List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. It covers the lowest estimate of death as well as the highest estimate, the name of the event, the location, and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

Wars, armed conflicts, and genocides

These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and massacres and genocide. Where only one estimate is available, it appears in both the low and high estimates.

The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. In nearly every case where accusations of genocide have circulated, partisans of various sides have disputed the interpretation and details of the event, often to the point of promoting different versions of the facts. An accusation of genocide will almost always be controversial. Determining the number of persons killed in each genocide can be just as difficult, with political, religious and ethnic biases or prejudices often leading to downplayed or exaggerated figures. Some of the accounts below may include ancillary causes of death such as malnutrition and disease, which may or may not have been intentionally inflicted.

This is a sortable table. Click on the column sort buttons to sort results numerically or alphabetically. The table is sorted by lowest death toll estimate by default.

Estimated death tolls in millions. Log. mean calculated using simple power law.

Log. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Duration (years)	Notes, See also
75[2]	65.0[3]	85.0[4]	World War II	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years and 1 day	World War II casualties (includes worldwide Holocaust and concentration camps deaths). Estimates includes the Second Sino-Japanese War.
55.0	8.4[5]	138.0[6]	European colonization of the Americas	Americas	1492	1691	199	Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined.[lower-alpha 1]
40.0	20.0[11]	100.0[12][13][14]	Taiping Rebellion	China	1851	1864	14	Dungan Revolt
37.0	36.0[15]	40.0[16]	Three Kingdoms	China	184	280	96	End of the Han dynasty
35.0	30.0[17]	40.0[18]	Mongol conquests	Eurasia	1206	1368	163	Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
25.0	25.0[19]	25.0	Qing dynasty conquest of the Ming dynasty	China	1618	1683	65	Qing dynasty
21.0	13.0[18]	36.0[20]	An Lushan Rebellion	China	755	763	9	Medieval warfare
18.0	15.0[21]	21.0	World War I	Worldwide	1914	1918	4 years, 3 months, 1 week	World War I casualties Does not include worldwide Spanish flu deaths.
17.0	15.0[22]	20.0[22]	Conquests of Timur-e-Lang	West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Russia	1369	1405	37	Timurid dynasty
8.4	4.194[23]	17.0 [24][25][26]	Holocaust	Europe	1941	1945	4	Minimum number of Jewish deaths (low estimate), all racially and politically motivated German killing policies (high estimate).[lower-alpha 2]
8.0	8.0[27]	8.0	Chinese Civil War	China	1927	1949	22	List of civil wars
6.7	5.0	9.0[28]	Russian Civil War	Russia	1917	1921	5	Russian Revolution, List of civil wars
5.9	3.0	11.5[29]	Thirty Years' War	Holy Roman Empire	1618	1648	31	Initially Religious war, became a general European political war
4.9	3.5	7.0[30]	Napoleonic Wars	Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean	1803	1815	13	Napoleonic Wars casualties
4.6	3.0[31]	7.0[31]	Yellow Turban Rebellion	China	184	205	22	Part of Three Kingdoms War
4.5	2.582[32][33][34]	8.0[35]	Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933)	Ukrainian SSR (and other areas of southern USSR, western Siberia)	1932	1933	1	Agricultural famine and collectivization of Soviet farmers, especially landed Ukrainians, by Stalin's government.
3.7	2.5[36]	5.4[37]	Second Congo War	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1998	2003	6	First Congo War
2.8	2.3[38]	3.3[39]	Hundred Years' War	Western Europe	1337	1453	107	Edwardian War (1337-1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–53)
2.8	2.0	4.0[40]	French Wars of Religion	France	1562	1598	37	Religious war
