Demographics of Poland

The population of Poland, Data of FAO, 1961-2010 ; Number of inhabitants in millions.

The demographics of Poland constitute all demographic features of the population of Poland, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

According to estimates produced by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), at the end of 2007 Poland had a population of 37,115,000, which translates into an average population density of 122 people/km² (urban 1105 per 1 km², rural 50 per 1 km²). 61.5% of the Polish population lives in urban areas, a number which is slowly diminishing. Poland is the 33rd most populous country in the world (9th in Europe, with 5.4% of the European population). Total population of Poland is almost stagnant (population growth was 0.08%). Average life expectancy was 70.5 for men and 78.9 for women. In 2009, it was expected to be 73.1 for men and 79.5 for women. Population distribution is uneven. Ethnically, Poland is a very homogeneous country, with 96.7% of population being Polish.

A number of censuses have assessed this data, including a national census in 2002, and a survey by the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights (HFHR), which confirmed there are numerous autochthonous ethnic groups in Poland. Estimates by INTEREG and Eurominority present a similar demographic picture of Poland but they provide estimates only for the most numerous of these ethnic groups.

Poland is aging rapidly. In 1950, the median age was 25.8: half of the Polish population was younger, half older. Today it is 38.2. If current trends continue, it will be 51 by 2050.^[1] As the population is aging, it has also started to decline mainly due to low birth rates and continued emigration which is impacting the economy. The number of children born in Polish families (TFR of 1.31, down from 2 in 1990) is one of the lowest in Eastern Europe.^[2][3]

Historical population

Population of Poland 1900-2010

For many centuries, until the end of World War II, the Polish population was composed of many significant ethnic minorities. The population of Poland decreased due to the losses sustained during the Holocaust, and became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in Europe as a result of radically altered borders after the war. The subsequent repatriations were accompanied by two waves of forced migrations ordered by the Soviet and Polish communist authorities, including the transfers of sizable Polish population from the prewar territories of Eastern Poland, which today are divided between Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine, the transfer of ethnic Ukrainians back to USSR, and the Germans to Germany from lands ceded to Poland after the Yalta Conference.

At present

According to GUS, about 38,325,000 people live in Poland, however, the same report states that the number of residents living in the country all the time is approximately 37,200,000; with 1,125,000 people living abroad for 6–7 months or more. It means that the permanent population may be correspondingly smaller.^[4]

A recent large migration of Poles took place following Poland's accession to the European Union and opening of the EU's labor market; with an approximate number of 2 million primarily young Poles taking up jobs abroad.^[5]

Vital statistics ^[6][7][8]

Before WW II

Births and deaths before WW II
Year [9]	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)
1921	27 224	890 400	568 300	322 100	32.7	20.9	11.8
1922	27 846	983 100	554 600	482 500	35.3	19.9	15.4
1923	28 480	1 014 700	493 800	520 900	35.6	17.3	18.3
1924	29 007	1 000 100	519 200	480 900	34.5	17.9	16.6
1925	29 475	1 036 600	492 200	544 400	35.2	16.7	18.5
1926	29 906	989 100	532 700	456 400	33.1	17.8	15.3
1927	30 302	958 733	525 633	433 100	31.6	17.3	14.3
1928	30 693	990 993	504 207	486 786	32.3	16.4	15.9
1929	31 084	994 101	518 929	475 172	32.0	16.7	15.3
1930	31 490	1 022 811	488 417	534 394	32.5	15.5	17.0
1931	31 935	964 573	493 703	470 870	30.2	15.5	14.7
1932	32 394	934 663	486 548	448 115	28.9	15.0	13.8
1933	32 823	868 675	466 210	402 465	26.5	14.2	12.3
1934	33 223	881 615	479 684	401 931	26.5	14.4	12.1
1935	33 616	876 667	470 998	405 669	26.1	14.0	12.1
1936	34 020	892 320	482 633	409 687	26.2	14.2	12.0
1937	34 441	856 064	481 594	374 470	24.9	14.0	10.9
1938	34 849	849 873	479 602	370 271	24.4	13.8	10.6

