost
£5,000

The de Havilland DH.88 Comet is a twin-engined British aircraft designed for the 1934 MacRobertson Air Race. Three examples took part in the race and one of them won. The type set many aviation records during and afterwards some were used as mail planes.

Background

RAF Mildenhall
Baghdad
Allahabad
Singapore
Darwin
Charleville
Melbourne
MacRobertson Air Race start, finish and compulsory stops. Aside from stopping at these places, competitors chose their own route; they were permitted to stop elsewhere

The MacRobertson International Air Race was a race from England to Melbourne held in October 1934 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the State of Victoria. Sponsored by Macpherson Robertson, an Australian confectionary manufacturer, the race was announced in 1933.[1][2][3] Despite previous British air racing successes, culminating in 1931 in the outright winning of the Schneider Trophy, there was no British aeroplane capable of putting up a challenge over the MacRobertson course with its long overland stages. In January 1934 the de Havilland company offered to design a 200-mile-per-hour (320 km/h) aircraft to compete in the race and produce a limited number if three were ordered by February 1934. The sale price was to be £5,000 each (approximately equivalent to £320,127 in 2015, when adjusted for inflation). This would by no means cover the aircraft's development costs.[2][4] Three orders were received.

Design and development

The airframe consisted of a wooden skeleton clad with spruce plywood, with a final fabric covering on the wings. A long streamlined nose held the main fuel tanks, with the low-set and fully glazed central two-seat cockpit faired into an unbroken line to the tail. The wings were of a thin cantilever monoplane design for high-speed flight, and as such would require stressed-skin construction to achieve sufficient strength. While other designers were turning to metal to provide this extra strength, de Havilland took the unusual approach of increasing the strength of all-wood construction. De Havilland achieved the skin profile using many thin, shaped pieces set side by side, and then overlaid in the manner of plywood. This was made possible only by the recent development of high-strength synthetic bonding resins and its success took many in the industry by surprise.[5]

Cockpit of G-ACSS 'Grosvenor House' (2010)

The engines were uprated versions of the standard Gipsy Six, tuned for optimum performance with a higher compression ratio. The DH.88 could maintain altitude up to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) on one engine. The propellers were two-position variable pitch, made by French manufacturer Ratier,[6] manually set to fine before takeoff using a bicycle pump and changed automatically to coarse by a pressure sensor. A drawback to the Ratier system was that the propellers could not be reset to fine pitch except on the ground.[6] The main undercarriage retracted upwards and backwards into the engine nacelles, while the tailskid did not retract. Later examples and rebuilds had a castoring tail wheel.

Landing flaps were placed slightly forward of the inboard wing trailing edge and continued in to the aircraft centre line. The forward fuselage was occupied by two large fuel tanks, with a third small tank located behind the cockpit.

With de Havilland managing to meet the challenging production schedule, testing of the DH.88 began six weeks before the start date of the race.

In 1935 de Havilland proposed a high-speed bomber version of the DH.88 to the RAF, but the proposal was rejected.

Operational history

MacRobertson Race

On the day of the race start, the three distinctively coloured aircraft took their places among 17 other entrants at RAF Mildenhall, a Royal Air Force station in Suffolk, England. These ranged from a new Douglas DC-2 airliner to two converted Fairey Fox bombers.

Black Magic

First to take off at 6.30 a.m. on 20 October were Jim and Amy Mollison in their own G-ACSP Black Magic. They made a faultless journey to Baghdad, and reached Karachi at around 10 a.m. on the second race day, setting a new England-India record. Problems began for the Mollisons when their landing gear failed to retract, and after returning to Karachi for repairs, they were again delayed by an inability to navigate at night.

Further problems followed when they made an unscheduled refuelling stop at Jobbolpore but found no aviation fuel. Running instead on fuel provided by the local bus company, a piston seized and an oil line ruptured. They flew on to Allahabad and retired.

Grosvenor House

DeHavilland DH.88 Comet, "Grosvenor House" G-ACSS, in Martin Place, Sydney 12 November 1934.