1.7	1.5[18]	2.0[41]	Shaka's conquests	Southern Africa	1816	1828	13	Ndwandwe–Zulu War
1.7	1.5[42]	2.0[42]	War in Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1979	2000	22	Soviet–Afghan War, Taliban era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2M) and 2000 (1.5M and 2M).
1.7	1.0	3.0	Nigerian Civil War	Nigeria	1966	1970	4	Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
1.7	1.0[43]	3.0[43]	Cambodian Genocide	Cambodia	1975	1979	4	War casualties, famine, health system collapse, executions and ethnic cleansing during the Khmer Rouge regime.
1.7	1.0[44]	3.0[45]	Crusades	Holy Land, Europe	1095	1291	197	Christian military excursions against the Muslim Conquests.
1.6	1.25[46]	1.85	Punic Wars	Mediterranean	264 BC	146 BC	118	Carthage, Roman Republic
1.5[47]	0.8[47]	1.8[47]	Armenian Genocide	Armenian Highlands	1915	1923	8	First Genocide of the 20th century committed by the Ottoman government on Armenian civilians.
1.5	0.8[48]	3.0[49]	Vietnam War	Southeast Asia	1955	1975	21	Cold War and First Indochina War
1.4	1.0[50]	2.0	Second Sudanese Civil War	Sudan	1983	2005	23	First Sudanese Civil War
1.34	0.4[51]	4.5[51]	Korean War	Korean Peninsula	1950	1953	4	Categorized as part of the Cold War.
1.2	0.5[52]	3.0[53]	Expulsion of Germans after World War II	Europe	1945	1950	5	Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
1.1	0.6[42]	2.0[42]	Soviet–Afghan War	Afghanistan	1980	1988	9	Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War.
1.0	0.89	-	Du Wenxiu Rebellion	China	1856	1873	18
1.0	0.5[54]	2.0[54]	Mexican Revolution	Mexico, United States	1911	1920	10	Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
1.0	0.5	1.5	Iran–Iraq War	Iran, Iraq	1980	1988	9	Includes the Al-Anfal Campaign.
0.94	0.9	1.0	Gallic Wars	France	58 BC	50 BC	9	Roman Empire
0.9	0.4[55]	1.7[56][57]	Serbian Genocide	NDH	1941	1945	4	Includes Serbian deaths in concentration camps in Jasenovac, Jadovno, organized massacres like in Prebilovci etc.
0.79	0.67[58]	0.9[59]	American Civil War	United States of America	1861	1865	4	Estimates include civilian deaths
0.77	0.2[60]	3.0[60]	1971 Bangladesh genocide	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	1971	1971	1	Killings by the Pakistani Armed Forces in East Pakistan leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; widely regarded as a genocide against the Bengali people.
0.75	0.45[61]	1.0[62]	Greek Genocide	Asia Minor	1915	1923	8	Committed by the Ottoman government on Greek civilians.
0.71	0.5[63]	1.0[63]	Rwandan genocide	Rwanda	1994	1994	1	Part of the Rwandan Civil War.
0.71	0.5	1.0	Spanish Civil War	Spain	1936	1939	4
0.6	0.3[64]	1.2[65]	Paraguayan War	South America	1864	1870	7	Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
0.585	0.272[66]	1.260[66][67][68]	War on Terror	Greater Middle East	2001	2013	12	Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan.
0.45	0.4[69]	0.5[70]	Ethnic cleansing of Circassians	Circassia	1864	1867	3	Deaths during the ethnic cleansing of Circassia by the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Russo–Circassian War (1763–1864).
.275[71]	0.15[71]	.3[71]	Assyrian Genocide	Mesopotamia	1915	1923	8	Committed by the Ottoman government on Assyrian civilians.
.25	0.2	.3	Hamidian massacres	Armenian Highlands	1894	1896	2	Hamidian massacres - committed by the Ottoman government on Armenian civilians, before the Armenian Genocide.
0.24	0.3[72]	0.4[72]	Deluge	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	1655	1660	6	The Second Northern War, including subsequent campaigns by the same powers through the 1650s, and skirmishes between Catholic and Protestant partisans.
0.12	0.097207[73][74][75]	0.2[76]	Bosnian War	Bosnia	1992	1995	3	During the Bosnian War, at least 97,207 people were killed.
0.099	0.075	0.13	Fatalities during Uprising of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army	Volhyn and Eastern Galicia	1943	1944	1	Fatalities during war of liberation conducted by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.