After WW II

^{[10] [11] [12]}

Births and deaths after WW II
	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates	Life expectancy (males)	Life expectancy (females)	Share of births outside marriage
1946	23 777	570 000	335 000	235 000	24.0	14.1	9.9
1947	23 970	630 000	271 000	359 000	26.3	11.3	15.0
1948	23 980	704 772	268 000	436 772	29.4	11.2	18.2
1949	24 410	725 061	284 000	441 061	29.7	11.6	18.1
1950	24 824	763 108	288 685	474 423	30.7	11.6	19.1	3,705	56,07	61,68
1951	25 271	783 597	312 314	471 283	31.0	12.4	18.6	3,745	55,11	60,67
1952	25 753	778 962	286 730	492 232	30.2	11.1	19.1	3,670	57,59	63,07
1953	26 255	779 000	266 527	512 473	29.7	10.2	19.5	3,605	59,58	65,05
1954	26 761	778 054	276 406	501 648	29.1	10.3	18.7	3,580	59,8	65,06
1955	27 281	793 847	261 576	532 271	29.1	9.6	19.5	3,605	60,82	66,19
1956	27 815	779 835	249 606	530 229	28.0	9.0	19.1	3,605	62,29	67,52
1957	28 310	782 319	269 137	513 182	27.6	9.5	18.1	3,485	61,2	66,7
1958	28 770	752 600	241 435	511 165	26.2	8.4	17.8	3,355	63,08	68,57
1959	29 240	722 928	252 430	470 498	24.7	8.6	16.1	3,215	62,71	68,3
1960	29 561	669 485	224 167	445 318	22.6	7.6	15.1	2,98	64,94	70,6
1961	29 965	627 624	227 759	399 865	20.9	7.6	13.3	2,83	64,91	70,78
1962	30 324	599 505	239 199	360 306	19.8	7.9	11.9	2,72	64,53	70,49
1963	30 691	588 235	230 072	358 163	19.2	7.5	11.7	2,70	65,41	71,52
1964	31 161	562 855	235 919	326 936	18.1	7.6	10.5	2,57	65,78	71,6
1965	31 496	546 362	232 421	313 941	17.3	7.4	10.0	2,52	66,58	72,4
1966	31 698	530 307	232 945	297 362	16.7	7.3	9.4	2,33	66,87	72,85
1967	31 944	520 383	247 705	272 678	16.3	7.8	8.5	2,30	66,44	72,61
1968	32 426	524 174	244 115	280 059	16.2	7.5	8.6	2,24	67,04	73,55
1969	32 555	531 135	262 823	268 312	16.3	8.1	8.2	2,20	66,5	73,09
1970	32 526	545 973	266 799	279 174	16.8	8.2	8.6	2,22	66,62	73,33	5,0
1971	32 805	562 341	283 702	278 639	17.1	8.6	8.5	2,25	66,13	73,25
1972	33 068	575 725	265 250	310 475	17.4	8.0	9.4	2,24	67,32	74,17
1973	33 363	598 559	277 188	321 371	17.9	8.3	9.6	2,24	67,15	74,3
1974	33 691	621 080	277 085	343 995	18.4	8.2	10.2	2,26	67,8	74,64
1975	34 022	643 772	296 896	346 876	18.9	8.7	10.2	2,27	67,02	74,26	4,7
1976	34 362	670 140	304 057	366 083	19.5	8.8	10.7	2,31	66,92	74,55
1977	34 698	662 582	312 956	349 626	19.1	9.0	10.1	2,33	66,49	74,5
1978	35 010	666 336	325 104	341 232	19.0	9.3	9.7	2,30	66,36	74,53
1979	35 257	688 293	323 048	365 245	19.5	9.2	10.4	2,39	66,79	74,91	4,8
