Peromyscus

Peromyscus (Deer mouse) Temporal range: Late Miocene – Recent
Peromyscus maniculatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Cricetidae
Subfamily:	Neotominae
Genus:	Peromyscus Gloger, 1841
Species
See text.

The genus Peromyscus contains the animal species commonly referred to as deer mice. This genus of New World mice is only distantly related to the common house mouse and laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. Although superficially resembling Mus musculus, Peromyscus species have relatively larger eyes, and also often two-tone coloring, with darker colors over the dorsum (back), and white abdominal and limb hair-coloring. In reference to the coloring, the word Peromyscus comes from Greek words meaning "booted mouse".^[1]

They are also accomplished jumpers and runners by comparison to house mice, and their common name of "deer mouse" (coined in 1833) is in reference to this agility.^[2]

The most common species of deer mice in the continental United States are two closely related species, P. maniculatus, and P. leucopus. In the United States, Peromyscus is the most populous mammalian genus overall, and has become notorious in the western United States as a carrier of hantaviruses.^[3][4]

Reservoir of human disease

Hantavirus

The deer mouse came to the attention of the public when it was discovered to be the primary reservoir species for Sin Nombre hantavirus.^[3][5][6]

Lyme disease

A recent study in British Columbia of 218 deer mice showed 30% (66) were seropositive for B. burgdorferi,^[7] the agent of Lyme disease.

Other diseases

Ehrlichiosis and babesiosis are also carried by the deer mouse.^[1]

Use as a laboratory animal

While wild populations are sometimes studied, Peromyscus is also easy to breed and keep in captivity, although they are more energetic and difficult to handle than the relatively more tame Mus musculus. For certain studies, Peromyscus is also favoured over the common laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) and the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). Apart from their importance in studying infectious diseases, Peromyscus species are useful for studying phylogeography, speciation, chromosomes, genetics, ecology, population genetics, and evolution in general. They are also useful for researching repetitive movement disorders.^{[8][9][10][11]} Their use in aging research is because Peromyscus spp., despite being of similar size to the standard laboratory mouse, have maximum lifespans of five to seven years, compared to the two- to three-year maximum lifespan of ad libitum-fed laboratory strains or wild-caught M. musculus.^[1]

The Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center at the University of South Carolina was established by Professor Wallace Dawson in 1985 to raise animals of the peromyscine species for research and educational use. This institute maintains populations of several different species (including Peromyscus californicus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus melanophrys, Peromyscus eremicus, and Peromyscus aztecus). A variety of mutations affecting their behavior, biochemistry, and the color of their coats are exhibited in these genetic lines.