Notes:

1. Spanish Empire, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American disease and epidemics. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Historian Henige says that "the fifteen fold increase from the original population estimates were based on instrument rather than evidence. Newly introduced European diseases became the chief means used to explain a much greater population decline."^[7] Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II."^[8] "Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."^[9] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans. While that research is interesting and important to Native American history, a group of researchers are now exploring wide variations in health of Native Americans before 1492.^[10] They say their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."^[9]
2. The low estimate is the minimum number of Jewish deaths, to which some authors limit the definition of "The Holocaust." The upper estimate includes all racially and politically motivated German killing policies during the war, as well as both indirect and direct deaths.

Deadly prisons and camps

Deaths	Name	Run by	Location	Date	Notes, references
800,000–1,500,000	Auschwitz-Birkenau	Nazi Germany	Oświęcim, Poland	1940–1945	[77][78]
700,000–1,000,000	Treblinka	Nazi Germany	Treblinka, Poland	1942–1943	[79][80]
480,000–600,000	Bełżec	Nazi Germany	Bełżec, Poland	1942–1943	[81][82][83]
130,000–500,000	Kolyma Gulag	Soviet Union	Kolyma, Soviet Union	1932–1954	[84]
100,000–700,000	Jasenovac	NDH Ustaše	Croatia	1941–1945	[85][86][87]
85,000	Stutthof	Nazi Germany	Stutthof, Third Reich	1939-1945	Second World War
12,790–75,000	Stara Gradiška	NDH Ustaše	Croatia	1941–1945	Primarily for women and children[88][89]
26,000–40,000	Second Boer War	United Kingdom	South African Republic	1900–1902	116,000 Boer women and children; 26,370 died. Second Boer War#Concentration camps (1900–1902) 115,000 black people 15,000 died Second Boer War [90] 81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children Emily Hobhouse
17,000	Tuol Sleng	Democratic Kampuchea	Phnom Penh, Cambodia	1975–1979	[91]
13,171	Camp Sumter	Confederate States of America	Andersonville, Georgia, USA	1864–1865	[92]
12,000	Crveni Krst	Nazi regime, Gestapo	Niš, Serbia	1941	[93]
2,997	Tammisaari Prison Camp	Finland	Tammisaari, Finland	1918
2,963	Elmira Prison	United States of America	Elmira, New York, USA	1864–1865	[94]

Famine

Note: Some of these famines were partially caused by nature.
This section includes famines that were caused or exacerbated by the policies or actions of the ruling regime.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
15,000,000[95]	55,000,000[96]	Great Chinese Famine	People's Republic of China	1958	1962	During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[97] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[98]
9,000,000	13,000,000	Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79	China	1876	1879	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
5,500,000	6,000,000	Great Famine of 1876–78	British India	1876	1878	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
5,000,000[99]	10,000,000[99]	Russian famine of 1921	Soviet Russia	1921	1922	See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union and Russian Civil War with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka
3,000,000	4,000,000	Bengal famine of 1943	British India	1943	1943	The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports[100] However, administrative policies in British India ultimately helped cause the massive death toll.[101]
2,400,000[102]	2,400,000	Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies	Indonesia	1944	1945	An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but mainly by the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[102]
2,000,000	3,000,000	Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900	British India	1896	1900	ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
800,000[103]	950,000[104]	Cambodian Genocide	Cambodia	1975	1979	An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, of which nearly half was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
750,000[105][106]	1,500,000[107]	Great Irish Famine[108]	Ireland	1846	1849	Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland—where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food—was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.[109][110]
400,000[111]	2,000,000[112]	Vietnamese Famine of 1945	Vietnam	1944	1945	The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[112]
400,000[113]	1,000,000[114]	1983–85 famine in Ethiopia	Ethiopia	1983	1985	The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–5, were in large part created by government policies.[113]
240,000.[115][116]	4,000,000[117]	North Korean famine	North Korea	1994	1998	The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Estimates of the death toll vary widely. Out of a total population of approximately 22 million, somewhere between 240,000 and 3,500,000 North Koreans died from starvation or hunger-related illnesses, with the deaths peaking in 1997.[115][116] Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.[118]
70,000[119]	70,000	Sudan famine	Sudan	1998	1998	The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[120]