1980	35 578	692 798	350 203	342 595	19.5	9.8	9.6	2,42	66,01	74,44
1981	35 902	678 696	328 923	349 773	18.9	9.2	9.7	2,34	67,1	75,24
1982	36 227	702 351	334 869	367 482	19.4	9.2	10.1	2,38	67,24	75,2
1983	36 571	720 756	349 388	371 368	19.7	9.6	10.2	2,41	67,04	75,16
1984	36 914	699 041	364 883	334 158	18.9	9.9	9.1	2,36	66,84	74,97
1985	37 203	677 576	381 458	296 118	18.2	10.3	8.0	2,33	66,5	74,81	5,0
1986	37 456	634 748	376 316	258 432	16.9	10.0	6.9	2,21	66,76	75,13
1987	37 664	605 492	378 365	227 127	16.1	10.0	6.0	2,15	66,81	75,2
1988	37 862	587 741	370 821	216 920	15.5	9.8	5.7	2,12	67,15	75,67
1989	37 963	562 530	381 173	181 357	14.8	10.0	4.8	2,08	66,76	75,45
1990	38 119	545 817	390 343	155 474	14.3	10.2	4.1	2,04	66,23	75,24	6,2
1991	38 245	547 719	405 716	142 003	14.3	10.6	3.7	2,05	65,88	75,06	6,6
1992	38 365	515 214	394 729	120 485	13.4	10.3	3.1	1,91	66,47	75,48	7,2
1993	38 459	494 310	392 259	102 051	12.9	10.2	2.7	1,86	67,17	75,81	8,2
1994	38 544	481 285	386 398	94 887	12.5	10.0	2.5	1,78	67,5	76,08	9,0
1995	38 588	443 109	386 084	57 025	11.5	10.0	1.5	1,65	67,62	76,39	9,5
1996	38 618	428 203	385 496	42 707	11.1	10.0	1.1	1,58	68,12	76,57	10,2
1997	38 650	412 635	380 201	32 434	10.7	9.8	0.8	1,52	68,45	76,99	11,0
1998	38 666	395 619	375 354	20 265	10.2	9.7	0.5	1,44	68,87	77,34	11,6
1999	38 654	382 002	381 415	587	9.9	9.9	0.0	1,37	68,83	77,49	11,7
2000	38 649	378 348	368 028	10 320	9.8	9.5	0.3	1,35	69,74	78	12,1
2001	38 248	368 205	363 220	4 985	9.6	9.5	0.1	1,32	70,21	78,38	13,1
2002	38 231	353 765	359 486	-5 721	9.3	9.4	-0.1	1,25	70,42	78,78	14,4
2003	38 205	351 072	365 230	-14 158	9.2	9.6	-0.4	1,22	70,52	78,9	15,8
2004	38 183	356 131	363 522	-7 391	9.3	9.5	-0.2	1,23	70,67	79,23	17,1
2005	38 166	364 383	368 285	-3 902	9.5	9.6	-0.1	1,24	70,81	79,4	18,5
2006	38 141	374 244	369 686	4 558	9.8	9.7	0.1	1,27	70,93	79,62	18,9
2007	38 121	387 873	377 226	10 647	10.2	9.9	0.3	1,31	70,96	79,74	19,5
2008	38 126	414 499	379 399	35 100	10.9	10.0	0.9	1,390	71,26	79,96	19,9
2009	38 152	417 589	384 940	32 649	10.9	10.1	0.9	1,40	71,53	80,05	20,2
2010	38 530	413 300	378 500	34 800	10,7	9,8	0,9	1,38	72,1	80,59	20,6
2011	38 538	388 400	375 500	12 900	10,1	9,7	0,3	1,30	72,44	80,9	21,2
2012	38 533	387 858	384 788	3 070	10,1	10,0	0,1	1,30	72,71	80,98	22,3
2013	38 496	369 600	387 300	-17 700	9,6	10,1	-0,5	1,26	73,1	81,1	23,4
2014	38 479	375 160	376 467	-1 307	9,7	9,8	-0,1	1,29	73,75	81,61	24,2
2015	38 451	370 700	387 900	−17 200	9,6	10,1	−0,4	1,27