G-ACSS, painted red, was the property of Mr A. O. Edwards and was named Grosvenor House after the hotel which he managed. The crew were C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black. When the Mollisons ran into problems at Karachi, Scott and Campbell Black took over the lead and were first into Allahabad. Despite a severe storm over the Bay of Bengal they reached Singapore safely, eight hours ahead of the DC-2.

They took off for Darwin, but over the Timor Sea lost power in the port engine when the oil pressure dropped to zero. Repairs at Darwin got them going again, although continuing oil warnings caused them to fly the last two legs with one engine throttled back. Their lead was unassailable despite this, and after the final mandatory stop and more engine work at Charleville they flew on to cross the finish line at Flemington Racecourse at 3.33 p.m. (local time) on 23 October. Their official time was 71 hours 18 seconds.

Records set by G-ACSS 'Grosvenor House'

Date of Record Record achieved
20–23 October 1934 C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black went from Mildenhall, England to Melbourne, Australia (11000 miles) in 70 hrs 55 min. Still held in 2010.
14–16 November 1937 A.E. Clouston and Mrs Kirby-Green went from London to Cape Town (7091 miles) in 45 hrs 6 min.
18–20 November 1937 The return trip was completed in 57 hrs 23 min.
15–20 March 1938 A.E. Clouston and V. Ricketts went from London to New Zealand (13179 miles) in 104 hrs 20 min.
20–26 March 1938 The return trip was completed in 140 hrs 12 min. Here the times to and from Sydney, Australia en route to New Zealand were also confirmed as records.

G-ACSR

The third Comet, G-ACSR had been paid for by racing driver Bernard Rubin and was flown by Owen Cathcart Jones and Ken Waller. They had to make a second unscheduled stop at Baghdad after they found that they had had a serious oil leak. They were forced to delay for repairs which were carried out by T.J.Holmes. They caught up with the Mollisons at Karachi. They were the fourth aircraft to reach Melbourne, in a time of 108 h 13 min 45 s. Cathcart Jones and Waller promptly collected film of the Australian stages of the race and set off to carry it back to Britain. Their return time of 13½ days set a new record.

Later use

G-ACSS, Grosvenor House, in 1936, painted in RAF markings and carrying the military registraton K-5084
G-ACSS in a later incarnation as The Orphan, preparing for an air race in 1937 - Flight Photo.

Grosvenor House was taken charge of by the Air Ministry and flown to Martlesham Heath for evaluation. Repainted silver and given the military serial K-5084 it made several flights before being written off and sold for scrap after a heavy landing. It was subsequently sold on, rebuilt and fitted with Gypsy Six series II engines and a castoring tailwheel, in which form it made several race and record attempts under various names. It claimed fourth place in the 1937 Istres-Damascus-Paris race, and later the same year lowered the out-and-home record to the Cape to 15 days 17 hours. In March 1938, Arthur Edmond Clouston and Victor Anthony Ricketts made a return trip to New Zealand covering 26,450 mi (42,570 km) in 10 days 21 hours 22 minutes.[7][8]

G-ACSR was renamed Reine Astrid and flew the Christmas mail from Brussels to Leopoldville in the Belgian Congo in 1934.[9] It was then sold to the French government as F-ANPY and set a Croydon-Le Bourget record of 52 minutes on 5 July 1935. It subsequently made Paris–Casablanca and Paris—Algiers high-speed proving flights. F-ANPY was destroyed in a hangar fire, alongside F-ANPZ (see below), at Istres in France in June 1940.

Black Magic was sold to Portugal for a projected flight from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. Re-registered CS-AAJ and renamed Salazar it made various flights from London to Lisbon, setting a time of 5 hr, 17 min in July 1937. It was re-discovered in a dilapidated state in Portugal in 1979 and is currently undergoing restoration in Derby, England.[10]

Additional Comets

Following the French government's acquisition of F-ANPY (see above), they ordered a fourth Comet, F-ANPZ, with a mail compartment in the nose. One was destroyed in a hangar fire at Istres in France in June 1940.

The fifth and last Comet, registered G-ADEF and named Boomerang, was built for Cyril Nicholson. It was piloted by Tom Campbell Black and J. C. McArthur in an attempt on the London-Cape Town record. It reached Cairo in a record 11 hr, 18 min, but the Cape Town attempt was abandoned due to oil trouble. G-ADEF crashed in Sudan on 22 September 1935, the crew escaping by parachute.