Floods and landslides

Note: These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	2,500,000–3,700,000[121]	1931 China floods	China	1931
2.	900,000–2,000,000	1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	China	1887
3.	500,000–700,000	1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	China	1938
4.	26,000[122]-230,000[123]	The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.	China	August 1975
5.	145,000	1935 Yangtze river flood	China	1935
6.	more than 100,000	St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1530
7.	100,000	Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	North Vietnam	1971
8.	100,000	1911 Yangtze river flood	China	1911
9.	50,000–80,000	St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	Netherlands, England	1287
10.	10,000–50,000	Vargas Tragedy, landslide	Venezuela	1999
11.	2,400	North Sea flood, storm surge	Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium	31 January 1953
12.	2,209	Johnstown Flood	Pennsylvania	31 May 1889

Human sacrifice and ritual suicide

This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Description	Group	Location	From	To	Notes
300,000	1,500,000	Human sacrifice in Aztec culture	Aztecs	Mexico	14th century	1521	Up to 3,000 sacrificed yearly[124]
13,000[125]	13,100	Human sacrifice	Shang dynasty	China	1300 BC	1050 BC	Last 250 years of rule
7,941[126]	7,941	Ritual suicides	Sati	India	1815	1828
3,912	3,912	Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note[127]	Imperial Japan navy and army	Pacific theatre	1944	1945
913	913	Jonestown murder-suicide[128]	Followers of The Peoples Temple cult	Jonestown	November 18, 1978	November 19, 1978
967	967	Mass suicide motivated religious and political.	Judean rebels	Masada	Spring 73 CE

Other deadly events

Events with a large anthropogenic death toll not fitting any of the above classifications. May include deaths caused by famine, genocide, and other events listed above, as a portion of the total.

Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
49,000,000	78,000,000	Mao Zedong era 1949–1976	People's Republic of China	1949	1976	Millions of people died as a result of Mao Zedong's reforms,[129] with most of these deaths due to the Great Chinese Famine caused by mismanagement of agricultural resources during the Great Leap Forward. Millions more died as a result of human rights abuses. The total includes those who died during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns, human rights abuses in Tibet, The Great Leap Forward (especially the resulting famine), and the Cultural Revolution. See also Mass killings under communist regimes.
8,000,000	61,000,000	Soviet crimes 1917–1953	Soviet Republics (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1953), the East and Center of Europe, Mongolia	1917	1953	Forced collectivization, and poor central planning in the Soviet Republics and Soviet Union led to enormous famines in 1921, 1932–33, and 1946–47. Mass murders were also perpetrated by the leaders of the Soviet Republics between 1917 and 1922 and later on in The Soviet Union during a period of 1922–1953 (until the death of Joseph Stalin). This includes terrors unleashed by Cheka during the Russian Civil War against nations and 'enemies of The Revolution',[130] deaths in Gulags,[131] forced resettlement,[132] Holodomor,[133] Dekulakization,[134] Great Purge,[135] National operations of the NKVD.[136] See also Mass killings under communist regimes.
5,000,000[137]	22,000,000[138]	Crimes during Congo Free State 1885–1908	Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo	1885	1908	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[139] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[140]
100,000	2,000,000	Indonesian killings of 1965–1966	Indonesia	1965	1966	Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[141]
100,000[142][143]	250,000[144][145]	War in the Vendée	France	1793	1796	Described as genocide by some historians[143] but this claim has been widely discounted.[146] See also French Revolution.
100,000[147]	120,000	Manila Massacre	Manila, Philippines	1945	1945	During the Battle of Manila, at least 100,000 civilians were killed.
90,800	202,600	Indonesian occupation of East Timor	East Timor	1974	1999	Civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness.[148]
61,007[149]	77,552	Internal conflict in Peru	Peru	1980	2000	Internal conflict between the Peruvian Army and guerrilla fighters in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved. All of the armed actors in the war (both terrorists and the Peruvian Army) deliberately targeted and killed civilians, making the conflict more bloody than any other war in Peruvian history since the European colonization of the country.
50,000	80,000[150]	Operation Condor	South America	1975	1983	A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States
50,000	60,000[151][152][153]	Warsaw Uprising	Occupied Poland	5 August 1944	12 August 1944	Polish fatalities in district Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising
40,000[154]	350,000[155]	Nanking Massacre	Nanking, China	1937	1938	The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
15,000	15,000[156]	First Sack of Thessalonica	Byzantine Empire	904	904	The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
10,000[157][158]	100,000[159][160]	Great Fire of Smyrna	Smyrna, Ottoman Empire	September 9, 1922	September 24, 1922	Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.
9,000[161]	30,000[162]	Dirty War	Argentina	1976	1983	At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).
0[163]	576,000[164]	Sanctions against Iraq	Iraq	1990	1998	According to Saddam Hussein's government, sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council indirectly caused excess deaths of young children.

