List of genocides by death toll

This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide.

The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Events listed have been characterized as genocide according to the legal definition in significant mainstream scholarship.

Lowest
estimate 		Highest
estimate 		% Event Location From To Notes
5,900,000[1] 11,000,000
[2][3][4][5]		78% of Jews in Nazi-controlled Europe Holocaust השואה (HaShoah, "the catastrophe") Nazi-controlled Europe 1933 1945 The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. It was initially carried out in German-occupied Europe by Einsatzgruppen paramilitary death squads, later the primary method of extermination was gassing in extermination camps.

Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia write in The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust that the term is commonly defined as the mass murder of more than five million European Jews by the Nazi regime. They further state that 'Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition.'[1] According to British historian Martin Gilbert, the total number of victims is just under six million—around 78 percent of the 7.3 million Jews in occupied Europe at the time.[6] The War Against the Jews written by Lucy Dawidowicz provides detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in World War II. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe and came up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. The higher figures of up to 11 million are based on a broader definition of the Holocaust which takes other victims of the Nazis into account, including victims of other Nazi crimes against humanity and war crimes, such as the victims of the Romani genocide and Germany's eugenics program, as well as Soviet POWs, Poles, Communists, and Homosexuals.[7]

800,000 1,800,000 75% of Armenians in Turkey Armenian Genocide Մեծ Եղեռն (Medz Yeghern, "Great Crime") Ottoman Empire 1915 1916 Between 1915-1916, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians, or 75% of Armenians in their historic homeland which lies within the present-day Republic of Turkey, were killed in massacres or died as a consequence of military deportations, forced marches and mass starvations carried out by the Young Turks. The extermination of the Armenians led to the coining of the word "genocide". The Armenian Genocide occurred alongside the Greek and Assyrian genocides. The State of Turkey denies that a genocide occurred.
275,000[8] 750,000[8] Assyrian genocide ܣܝܦܐ (Seyfo, "Sword") Ottoman Empire 1915 1923 Approximately 275,000 Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire were slaughtered during these years. The genocide is commonly known as "Seyfo" (which means sword in Assyrian). Often considered a concurrent genocide with the Armenian and Greek genocides.
200,000[9] 1,000,000[9] Greek genocide Ottoman Empire 1915 1918 450,000-900,000 Greeks (Pontic, Cappadocian and Ionians) massacred by the Ottoman Empire. It was instigated by the government of the Ottoman Empire against the Greek population of the Empire and included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary executions, and destruction of Greek Orthodox cultural, historical and religious monuments.
1,700,000
[10][11][12] 		3,000,000
[12][13]		 25%-33%[14][15] of total population of Cambodia Cambodian genocide Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 In Cambodia, a genocide was carried out by the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime led by Pol Pot between 1975 and 1979 in which an estimated one and a half to three million people died.[16] The KR had planned to create a form of agrarian socialism which was founded on the ideals of Stalinism and Maoism. The KR policies of forced relocation of the population from urban centres, torture, mass executions, use of forced labor, and malnutrition led to the deaths of an estimated 25 percent of the total population (around 2 million people).[14][15] The genocide was ended following the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.[17] Up to 20,000 mass graves, known as the Killing Fields, have been uncovered.[18] The Killing Fields (Khmer: វាលពិឃាត, Khmer pronunciation: [ʋiəl pikʰiət]) are a number of sites in Cambodia where collectively more than a million people were killed and buried by the communist Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War (1970–1975). The mass killings are widely regarded as part of a broad state-sponsored genocide (the Cambodian genocide).

Analysis of 20,000 mass grave sites by the DC-Cam Mapping Program and Yale University indicate at least 1,386,734 victims of execution.[19][20] Estimates of the total number of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, range from 1.7 to 2.5 million out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million. In 1979, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea and toppled the Khmer Rouge regime. Cambodian journalist Dith Pran coined the term "killing fields" after his escape from the regime.[21] On 7 August 2014, Nuon Chea, second in command to Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, received a life sentence for crimes against humanity, alongside another top-tier Khmer Rouge leader, Khieu Samphan.[22]

