Kurdish population

Kurds
کورد

Total population
c. 30–32 million[1] See Statistics by country
Languages
Kurdish and Zazaki–Gorani In their different forms: Sorani, Kurmanji, Pehlewani, Zazaki, Gorani
Religion
Mostly Sunni Muslim, but also Shia Muslim and Sufism with minorities of deism, agnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Iranian peoples

The Kurdish people live in the historical Kurdistan region, which today is split among Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria, and was ruled by the Persian and the Ottoman Empire since the 16th century.^[2] The estimated population is 35 million.

A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacent regions.^[3] Recent emigration resulted in a Kurdish diaspora of about 1.5 million people, about half of them in Germany.

A special case are the Kurdish populations in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia, displaced there mostly in the time of the Russian Empire, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right.^[4] This groups' population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990.^[5]

Kurdistan

The Kurds are often dubbed "the largest ethnic group without a state", which statement (apart from the fact that more numerous stateless nations ostensibly do exist) has been rejected as misleading by Kurdologists, as it glosses over the significant cultural, social, religious, political and ideological heterogeneity between Kurdish groups.^[6][7][8] The bulk of Kurdish groups in Kurdistan are Sunni (mosty of the Shafi'i school), but there are significant minorities adhering to Shia Islam (especially Alevis), Yazidism, Yarsanism, Christianity and Judaism.

Turkey

Kurdish girl in Turkey

According to a report by Turkish agency KONDA, in 2006, out of the total population of 73 million people in Turkey there were 11.4 million Kurds and Zazas living in Turkey (close to 15.68% of the total population).^[9] The Turkish newspaper Milliyet has reported in 2008 that the Kurdish population in Turkey is 12.6 million; although this also includes 3 million Zazas.^[10] According to the World Factbook, Kurdish people make up 18% of Turkey's population (about 14 million, out of 77.8 million people).^[11] Kurdish sources put the figure at 20^[12] to 25 million Kurds in Turkey.^[13]

Kurds mostly live in southeastern and eastern parts of Anatolia. But large Kurdish populations can be found in western Turkey due to internal migration. According to Rüstem Erkan, Istanbul is the province with the largest Kurdish population in Turkey.^[14]

Iran

Kurdish family in Iran

From the 7 million Iranian Kurds, a significant portion are Sunni.^[15] Shia Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam Province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan, Hamadan and Zanjan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan Province in northeastern Iran are also adherents of Shia Islam. During the Shia revolution in Iran the major Kurdish political parties were unsuccessful in absorbing Shia Kurds, who at that period had no interest in autonomy.^[16][17][18] However, since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism has seeped into the Shia Kurdish area partly due to outrage against government's violent suppression of Kurds farther north.^[19]

Iraq

Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurds also have a presence in Kirkuk, Mosul, Khanaqin, and Baghdad. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 50,000 in the city of Mosul and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq.^[20]

Kurds led by Mustafa Barzani were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. In March 1970, Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.^[21] However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin.^[22] The peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds. Moreover, in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the Algiers Accord, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk.^[23] Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq.^[24]

Syria

Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria and make up nine percent of the country's population.^[25] Syrian Kurds have faced routine discrimination and harassment by the government.^[26][27]

Syrian Kurdistan is an unofficial name used by some to describe the Kurdish inhabited regions of northern and northeastern Syria.^[28] The northeastern Kurdish inhabited region covers the greater part of Hasakah Governorate. The main cities in this region are Qamishli and Hasakah. Another region with significant Kurdish population is Kobanê (Ayn al-Arab) in the northern part of Syria near the town of Jarabulus and also the city of Afrin and its surroundings along the Turkish border.

Many Kurds seek political autonomy for the Kurdish inhabited areas of Syria, similar to Iraqi Kurdistan in Iraq, or outright independence as part of Kurdistan. The name "Western Kurdistan" (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) is also used by Kurds to name the Syrian Kurdish inhabited areas in relation to Kurdistan.^[29][30][31] Since the Syrian civil war, Syrian government forces have abandoned many Kurdish-populated areas, leaving the Kurds to fill the power vacuum and govern these areas autonomously.^[32]

Transcaucasus

Armenia

Samand Siabandov, awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union during the Soviet war against Nazi Germany.