Current vital statistics

^[13]

Number of births from January to february 2015 = 59,300

Number of births from January to february 2016 = 63,000

Number of deaths from January to february 2015 = 68,300

Number of deaths from January to february 2016 = 69,000

Natural increase from January to february 2015 = -9,100

Natural increase from January to february 2016 = -6,000

Structure of the population ^[14][15]

Structure of the population (01.07.2012) (Estimates, excluding civilian aliens within the country, but including civilian nationals temporarily outside the country) : 

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	18 651 441	19 882 348	38 533 789	100
0-4	1 058 874	1 005 069	2 063 943	5,36
5-9	945 643	897 723	1 843 366	4,78
10-14	974 509	925 506	1 900 015	4,93
15-19	1 158 367	1 108 267	2 266 634	5,88
20-24	1 394 761	1 341 393	2 736 154	7,10
25-29	1 623 072	1 575 546	3 198 618	8,30
30-34	1 602 736	1 558 622	3 161 358	8,20
35-39	1 470 751	1 432 822	2 903 573	7,54
40-44	1 231 083	1 209 751	2 440 834	6,33
45-49	1 196 548	1 192 952	2 389 500	6,20
50-54	1 369 258	1 414 996	2 784 254	7,23
55-59	1 404 141	1 522 140	2 926 281	7,59
60-64	1 163 935	1 350 684	2 514 619	6,53
65-69	675 573	861 584	1 537 157	3,99
70-74	529 739	776 722	1 306 461	3,39
75-79	424 407	720 249	1 144 656	2,97
80-84	278 428	566 126	844 554	2,19
85-89	115 213	311 388	426 601	1,11
90-94	28 565	91 223	119 788	0,31
95-99	4 614	18 265	22 879	0,06
100+	224	1 320	1 544	<0,01

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	2 979 026	2 828 298	5 807 324	15,07
15-64	13 615 652	13 707 173	27 322 825	70,91
65+	2 056 763	3 346 877	5 403 640	14,02

Structure of the population (30.06.2015) (Estimates) : 

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	18 607 417	19 847 159	38 454 576	100
0-4	982 639	928 662	1 911 301	4.97
5-9	1 047 830	996 205	2 044 035	5.32
10-14	924 671	877 780	1 802 451	4.69
15-19	1 028 884	979 585	2 008 469	5.22
20-24	1 257 703	1 209 498	2 467 201	6.42
25-29	1 464 438	1 417 040	2 881 478	7.49
30-34	1 647 147	1 602 930	3 250 077	8.45
35-39	1 561 396	1 522 202	3 083 598	8.02
40-44	1 354 899	1 329 476	2 684 375	6.98
45-49	1 166 358	1 160 878	2 327 236	6.05
50-54	1 211 294	1 238 398	2 449 692	6.37
55-59	1 386 303	1 489 816	2 876 119	7.48
60-64	1 256 035	1 443 985	2 700 020	7.0
65-69	917 893	1 147 725	2 065 618	5.37
70-74	501 311	716 224	1 217 535	3.17
75-79	426 059	715 629	1 141 688	2.97
80-84	287 908	573 415	861 323	2.24
85+	184 649	497 711	682 360	1.77

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	2 955 140	2 802 647	5 757 787	14.97
15-64	13 334 457	13 393 808	26 728 265	69.51
65+	2 317 820	3 650 704	5 968 524	15.52

Nationalities

96.5% of the people of Poland claim Polish nationality, and 97.9% declare that they speak Polish at home (2010).

Largest metropolitan and urban areas

Population numbers by database

Area	ESPON [16]	Eurostat LUZ [17]	Ministry of Regional Development[18]	United Nations [19]	Demographia.com[20]	Citypopulation.de[21]	Scientific study by T. Markowski[22]	Scientific study by Swianiewicz, Klimska [23]
Katowice (Katowice urban area)	3,029,000[24](5,294,000)	2,710,397	3,239,200	3,069,000	2,500,000	2,775,000	2,746,000	2,733,000
Warsaw	2,785,000	2,660,406	2,680,600	2,194,000	2,030,000	2,375,000	2,631,900	2,504,000
Kraków	1,236,000	1,264,322	1,227,200	818,000	750,000	Not listed	1,257,500	1,367,000
Łódź	1,165,000	1,163,516	1,061,600	974,000	950,000	1,060,000	1,178,000	1,129,000
Gdańsk	993,000	1,105,203	1,220,800	854,000	775,000	No data	1,098,400	1,210,000
Poznań	919,000	1,018,511	1,227,200	No data	600,000	No data	1,011,200	846,000
Wrocław	861,000	1,031,439	1,136,900	No data	700,000	No data	1,029,800	956,000
Szczecin	721,000	878,314	724,700	No data	500,000	No data	No data	755,806