Survivors

Grosvenor House 2011

G-ACSS Grosvenor House has been restored to flying condition as it was in the MacRobertson race, and is housed at the Shuttleworth Collection at Old Warden in England.

CS-AAJ has been rediscovered after being lost for more than 40 years in Portugal and is currently under restoration to its original identity as Black Magic, hopefully to flying condition, by the Comet Racer Project Group based at Derby Airfield in England.

Airworthy replicas

An airworthy full-scale replica of the DH.88 Comet was built in 1993 by Bill Turner of Repeat Aircraft at Flabob airport in Rubidoux Ca. It was built for Thomas W. Wathen of Santa Barbara, California, USA. N88XD flies wearing the full colours and registration of G-ACSS Grosvenor House.

Another example, started in the USA, is under steady construction by the Croydon Aircraft Company at Old Mandeville Airfield, near Gore, New Zealand.

Operators

 Portugal

 United Kingdom

Specifications

Preserved at the Shuttleworth Collection One of the original Gipsy Six R racing engines that was fitted to the winning DH.88 Comet Grosvenor House (background) of the MacRobertson Air Race in 1934, the engines were removed from the aircraft following the race and replaced with the more reliable standard Gipsy Six engines.

Data from De Havilland Aircraft since 1909[11]

General characteristics

Performance

In popular culture

A cigarette card featuring G-ACSS Grosvenor House
A chromed metal souvenir ashtray featuring De Havilland DH.88 Comet with fictitious RAF roundels. Incorrectly named on the base as an "H.P. Hampden".

In the film Planes from DisneyToon Studios, the British character Bulldog is based on the de Havilland DH.88 and voiced by John Cleese.

In the Dutch aviation comics series "January Jones" the title heroine, a U.S. racing pilot in the 1930s, flies and owns a de Havilland DH.88, usually indicated as (De Havilland) Comet. Its red-with-white colour and #43 resemble Grosvenor House. This series has been published in Dutch, French, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and German.

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Lewis 1970, p. 257.
  2. 1 2 Jackson 1987, p. 356.
  3. ↑ "The England–Australia Race: £10,000 for Fastest Flight from London to Melborne". Flight, Vol. XXV, No. 1284, 3 August 1933, p.770.
  4. ↑ Ramsden Aeroplane Monthly May 1988, p. 279.
  5. ↑ Winter, H.T.; Flight today and tomorrow, 1st Edition, Blackie, ca. 1949, Page 232.
  6. 1 2 "Airscrew Development". Flight: 501. 15 December 1938.
  7. ↑ "Clouston's fine flight." Flight, 24 March 1938. Retrieved: 25 June 2012.
  8. ↑ "Highest, fastest, farthest ... Place-to-place records: Category 2 (Pilot and passengers)." Flight, 5 January 1950. Retrieved: 25 June 2012.
  9. ↑ Allaz and Skilbeck 1998, pp. 94–95.
  10. ↑ "Black Magic DH88 1934." Comet Racer Project Group. Retrieved: 24 January 2011.
  11. ↑ Jackson 1987, pp. 360–361.
  12. ↑ Jackson 1987, p. 357.
  13. ↑ Taylor Air Enthusiast July–September 1979, p. 55.

Bibliography

  • Allaz, Camille and John Skilbeck (translator). History of Air Cargo and Airmail from the 18th century. London: Christopher Foyle Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-9548896-0-6.
  • Jackson, A.J. De Havilland Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam 1962.
  • Jackson, A.J. De Havilland Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, Third edition, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-802-X.
  • Lewis, Peter. British Racing and Record Breaking Aircraft. London: Putnam, 1970. ISBN 0-370-00067-6.
  • Ramsden, J.M. "The Comet's Tale - Part 2". Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 16 No. 5, May 1988. pp. 279–283. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Taylor, H.A. "The First "Wooden Wonder"", Air Enthusiast, Ten, July–September 1979. pp. 51–57.
  • Ricco, Philippe. "La Comète en France - Part 1". Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 35 No. 439, November 2009.
  • Ricco, Philippe. "La Comète en France - Part 2 - The burden of proof". Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 38 No. 449, September 2010.

External links

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