According to the 2011 Armenian Census, 37,470 Kurds live in Armenia, mainly Yazidi.^[33] They mainly live in the western parts of Armenia. The Kurds of the former Soviet Union first began writing Kurdish in the Armenian alphabet in the 1920s, followed by Latin in 1927, then Cyrillic in 1945, and now in both Cyrillic and Latin. The Kurds in Armenia established a Kurdish radio broadcast from Yerevan and the first Kurdish newspaper Riya Teze. There is a Kurdish Department in the Yerevan State Institute of Oriental studies. The Kurds of Armenia were the first exiled country to have access to media such as radio, education and press in their native tongue^[34] but many Kurds, from 1939 to 1959 were listed as the Azeri population or even as Armenians.^[35]

Georgia

According to the 2002 Georgian Census, 20,843 Kurds live in Georgia^[36] The Kurds in Georgia mainly live in the capital of Tbilisi and Rustavi.^[37] According to a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees report from 1998, about 80% of the Kurdish population in Georgia are Yazidi Kurds.^[37]

Diaspora

Russia

According to the 2010 Russian Census, 63,818 Kurds live in Russia. Russia has maintained warm relations with the Kurds for a long time, During the early 19th century, the main goal of the Russian Empire was to ensure the neutrality of the Kurds, in the wars against Persia and the Ottoman Empire.^[38] In the beginning of the 19th century, Kurds settled in Transcaucasia, at a time when Transcaucasia was incorporated into the Russian Empire. In the 20th century, Kurds were persecuted and exterminated by the Turks and Persians, a situation that led Kurds to move to Russia.^[39]

Lebanon

The existence of a community of at least 100,000 Kurds is the product of several waves of immigrants, the first major wave was in the period of 1925-1950 when thousands of Kurds fled violence and poverty in Turkey.^[40] Kurds in Lebanon go back far as the twelfth century A.D. when the Ayyubids arrived there. Over the next few centuries, several other Kurdish families were sent to Lebanon by a number of powers to maintain rule in those regions, others moved as a result of poverty and violence in Kurdistan. These Kurdish groups settled in and ruled many areas of Lebanon for a long period of time.^[41]:27 Kurds of Lebanon settled in Lebanon because of Lebanon's pluralistic society.^[42]

European Union

The Kurdish diaspora in the European Union is most significant in Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. Kurds from Turkey went to Germany and France during the 1960s as immigrant workers. Thousands of Kurdish refugees and political refugees fled from Turkey to Sweden during the 1970s and onward, and from Iraq during the 1980s and 1990s.

Kurdish demonstration against ISIS, Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014

In France, the Iranian Kurds make up the majority of the community.^[43] However, thousands of Iraqi Kurds also arrived in the mid 1990s.^[44] More recently, Syrian Kurds have been entering France illegally^[45]

In the United Kingdom, Kurds first began to immigrate between 1974-75 when the rebellion of Iraqi Kurds against the Iraqi government was repressed. The Iraqi government began to destroy Kurdish villages and forced many Kurds to move to barren land in the south.^[46] These events resulted in many Kurds fleeing to the United Kingdom. Thus, the Iraqi Kurds make up a large part of the community.^[43] In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini came to power in Iran and installed Islamic law. There was widespread political oppression and persecution of the Kurdish community. Since the late 1970s the number of people from Iran seeking asylum in Britain has remained high.^[46] In 1988, Saddam Hussein launched the Anfal campaign in the northern Iraq. This included mass executions and disappearances of the Kurdish community. The use of chemical weapons against thousands of towns and villages in the region, as well as the town of Halabja increased the number of Iraq Kurds entering the United Kingdom.^[46] A large number of Kurds also came to the United Kingdom following the 1980 military coup in Turkey.^[46] More recently, immigration has been due to the continued political oppression and the repression of ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq and Iran.^[46] Estimates of the Kurdish population in the United Kingdom are as high as 200-250,000.^[46]

In Denmark, there is a significant number of Iraqi political refugees, many of which are Kurds.^[47]

In Finland, most Kurds arrived in the 1990s as Iraqi refugees.^[48] Kurds in Finland have no great attachment to the Iraqi state because of their position as a persecuted minority. Thus, they feel more accepted and comfortable in Finland, many wanting to get rid of their Iraqi citizenship.^[49]

North America

In the United States, it is believed that the Kurdish population is approximately 58,000,^[50] the large majority of which come from Iran.^[51] It is estimated that some 23,000 Iranian Kurds are living in the United States.^[51] During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, about 10,000 Iraqi refugees were admitted to the United States, most of which were Kurds and Shiites who had assisted or were sympathisers of the U.S –led war.^[52] Nashville, Tennessee has the nation's largest population of Kurdish people, with an estimated 8,000–11,000. There are also Kurds in Southern California, Los Angeles, and San Diego.^[53]