Demographics by town

	City	Voivodeship	Inhabitants May 20, 2002	Inhabitants December 31, 2006	Inhabitants December 31, 2010
1	Warsaw	Masovia	1,671,670	1,702,139	1,720,398
2	Kraków	Lesser Poland	758,544	756,267	756,183
3	Łódź	Łódź	789,318	760,251	737,098
4	Wrocław	Lower Silesia	640,367	634,630	632,996
5	Poznań	Greater Poland	578,886	564,951	551,627
6	Gdańsk	Pomerania	461,334	456,658	456,967
7	Szczecin	Western Pomerania	415,399	409,068	405,606
8	Bydgoszcz	Kuyavia-Pomerania	373,804	363,468	356,177
9	Lublin	Lublin	357,110	353,483	348,450
10	Katowice	Silesia	327,222	314,500	306,826
11	Białystok (Demographics)	Podlaskie	291,383	294,830	295,198
12	Gdynia	Pomerania	253,458	251,844	247,324
13	Częstochowa	Silesia	251,436	245,030	238,042
14	Radom	Masovia	229,699	225,810	222,496
15	Sosnowiec	Silesia	232,622	225,030	217,638
16	Toruń	Kuyavia-Pomerania	211,243	207,190	205,312
17	Kielce	Świętokrzyskie	212,429	207,188	203,804
18	Gliwice	Silesia	203,814	198,499	195,472
19	Zabrze	Silesia	195,293	190,110	186,913
20	Bytom	Silesia	193,546	186,540	181,617
21	Rzeszów	Subcarpathia	160,376	165,578	178,227
22	Olsztyn	Warmia-Masuria	173,102	174,941	176,463
23	Bielsko-Biała	Silesia	178,028	176,453	175,008
24	Ruda Śląska	Silesia	150,595	145,471	142,950
25	Rybnik	Silesia	142,731	141,388	141,410
26	Tychy	Silesia	132,816	130,492	129,386
27	Dąbrowa Górnicza	Silesia	132,236	129,559	127,431
28	Płock	Masovia	128,361	127,224	126,061
29	Elbląg	Warmia-Masuria	128,134	126,985	126,049
30	Opole	Opole	129,946	127,602	125,710
31	Gorzów Wielkopolski	Lubusz	125,914	125,504	125,394
32	Wałbrzych	Lower Silesia	130,268	124,988	120,197
33	Zielona Góra	Lubusz	118,293	118,115	117,699
34	Włocławek	Kuyavia-Pomerania	121,229	119,256	116,914
35	Tarnów	Lesser Poland	119,913	116,967	114,635
36	Chorzów	Silesia	117,430	113,978	112,697
37	Koszalin	Western Pomerania	108,709	107,693	107,948
38	Kalisz	Greater Poland	109,498	108,477	106,664
39	Legnica	Lower Silesia	107,100	105,186	103,892
40	Grudziądz	Kuyavia-Pomerania	99,943	99,244	98,757
41	Słupsk	Pomerania	100,376	98,092	96,665

Demographics by voivodeship

Inhabitants of voivodeships (2008, according to GUS)
Lower Silesian	19 947	2 887 059	-0,04
Kuyavian-Pomeranian	17 972	2 067 918	+0,07
Lublin	25 122	2 161 832	-0,15
Lubusz	13 998	1 008 926	0,00
Łódź	18 219	2 548 861	-0,20
Lesser Poland	15 183	3 287 136	+0.22
Masovian	35 558	5 204 495	+0,26
Opole	9412	1 033 040	-0,31
Subcarpathian	17 846	2 099 495	+0,03
Podlaskie (Demographics)	20 187	1 191 470	-0,07
Pomeranian	18 310	2 219 512	+0,32
Silesian	12 334	4 645 665	-0.12
Świętokrzyskie	11 710	1 272 784	-0,20
Warmian-Masurian	24 173	1 427 073	+0,03
Greater Poland	29 827	3 397 617	+0.26
West Pomeranian	22 892	1 692 957	+0,04
Poland	312 679	38 135 876	+0,05

Demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total asylum seekers admitted

13,780 (2010) applications, mostly from the Russian Federation (99% Chechen),^[25] Georgia, Armenia and Ukraine.^[26]

Age structure

0–14 years: 14.8% (male 2,931,732/female 2,769,021)

15–64 years: 71.7% (male 13,725,939/female 13,863,103)

65 years and over: 13.5% (male 1,971,763/female 3,202,131) (2010 est.)