Species

• Peromyscus
  • californicus group
    • California mouse – P. californicus
  • eremicus group
    • Cactus mouse – P. eremicus
    • Angel Island mouse – P. guardia – possibly extinct
      • P. g. guardia – last seen 1991
      • P. g. mejiae – extinct (1973)
      • P. g. harbisoni – extinct (1963)
      • P. guardia subsp. indet. from Estanque Island – extinct (1998)
    • San Lorenzo mouse – P. interparietalis
    • Dickey's deer mouse – P. dickeyi
    • False canyon mouse – P. pseudocrinitus
    • Eva's desert mouse – P. eva
    • Burt's deer mouse – P. caniceps
    • Mesquite mouse – P. merriami
    • Pemberton's deer mouse – P. pembertoni – extinct (1931)
  • hooperi group
    • Hooper's mouse – P. hooperi
  • crinitus group
    • Canyon mouse – P. crinitus
  • maniculatus group
    • North American deer mouse − P. maniculatus
    • Oldfield mouse or beach mouse – P. polionotus
      • P. p. allophrys
      • P. p. ammobates
      • Pallid beach mouse P. p. decoloratus – extinct (1959)
      • P. p. leucocephalus
      • 'P. p. niveiventris
      • P. p. peninsularis
      • Anastasia Island beach mouse P. p. phasma
      • P. p. trissyllepsis
    • Santa Cruz mouse – P. sejugis
    • Northwestern deer mouse – P. keeni
    • Northwestern deer mouse or Keen's mouse – P. sitkensis
    • Black-eared mouse – P. melanotis
    • Slevins's mouse or Catalina deer mouse – P. slevini
    • †Giant island deer mouse – P. nesodytes – extinct
  • leucopus group
    • White-footed mouse – P. leucopus
    • Cotton mouse – P. gossypinus
      • †Chadwick Beach cotton mouse P. g. restrictus – extinct (1938)
  • aztecus group
    • Aztec mouse – P. aztecus
    • Gleaning mouse – P. spicilegus
    • Winkelmann's mouse – P. winkelmanni
  • boylii group
    • Brush mouse – P. boylii
    • Nimble-footed mouse – P. levipes
    • Schmidly's deer mouse – P. schmidlyi
    • San Esteban Island mouse – P. stephani
    • Texas mouse – P. attwateri
    • Nayarit mouse – P. simulus
    • Tres Marias island mouse – P. madrensis
    • White-ankled mouse – P. pectoralis
    • Chihuahuan mouse – P. polius
  • truei group
    • Perote mouse – P. bullatus
    • Zacatecan deermouse, or southern rock deermouse – P. difficilis
    • Osgood's mouse – P. gratus
    • Northern rock mouse – P. nasutus
  • Pinyon mouse – P. truei
  • melanophrys group
    • Pleateau mouse – P. melanophrys
    • Pueblo deer mouse – P. mekisturus
    • Tawny deer mouse – P. perfulvus
  • furvus group
    • Blackish deer mouse – P. furvus
    • Maya mouse – P. mayensis
    • El Carrizo deer mouse – P. ochraventer
  • megalops group
    • Brown deer mouse – P. megalops
    • Zempoaltepec – P. melanocarpus
    • Black-tailed mouse – P. melanurus
  • mexicanus group
    • Big deer mouse – P. grandis
    • Guatemalan deer mouse – P. guatemalensis
    • Naked-eared deer mouse – P. gymnotis
    • Mexican deer mouse – P. mexicanus
    • Stirton's deer mouse – P. stirtoni
    • Yucatán deer mouse – P. yucatanicus
    • Chiapan deer mouse – P. zarhynchus

References

1. Crossland, J. and Lewandowski, A. (2006). Peromyscus – A fascinating laboratory animal model. Techtalk 11:1–2.
2. Deer mouse etymology from Merriam-Webster. Accessed June 11, 2010. Mw4.m-w.com (2012-08-31). Retrieved on 2014-01-05.
3. CDC – Hantavirus. Cdc.gov (2012-11-01). Retrieved on 2014-01-05.
4. What if .... University of South Carolina
5. "It's Official—The Deer Mouse Is Deadly". Newsmagazine 21 (31): 43. 18 July 1994.
6. Netski, D; Thran, BH; St. Jeor, SC (1999). "Sin Nombre virus pathogenesis in Peromyscus maniculatus". Journal of Virology 73 (1): 585–91. PMC 103864. PMID 9847363.
7. Canada Communicable Disease Report (CCDR) – Vol.34 CCDR-01 – Public Health Agency of Canada. Phac-aspc.gc.ca (2008-01-30). Retrieved on 2014-01-05.
8. Joyner CP, Myrick LC, Crossland JP, Dawson WD (1998). "Deer Mice As Laboratory Animals". ILAR journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources 39 (4): 322–330. doi:10.1093/ilar.39.4.322. PMID 11406688.
9. Dewey, M.J. and Dawson, W.D. (2001). "Deer mice: "The Drosophila of North American mammalogy"". Genesis 29 (3): 105–9. doi:10.1002/gene.1011. PMID 11252049.
10. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Animal Models for Research on Aging; National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Animal Models for Research on Aging (1981). Mammalian Models for Research on Aging. National Academies. ISBN 978-0-309-03094-6.
11. Linnen, CR; Kingsley, EP; Jensen, JD; Hoekstra, HE (2009). "On the origin and spread of an adaptive allele in deer mice". Science 325 (5944): 1095–8. doi:10.1126/science.1175826. PMC 2736094. PMID 19713521.

External links

• The song of the deer mouse
• Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center (University of South Carolina)
• Deer Mice Fact Sheet from the National Pest Management Association — with information on habits, habitat and health threats.
• Hantavirus Fact Sheet
• Peromyscus photos