In Canada, Kurdish immigration was largely the result of the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War. Thus, many Iraqi Kurds immigrated to Canada due to the constant wars and suppression of Kurds and Shiites by the Iraqi government.^[54]

Oceania

In Australia, Kurdish migrants first arrived in the second half of the 1960s, mainly from Turkey.^[55] However, in the late 1970s families from Syria and Lebanon were also present in Australia.^[55] Since the second half of the 1980s, the majority of Kurds arriving in Australia have been from Iraq and Iran; many of them were accepted under the Humanitarian Programme.^[55] However, Kurds from Lebanon, Armenia and Georgia have also migrated to Australia. The majority live in Melbourne and Sydney.^[55]

Japan

The Japanese government has not granted refugee status to any of the Kurds in Japan who usually file it citing human rights issues and persecution in Turkey, resulting in them living in destitution. While 3,415 Kurds have so far applied for refugee status, none has yet received it. ^[56]

Statistics by country

Kurdistan

Country	Official figures	Official figures in %	Current est. Kurdish population	Further information
Turkey	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 16,640,000[57]	Kurds in Turkey Kurdish speakers in Turkey[57] Numbers Zaza 1,640,000 Northern Kurdish 15,000,000
Iran	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 7,600,000[58]	Kurds in Iran Kurdish speakers in Iran[58] Numbers Central Kurdish 3,250,000 Northern Kurdish 350,000 Southern Kurdish 3,000,000 Laki 1,000,000
Iraq	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 6,530,000[59]	Kurds in Iraq Kurdish speakers in Iraq[59] Numbers Bajelani 20,000 Central Kurdish 3,500,000 Northern Kurdish 2,800,000 Southern Kurdish — Hawrami or Macho 200,000 Sarli 20,000 Shabaki 10,000
Syria	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 2,200,000[60]	Kurds in Syria

Transcaucasus

Country	Official figures	Official figures in %	Current est. Kurdish population	Further information
Armenia	56,127 (1989 census)[61] 37,470 (2011 census)^d	1.7% 1.2%	—	Kurds in Armenia Provinces (2011) Armavir Province 17,063[62] Aragatsotn Province 7,090[63] Ararat Province 4,975[64] Yerevan 3,268[65] Kotayk Province 3,211[66] Shirak Province 727[67] Lori Province 652[68]
Azerbaijan	41,193 (1926 census)[69] 6,065 (2009 census)^b	1.8% 0.1%	150,000–180,000[70][71]	Kurds in Azerbaijan Administrative Divisions (2009)[72] Lachin District 1,194 Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic 1,321 Samukh District 753 Khachmaz District 603 Ismailli District 498 Yevlakh District 210 Baku 185 Goranboy District 102 Qazakh District 100 Agstafa District 68 Kalbajar District 38 Goygol District 34 Ganja 31 Absheron District 27 Tartar District 27 Shaki District 26 Shamkir District 22 Oghuz District 21 Aghjabadi District 18 Lankaran District 14 Zangilan District 14 Salyan District 9 Sumqayit 9 Dashkasan District 8 Mingachevir 7 Shusha District 3 Gadabay District 1
Georgia	33,331 (1989 census)[73] 20,843 (2002 census)[36]	0.6% 0.5%	—	Kurds in Georgia Administrative divisions (2002)[74] Tbilisi 17,116 Kakheti 495 Kvemo Kartli 463 Mtskheta-Mtianeti 96 Adjara 76 Imereti 56 Guria 23 Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 2 Samtskhe-Javakheti 1 Shida Kartli 1 Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti 0 Kodori Valley 0

Western Europe

Country	Official figures	Official figures in %	Current est. Kurdish population	Further information
Germany	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 541,000[75]—800,000[76]	Kurds in Germany
France	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 150,000[77]	Kurds in France
Sweden	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 66,000[78]—83,600[79]	Kurds in Sweden
United Kingdom	49,841 (2011 census)[80][81][82]	0.1%	—	Kurds in the United Kingdom Countries of the United Kingdom (2011)[81][82][83]  England 47.871  Wales 1,106  Scotland 844  Northern Ireland 20
Netherlands	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 40,000[84]	Kurds in the Netherlands
Switzerland	14,699 (2012 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[85]	0.2%	approx. 35,100[86]	—
Denmark	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 30,000[87]	—
Austria	2,133 (2001 census, Kurdish speakers)[88]	0%	approx. 23,000[89]	—
Belgium	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 22,000[90]	—
Finland	1,381 (1995 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[91] 5,123 (2005 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[91] 11,272 (2015 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[91]	0% 0.1% 0.2%	—	Regions (2014)[92] Uusimaa 5,436 Southwest Finland 2,097 Pirkanmaa 673 Päijänne Tavastia 559 Central Finland 324 Ostrobothnia 299 Northern Ostrobothnia 293 Kymenlaakso 241 Lapland 144 Kainuu 120 South Karelia 104 Tavastia Proper 96 North Karelia 87  Åland 67 Satakunta 60 Southern Savonia 40 Northern Savonia 39 Southern Ostrobothnia 34 Central Ostrobothnia 18
Italy	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 3,500[93]	—
Norway	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 3,000[94]	—
Ireland	128 (2011 census)[95]	0%	approx. 1,500[96]	—
Spain	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 1,000[97]	—
Malta	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 300[98]	—
Iceland	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	—[99]	—
Luxembourg	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	—[100]	—