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

• List of accidents and disasters by death toll
• List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• List of events named massacres
• List of genocides by death toll
• List of murderers by number of victims
• List of natural disasters by death toll
• List of ongoing conflicts
• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of disasters in Canada by death toll
• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
• List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
• List of disasters in the United States by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

• List of unusual deaths
• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
• List of battles
• List of disasters
• Lists of earthquakes
• List of famines
• List of historic fires
• List of invasions
• List of massacres
• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of riots
• List of terrorist incidents
• List of wars
• Lists of rail accidents

Topics dealing with similar themes

• Casualties of the Iraq War
• Democide
• Famine
• Genocide
• Genocide in history
• Infectious disease
• Mass killings under Communist regimes
• Mass murder
• Most lethal battles in world history
• United States casualties of war

References

1. Pinto, Carla M. A.; Lopes, A. Mendes; Machado, J. A. Tenreiro (2014). Ferreira, Nuno Miguel Fonseca; Machado, José António Tenreiro, eds. "Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards". Mathematical Methods in Engineering (Springer Netherlands): 173–180. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16. ISBN 978-94-007-7182-6.
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html
3. David Wallechinsky (1996-09-01). David Wallechinskys 20th Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out. Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-92056-8.
4. Fink, George (2010-11-25). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123813824.
5. Pre-Columbian Population
6. American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015; Page 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90-95 percent."
7. "Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population"; David P. Henige; University of Oklahoma Press; 1998; Pg. 24
8. http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf
9. Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills
10. Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; Pg. 79; ISBN 9780521617444
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13. Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression, page 468
14. By Train to Shanghai: A Journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway By William J. Gingles page 259
15. Robert B. Marks (2011). China: Its Environment and History (World Social Change). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442212756.
16. Graziella Caselli (2005). Demography - Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. ISBN 012765660X.
17. The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, p.622, cited by White
18. Matthew White (2011-11-07). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
19. Alan Macfarlane (1997-05-28). The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0.
20. "Death toll figures of recorded wars in human history".
21. Willmott 2003, p. 307
22. "Timur Lenk (1369–1405)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
23. "Reitlinger, The Final Solution (1953) cited by White". Necrometrics.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
24. Donald L. Niewyk; Francis R. Nicosia (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0.
25. Archived February 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
26. "Holocaust Museum 11 million". .sptimes.com. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
27. Michael Lynch (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945-49. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-671-3.
28. "Russian Civil War". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
29. "The Thirty Years War (1618–48)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
30. Charles Esdaile "Napoleon's Wars: An International History."
31. "Mankind's Worst Wars and Armed Conflicts". Retrieved December 7, 2010.
32. Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s,Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov. 2002), pp. 249–264
33. France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
34. France Meslé; Jacques Vallin (2003). Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle: la crise sanitaire dans les pays de l'ex-URSS. Ined. ISBN 978-2-7332-0152-7.
35. – "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
36. Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population" (2005) 21: 145–166.
37. "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study" – Reuters, 22 Jan 2008.
38. Philip Pregill. Landscapes in History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29328-6.
39. Frederic Baumgartner. France in the Sixteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-15856-9.
40. "Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562–1598)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
41. "Shaka: Zulu Chieftain". Historynet.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
42. "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.com. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
43. Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
44. John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by White
45. Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278. Cited by White
46. Nigel Bagnall., "The Punic Wars" June 23, 2005.
47. Forsythe, David P. (11 August 2009). Encyclopedia of human rights (Google Books). Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9.
48. Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995.
49. Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
50. Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war at the Wayback Machine (archived December 10, 2004), U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive. Accessed 10 April 2007