220,000 500,000 25% of Roma in Europe Romani genocide Nazi controlled Europe 1935 1945 The Romani genocide or Romani Holocaust, also known as the Porajmos (Romani pronunciation: IPA: [pʰoɽajˈmos]), or Samudaripen ("Mass killing"), was the planned and attempted effort, often described as a genocide, during World War II by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani (Gypsy) people of Europe. Under the rule of Adolf Hitler, a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws was issued on 26 November 1935, defining Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews. Thus, the fate of Roma in Europe in some ways paralleled that of the Jews.[23] Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Romani were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or around 25% of the slightly less than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.[23] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's online encyclopedia of the Holocaust gives a toll of 130,565-285,650.[24][25] In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.[26][27] In 2011 the Polish Government passed a resolution for the official recognition of the 2nd of August as a day of commemoration of the genocide.[28]
500,000[29] 1,000,000[29] Rwandan genocide Rwanda 1994 1994 Some 50 perpetrators of the genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most others have not been charged due to no witness accounts. Another 120,000 were arrested by Rwanda; of these, 60,000 were tried and convicted in the gacaca court system. Genocidaires who fled into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were used as a justification when Rwanda and Uganda invaded Zaire (First and Second Congo Wars). Recognized as a genocide.
480,000[30] 600,000[30] 80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats Zunghar genocide 准噶尔灭族 in the Zunghar Khanate Western Mongolia,
Kazakhstan, northern
Kyrgyzstan, southern
Siberia 		1755 1758 The Manchu Qianlong Emperor of Qing China issued his orders for his Manchu Bannermen to carry out the genocide and eradication of the Zunghar nation, ordering the massacre of all the Zunghar men and enslaving Zunghar women and children.[31] The Qianlong Emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers.[32][33] The Qing soldiers who massacred the Zunghars were Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols. In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Zunghar households were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or the Kazakh Khanate, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no yurts in an area of several thousands of li except those of the surrendered.[30][34][35] Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."[30][36] Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.[30] Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,[30] Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."[37]
78,000[38][39] 100,000[40] Ustasha genocide Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 The NDH government murdered tens of thousands of Serbs, Jews, Roma and antifascist Croats inside its borders. Genocide during period of Independent State of Croatia and Yugoslavia, with official policy of extermination similar to that of Nazi Germany. See also The Holocaust in Croatia.
50,000[41] 100,000[41] Massacres of Hutus Burundi 1972 1972 Tutsi government massacres of Hutu, part of the Burundi genocide
300,000[42][43] 3,000,000[43] 1971 Bangladesh genocide Bangladesh 1971 1971Massacres, killings, rape, arson and systematic elimination of religious minorities (particularly Hindus), political dissidents and the members of the liberation forces of Bangladesh were conducted by the Pakistan Army with support from paramilitary militias—the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams—formed by the radical Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party.
34,000[44] 110,000
[37]:296[45][46]
[47][48][49][50] 		Herero and Namaqua genocide German South-West Africa 1904 1908 Generally accepted. See also Imperial Germany
8,000[51] 8,500[52] Srebrenica massacre Srebrenica,
Bosnia and Herzegovina 		1995 1995 A genocide according to the ICTY. The Srebrenica massacre is the most recent act of genocide committed in Europe. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks.[53] See also: War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian genocide.
50,000[54] 200,000[55] Al-Anfal campaign Iraq 1986 1989 The al-Anfal campaign (Arabic: حملة الأنفال‎), also known as the Kurdish genocide,[56] was a genocidal[57] campaign against the Kurdish people (and other non-Arab populations) in northern Iraq, led by the Ba'athist Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of Iran–Iraq War. The campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal in the Qur'an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Baathist government for a series of systematic attacks against the Kurdish population of northern Iraq, conducted between 1986 and 1989 and culminating in 1988. The campaign also targeted other minority communities in Iraq including Assyrians, Shabaks, Iraqi Turkmens, Yazidis, Jews, Mandeans, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed. As many as 180,000 Kurds were murdered.[58][59] Recognized by Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.
400,000[60][61] War in Darfur Sudan 2003 2010 War crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war in Darfur have been variously described a genocide. See International response to the War in Darfur
1,700 [62] Massacres of Maya peoples Guatemala 1962 1996 The massacre of over 1,700 Maya during the Guatemalan Civil War was a genocide according to the Historical Clarification Commission.[63][64]
5,000[65] 12,000 Persecution of Yazidis by ISIL Syria

Iraq

2011 2016 The campaign of persecution against the Yazidis and other minority religious groups by ISIS, including mass killings and genocidal rape, has been called a genocide. ISIS has launched a campaign to "purify" Iraq and neighboring countries of non-Islamist influences.[66]
1,800,000
[67][68][69][70] 		7,500,000[71]
[72] [73][74][75] 		Holodomor Голодомор (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933) Soviet Union in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1932 1933 Holodomor was a famine in Ukraine caused by the government of Joseph Stalin, a part of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933. Holodomor is claimed by the contemporary Ukrainian government to be a genocide of the Ukrainians. According to the decision of Kyiv Appellation Court, 3.9 million Ukrainians died in the famine.

Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the famine as genocide by the country.[76] For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC:[77] have recognized the actions of the Soviet government as an act of genocide. The joint statement at the United Nations in 2003 has defined the famine as the result of cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime that caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, Russians, Kazakhs and other nationalities in the USSR. On 23 October 2008 the European Parliament adopted a resolution[78] that recognized the Holodomor as a crime against humanity.[79]

On January 12, 2010, the court of appeals in Kiev opened hearings into the "fact of genocide-famine Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–33", in May 2009 the Security Service of Ukraine had started a criminal case "in relation to the genocide in Ukraine in 1932–33".[80] In a ruling on January 13, 2010 the court found Stalin and other Bolshevik leaders guilty of genocide against the Ukrainians.[81] There is no international consensus among scholars or governments on whether the Soviet policies that caused the famine fall under the legal definition of genocide. See Holodomor genocide question.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Niewyk, fDonald; Nicosia, Francis (2000). The Columbia guide to the Holocaust. New York, NY [u.a.]: Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 45–52. ISBN 9780231112000. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  2. ↑ Other references: Christopher Hodapp, Freemasons for Dummies, 2005; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 2003; Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust, 1993; Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 1995.
  3. ↑ Lucy Dawidowicz (2000). The War Against the Jews. Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0.
  4. ↑ Donald L. Niewyk; Francis R. Nicosia (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0.
  5. ↑ ,
  6. ↑ Gilbert 1988, pp. 242–4.
  7. ↑ Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews, Bantam, 1986.p. 403
  8. 1 2 Assyrian Genocide; Lexicorient
  9. 1 2 Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 1919.
  10. ↑ The CGP, 1994–2008 Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University
  11. ↑ Terry 2002, p. 116.
  12. 1 2 Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
  13. ↑ William Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience (Touchstone, 1985), p115-6
  14. 1 2 Etcheson 2005, p. 119.
  15. 1 2 Heuveline 1998, pp. 49-65.
  16. ↑ Frey 2009, p. 83.
  17. ↑ Mayersan 2013, p. 182.
  18. ↑ DeMello 2013, p. 86.
  19. ↑ Documentation Center of Cambodia
  20. ↑ Yale Cambodian Genocide Program
  21. ↑ "'Killing Fields' journalist dies". BBC News. March 30, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  22. ↑ McKirdy, Euan (7 August 2014). "Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  23. 1 2 "Holocaust Encyclopedia - Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  24. ↑ Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9.
  25. ↑ "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  26. ↑ "Germany unveils Roma Holocaust memorial". aljazeera.com. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany". Telegraph.co.uk. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  28. ↑ "OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland". OSCE. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  29. 1 2 See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Peter C Perdue (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01684-2.
  31. ↑ Millward 2007, p. 95.
  32. ↑ 大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年
  33. ↑ 平定準噶爾方略
  34. ↑ Wei Yuan, 聖武記 Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. "計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。"
  35. ↑ Lattimore, Owen (1950). Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia. Little, Brown. p. 126.
  36. ↑ Michael Edmund Clarke (2004). "In the Eye of Power (doctoral thesis)" (PDF). Griffith University, Brisbane. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2012.
  37. 1 2 A. Dirk Moses (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.
  38. ↑ Vladimir Žerjavić (1993). Yugoslavia-manipulations with the number of Second World War victims. Croatian Information Centre. ISBN 0919817327.
  39. ↑ Bleiburg repatriations#Yugo Death Tolls:Yugoslavia"Lowest estimate for killed by Ustasha: For Serbs: 38,000. For Jews: 26,000. For Gypsies: 20,000. For Croats killed by Ustasha: 15,000. Lowest estimate for killed by Serbian Cetniks: For Jews: 13,500 (95%). Lowest estimate for killed by Yugoslavian Communist: For Croats: 35,000 Bleiburg repatriations. A total of 525,000"
  40. ↑ http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=6711
  41. 1 2 Samantha Power (2003-05-01). "A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide. Harper Perennial. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-06-054164-4.
  42. ↑ "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia". BBC. 25 March 2010.
  43. 1 2 While the official Pakistani government report estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
    Chowdury, Bose comments – Dawn Newspapers Online.
    Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, chapter 2, paragraph 33 (official 1974 Pakistani report).
    Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh – Matthew White's website
    Virtual Bangladesh: History: The Bangali Genocide, 1971'
  44. ↑ Walter Nuhn (1989). Sturm über Südwest. ISBN 3-7637-5852-6.
  45. ↑ Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908, p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn. ISBN 978-0-31336-256-9
  46. ↑ Dominik J. Schaller (2008) From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa, p. 296, Berghahn Books, NY ISBN 1-8454-5452-9
  47. ↑ Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop (1998) The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy, p. 87, University of Michigan Press ISBN 978-0-47209-682-4
  48. ↑ Walter Nuhn (1989) Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904, Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz ISBN 3-7637-5852-6.
  49. ↑ Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen (2007) Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics, p. 33, Rodopi ISBN 978-1-42948-147-2
  50. ↑ According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907
  51. ↑ Who, What, Why: How will Mladic's fitness for trial be assessed?
  52. ↑ While the ICJ found that "genocidal acts" had been carried out throughout the war, the court was able to definitely establish genocidal intent in only one case, the Srebrenica massacre: "Serbia found guilty of failure to prevent and punish genocide", Sense Agency 26 Feb 2007, accessed 29 August 2007
  53. ↑ "Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre". BBC News. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  54. ↑ Edward Wong Hussein Charged With Genocide in 50,000 Deaths The New York Times. Published: April 5, 2006. Accessdate: 2 August 2010.
  55. ↑ William Ochsenwald; Sydney Nettleton Fisher (2003-06-04). The Middle East: A History. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. p. 659. ISBN 978-0-07-244233-5.
  56. ↑ Totten, Samuel. Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. ABC-CLIO, 2008 "Kurdish Genocide in Northern Iraq, (U.S. Response to). Well aware of the genocidal Al-Anfal campaign waged against the Kurds in northern Iraq by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein." p 252
  57. ↑ "The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. A Middle East Watch Report: Human Rights Watch 1993". Hrw.org. 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  58. ↑ G. Black, Human Rights Watch, Middle East Watch (1993). Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds. Human Rights Watch. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-1-56432-108-4.
  59. ↑ David McDowall (2004-05-14). A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition. I. B. Tauris. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
  60. ↑ "Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict". The Lancet. January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
  61. ↑ Debate over Darfur death toll intensifies
  62. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130708080727/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/10/world/americas/guatemala-genocide-trial
  63. ↑ Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission, United Nations website, 1 March 1999
  64. ↑ Staff. Guatemala 'genocide' probe blames state. BBC. 25 February 1999. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/286402.stm.
  65. ↑ "5,000 Yazidis men executed and 7,000 women are now kept as sex slaves". Mail Online. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  66. ↑ "Who are the Yazidi, and why is ISIS targetting them?". NBC News. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  67. ↑ Wheatcroft 2001a.
  68. ↑ Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov. 2002), pp. 249–264
  69. ↑ France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
  70. ↑ France Meslé; Jacques Vallin (2003). Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle: la crise sanitaire dans les pays de l'ex-URSS. Ined. ISBN 978-2-7332-0152-7.
  71. ↑ Rosefielde 1983.
  72. ↑ Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине [Nalyvaichenko called the number of victims of Holodomor in Ukraine] (in Russian). LB.ua. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  73. ↑ David R. Marples. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. p.50
  74. ↑ – "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians. ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine. ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
  75. ↑ sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the famine as genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців")
  76. ↑ "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців")
  77. ↑ European Parliament resolution on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)
  78. ↑ European Parliament recognises Ukrainian famine of 1930s as crime against humanity (Press Release 23-10-2008)
  79. ↑ Holodomor court hearings begin in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (January 12, 2010)
  80. ↑ Yushchenko brings Stalin to court over genocide, RT (January 14, 2010)
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