Eastern Europe

Country	Official figures	Official figures in %	Current est. Kurdish population	Further information
Russia	63,818 (2010 census)^c	0%	—	Kurds in Russia Federal districts (2010)[101] Southern Federal District 20,553 Central Federal District 17,926 Volga Federal District 11,186 North Caucasian Federal District 5,669 Siberian Federal District 3,927 Ural Federal District 2,637 Northwestern Federal District 1,482 Far Eastern Federal District 234
Greece	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 22,000[102]	—
Romania	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 3,000[103]	—
Ukraine	2,088 (2001 census)[104]	0%	—	Oblasts (2001)[104]  Luhansk Oblast 470  Crimea 394  Kherson Oblast 296  Kiev 199  Odessa Oblast 132  Mykolaiv Oblast 119  Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 116  Zaporizhia Oblast 84  Kirovohrad Oblast 68  Kharkiv Oblast 46  Kiev Oblast 40  Donetsk Oblast 36  Khmelnytskyi Oblast 19  Cherkasy Oblast 15  Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 11  Vinnytsia Oblast 10  Lviv Oblast 7  Ternopil Oblast 7  Chernihiv Oblast 6  Zhytomyr Oblast 4  Sevastopol 3  Poltava Oblast 2  Rivne Oblast 2  Sumy Oblast 2
Cyprus	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 1,500[105]	—
Poland	224 (2011 census)[106]	0%	—	—
Hungary	149 (2011 census)[107]	0%	—	—
Moldova	9 (1989 census)[108] 132 (Immigrants 1993-2013)[109]	0% 0%	—	—
Bulgaria	105 (2011 census)[110]	0%	—	—
Czech Republic	100 (2011 census)[111]	0%	—	—
Belarus	81 (2009 census)[112]	0%	—	—
Abkhazia	29 (1989 census)[113]	0%	—	—
Latvia	37 (2016 semiannual statistics)[114]	0%	—	—
Estonia	23 (2011 census)[115]	0%	—	—
Serbia	<12 (2011 census)[116]	0%	—	—
Lithuania	<10 (2011 census)[117]	0%	—	—
Croatia	8 (2011 census)[118][119]	0%	—	—
Slovakia	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	—[120]	—
Slovenia	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	—[121]	—

Middle East

Country	Official figures	Official figures in %	Current est. Kurdish population	Further information
Israel	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 200,000 (Jews from Kurdistan)[122]	Kurds in Israel
Lebanon	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 75,000[123]	Kurds in Lebanon
Jordan	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 4,000[124]—30,000[125]	Kurds in Jordan
Kuwait	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 5,000[126]	—
Bahrain	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	[127]	—
Qatar	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	[127]	—
Saudi Arabia	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	[128]	—
United Arab Emirates	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	[127]	—

Asia

Country	Official figures	Official figures in %	Current est. Kurdish population	Further information
Kazakhstan	43,119 (2015 annual statistics)[129]	0.2%	—	Kurds in Kazakhstan Regions (2014)[129] Jambyl Region 14,720 Almaty Region 14,228 South Kazakhstan Region 9,080 Almaty 3,259 Akmola Region 583 Astana 404 North Kazakhstan Region 347 Karaganda Region 326 Pavlodar Region 52 East Kazakhstan Region 40 Kostanay Region 27 Atyrau Region 20 Mangystau Region 12 Kyzylorda Region 12 Aktobe Region 8 West Kazakhstan Region 1
Kyrgyzstan	13,171 (2009 census)[130][131]	0.2%	—	—
Turkmenistan	6,097 (1995 census)[132]	0.1%	—	Kurds in Turkmenistan
Afghanistan	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 2,670[133]	—
Uzbekistan	1,839 (1989 census)[134]	0%	—	—
South Korea	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 1,000[135]	—
Japan	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 300–400[136]	Kurds in Japan
Pakistan	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	0 style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A	approx. 240[137]	Kurds in Pakistan
Tajikistan	7 (2010 census)[138]	0%	—	—