51. Rummel, R.J., Statistics Of North Korean Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources, Statistics of Democide, 1997.
52. Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, Deutschlandfunk, November 29, 2006,
53. Hermann Kinder; Werner Hilgemann (1978). The Anchor atlas of world history. Anchor Books. p. 221.
54. Buchenau, Jürgen (2005). Mexico otherwise: modern Mexico in the eyes of foreign observers. UNM Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8263-2313-8.
55. http://info.hazu.hr/
56. Vatikan i Jasenovac, Vladimir Dedijer, Rad Beograd 1987.
57. "Magnum Crimen", Viktor Novak, 1948.
58. Nofi, Al (June 13, 2001). "Statistics on the War's Costs". Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
59. "U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests". Science Daily. September 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
60. White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh". Users.erols.com. "History: The Bangali Genocide, 1971". Virtualbangladesh.com.
61. Rummel, R.J. "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". University of Hawai'i. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Table 5.1B.
62. Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 1919.
63. See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
64. Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–5
65. Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)
66. "Human costs of war: Direct war death in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 - February 2013" (PDF). Costs of War. February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
67. "Update on Iraqi Casualty Data" by Opinion Research Business. January 2008.
68. "Revised Casualty Analysis. New Analysis 'Confirms' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties". January 28, 2008. Opinion Research Business. Word Viewer for.doc files.
69. Paul Goble Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 15 July 2005, Volume 8, Number 23
70. Charles King: "The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus", Oxford University Press, 2008. Page 96.
71. David Gaunt, "The Assyrian Genocide of 1915", Assyrian Genocide Research Center, 2009
72. Jan Wróbel, Odnaleźć przeszłość 1 (2002)"Odnaleźć przeszłość 1".
73. Research and Documentation Center: Rezultati istraživanja "Ljudski gubici '91–'95"
74. Lara J. Nettelfield (2010). Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 22 July 2013., pp. 96–98
75. "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters. 2013-02-15.
76. Statement by Dr. Haris Silajdžić, Chairman of the Presidency Bosnia and Herzegovina, Head of the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly on the occasion of the General Debate, Summary, 23 September 2008.
77. Wellers, Georges. Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp), Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–159
78. Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates
79. "Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
80. Encyclopedia Americana
81. Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001, ISBN 0-19-922506-0
82. Raul Hilberg (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews: Third Edition. ISBN 978-0-300-09557-9.
83. Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987, NCR 0-253-34293-7
84. Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism Retrieved 18 January 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved 19 January 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma
85. "Jewish virtual library". Jewish virtual library. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
86. "Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy". BBC News. 2001-11-29. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
87. "Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. 2005-04-25. Retrieved 2010-09-29. No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000.
88. Jelka Smreka. "STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor". Spomen područja Jasenovac. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
89. Davor Kovačić (2004). "Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava". Retrieved 2010-08-25.
90. "15 000 black people died in the black concentration camps".
91. A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979). Documentation Center of Cambodia. p. 74. ISBN 99950-60-04-3.
92. The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.
93. "On the killing of Roma in World War II". Mrc.org.rs. 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
94. Horigan, Michael (2002). Death Camp of the North: The Elmira Civil War Prison Camp. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1432-2.
95. Stéphane Courtois; Mark Kramer (1999-10-15). Livre Noir Du Communisme: Crimes, Terreur, Répression. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2.
96. Wemheuer, Felix (July 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. JSTOR 41262812. on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million
97. Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks p.xi.
98. Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.
99. "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine". Stanford University. April 4, 2011.
100. Nicholas Tarling (Ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp139-40
101. Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. See also Book review: Churchill's secret war in India by Susannah York
102. Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.' MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp.35–38. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/
103. Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.
104. Marek Sliwinski (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, p. 82.
105. Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (November 1984), pp. 473–488."
106. Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
107. Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978
108. The Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. Revision submitted 11/26/98.
109. Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1.