0-14 years: 14.7% (male 2,910,324/female 2,748,546)

15-64 years: 71.6% (male 13,698,363/female 13,834,779)

65 years and over: 13.7% (male 2,004,550/female 3,245,026) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 38.5 years

male: 36.8 years

female: 40.3 years (2011 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2012 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 6.42 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 7.12 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 75.85 years

male: 71.88 years

female: 80.06 years (2010 est.)

total population: 76.25 years

male: 72.31 years

female: 80.43 years (2012 est.)

Ethnic groups

Population background	%	Population[27]
European	98.6	37,962,000
European Union	98.2	37,813,000
Ethnic Polish (including Silesians and Kashubians)	97.7	37,602,000
Other EU member states (primarily German)	0.5	211,000
European Other (primarily Ukrainian and Belarusian)	0.4	149,000
Other background (primarily Vietnamese and Chechens	<0.1	29,000
Mixed or unspecified background	1.4	521,000
Total population	100	38,512,000

Religions

Roman Catholic 91%, Orthodox 1%, Other 2%, atheist/non-believer/agnostic 5%, not stated 1% (Eurobarometer 2012)^[28]

Languages

Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

See also

• Health in Poland
• Polish diaspora

References

1. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2012/06/14/poland-aging-and-the-economy Poland: Aging and the Economy
2. "Poland Total fertility rate". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
3. http://euromonitor.typepad.com/.a/6a01310f54565d970c017ee868aacf970d-pi
4. Wyniki wstepne spisu powszechnego 2011, Central Statistical Office (Poland).
5. http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/sueddeutsche-zeitung-polska-przezywa-najwieksza-fale-emigracji-od-100-lat/yrtt0"Sueddeutsche Zeitung": Polska przeżywa największą falę emigracji od 100 lat
6. B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750-1975.
7. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
8. Central Statistical Office of Poland
9. "Démographie des pays développés". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
10. http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/struktura-ludnosci-do-2013-r-,16,1.html
11. http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_rocznik_demograficzny_PLK_HTML.htm
12. http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5470/1/1/7/poz_ex1950-2012.xls
13. file:///C:/User/Desktop/z06_info_i_polrocze_2015_zakladki.pdf
14. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
15. http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/ludnosc-stan-i-struktura-ludnosci-oraz-ruch-naturalny-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-stan-w-dniu-30-vi-2015-r-,6,18.html
16. European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3), Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
17. Eurostat, Urban Audit database, accessed on 2009-03-12. Data for 2004.
18. "Koncepcja przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju" - Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego, 2003
19. World Urbanization Prospects - United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs / Population Division, The 2003 Revision (data of 2000)
20. Demographia.com - World Urban Areas
21. Thomas Brinkoff, Principal Agglomerations of the World, accessed on 2009-03-12. Data for 2009-01-01.
22. Funkcje Metropolitalne Pięciu Stolic Województw Wschodnich
23. "Społeczne i polityczne zróżnicowanie aglomeracji w Polsce" - Paweł Swianiewicz, Urszula Klimska; University of Warsaw 2005
24. Data of polycentric Silesian metropolitan area
25. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Home - Welcome to UNHCR Central Europe website!". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
26. UNHRC Asylum Trends 2007-2009
27. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (pdf) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
28. Discrimination in the European Union in 2012 - T98 and T99.

External links

• Central Statistical Office for the Republic of Poland
• Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage
• CIA World Factbook 2004
• Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights
• Poland - Population and ethnic composition
• Armenians in Poland
• Poland's president expresses regret over 1947 Akcja Wisla
• INTEREG