110. Dr Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4.
111. Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate". Population and Development Review (December 1995).
112. Koh, David (21 August 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times (Singapore). Retrieved 25 January 2010.
113. de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-810-4.
114. "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine". BBC News. April 6, 2000.
115. Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures, Institute for International Economics.
116. Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel. 2012. "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008", Population and Development Review, 38(1), pp. 133-158.
117. The resource above is based on Andrew S. Natsios states, "From 1994 to 1998, 2-3 million people died of starvation and hunger-related illnesses, and the famine has generated a range of social and political effects." Natsios, "The Politics of Famine in North Korea"
118. Daniel Goodkind, Loraine West, Peter Johnson (28 March 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993-2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
119. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, p. 24, ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
120. Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily CNN, Accessed May 25, 2006
121. "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
122. Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7656-0206-0.
123. 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998
124. "The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice", by Michael Harner. Natural History, April 1977, Vol. 86, No. 4, pages 46–51.
125. National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
126. Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p.2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).
127. This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
128. The largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the September 11, 2001 attacks.
129. "Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?". Maoists.org. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
130. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, paperback ed., Basic books, 1999.
131. Steven Rosefielde (2010-02-15). Red Holocaust. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-415-77757-5.
132. Павел Полян, Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001
133. С. Уиткрофт (Stephen G. Wheatcroft), "О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931—1933 гг.
134. Lynne Viola The Unknown Gulag. The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements Oxford University Press 2007,
135. Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments by Michael Ellman, 2002
136. Vadim Rogovin "The Party of the Executed"
137. Forbath, Peter. The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration, and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River, 1991 (Paperback). Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-122490-1.
138. R. J. Rummel Exemplifying the Horror of European Colonization:Leopold's Congo"
139. p.226-232, Hochschild, Adam (1999), King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 0-547-52573-7
140. Hochschild p.226–232.
141. Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey 42 (4): 550–563. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550.
142. Donald Greer, The Terror, a Statistical Interpretation, Cambridge (1935)
143. Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français (1986)
144. Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987 he gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.
145. Jacques Hussenet (dir.), " Détruisez la Vendée ! " Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148.
146. Gough, Hugh (December 1987). "Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee". The Historical Journal 30 (4). JSTOR 2639130.
147. White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century". Users.erols.com.
148. "Conflict-related deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999" (PDF). Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
149. "Informe final. Anexo 2: ¿CUÁNTOS PERUANOS MURIERON? (2003)" (PDF). Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación.
150. "Background on Chile". The Center for Justice & Accountability. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
151. Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0.
152. "The Rape of Warsaw". Stosstruppen39-45.tripod.com. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
153. Walter Laqueur, Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0300084323. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
154. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi; Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (2008). The Naking Atrocity: 1937–38. Berghahn Books. p. 362. ISBN 1-84545-180-5.
155. Iris Chang (1997). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Basic Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7867-2760-5.
156. Warren T. Treadgold (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 572. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
157. Biondich, Mark. The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 92
158. Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.
159. Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6., p. 233.
160. Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52.
161. Phil Gunson (2009-04-02). "The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
162. PBS News Hour, 16 Oct. 1997, et al. Argentina Death Toll, Twentieth Century Atlas
163. Spagat, Michael (September 2010). "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions" (PDF). Significance (journal).
164. Garfield, Richard (1999). "Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 Through 1998: Assessing the Impact of the Gulf War and Economic Sanctions". Retrieved 9 July 2013.

External links

• Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II
• Top 100 aviation disasters on AirDisaster.com