Americas and Oceania

Country	Official figures	Official figures in %	Current est. Kurdish population	Further information
United States	15,361 (2006-2010 ACS)[139]	0%	—	Kurds in the United States States (2006-2010)[139]  Tennessee 2,980  California 2,853  Virginia 1,192
Canada	11,685 (2011 census)[140]	0%	—	Kurds in Canada Provinces and Territories (2011)[140]  Ontario 6,830  Alberta 1,465  British Columbia 1,435  Quebec 1,415  Manitoba 260  Saskatchewan 110  Nova Scotia 55  New Brunswick 40  Prince Edward Island 30
Australia	6,991 (2011 census)[141] 4,586 (2011 census, Kurdish speakers)[141]	0% 0%	—	States and territories (2011)  New South Wales 3,132 2,225[142]  Victoria 1,926 953[143]  Western Australia 664 401[144]  Queensland 457 346[145]  Australian Capital Territory 58 20[146]  South Australia 728 634[147]  Tasmania 12 0[148]  Northern Territory 0 0[149]
New Zealand	720 (2013 census)[150] 828 (2013 census, Kurdish speakers)[150]	0% 0%	—	Kurds in New Zealand

Notes

^a According to the Turkish 1965 census, 2,219,502 people indicated Kurdish as their mother language and 429,168 as their second best language spoken. 150,644 people indicated Zaza as their mother language and 20,413 as their second best language spoken.^[151]

^b Official Azerbaijani records claim only 6,065 Kurds in 2009,^[72][152] while Kurdish leaders estimate as much as 200,000. The problem is that the historical record of the Kurds in Azerbaijan is filled with lacunae.^[153] For instance, in 1979 there was according to the census no Kurds recorded.^[154] Not only did Turkey and Azerbaijan pursue an identical policy against the Kurds, they even employed identical techniques like forced assimilation, manipulation of population figures, settlement of non-Kurds in areas predominantly Kurdish, suppression of publications and abolition of Kurdish as a medium of instruction in schools.^[154]

^c In the 2010 Russian Census, 23,232 people indicated Kurdish (Курды) as their ethnicity, while 40,586 chose Yazidi (Езиды) as their ethnicity.^[155]

^d In the 2011 Armenian Census, 2,131 people indicated Kurdish (Քրդեր) as their ethnicity, while 35,272 indicated Yazidi (Եզդիներ) as their ethnicity.^[33]

^e 2006 Konda survey.^[156]

See also

• Kurdification

References

1. A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacient regions. (Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million]", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]", Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 17.9 million]". About two million are documented as living in diaspora; divergent high estimates on the number of Kurds in Turkey in particular account for higher estimates on total population, e.g. Sandra Mackey , “The reckoning: Iraq and the legacy of Saddam”, W.W. Norton and Company, 2002, p. 350: "As much as 25% of Turkey is Kurdish," which would raise the population figure by about 5 million.
2. Gunter, Michael (2008). The Kurds Ascending. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-60370-7.
3. Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million]", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]" Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 17.9 million]".
4. "The Kurds of Caucasia and Central Asia have been cut off for a considerable period of time and their development in Russia and then in the Soviet Union has been somewhat different. In this light the Soviet Kurds may be considered to be an ethnic group in their own right." The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire "Kurds". Institute of Estonia (EKI). Institute of Estonia (EKI). Retrieved 22 June 2012.
5. Ismet Chériff Vanly, “The Kurds in the Soviet Union”, in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 164: Table based on 1990 estimates: Azerbaijan (180,000), Armenia (50,000), Georgia (40,000), Kazakhstan (30,000), Kyrgyzstan (20,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Tajikistan (3,000), Turkmenistan (50,000), Siberia (35,000), Krasnodar (20,000), Other (12,000) (total 410,000).
6. Bruinessen, Martin (2000). Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism Versus Nation-Building States: Collected Articles. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-975-428-177-4. OCLC 46851965. Radu, Michael (2003). Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7658-0166-1. OCLC 50269670.
7. Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11584-2. OCLC 714725127.
8. Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (2008). Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8330-4527-0. OCLC 259715774.
9. KONDA 2006, 18.
10. Milliyet. "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
11. Central Intelligence Agency. "The World Factbook: Turkey". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
12. Kurdish PKK chief Murat Karayilan says will spread to Turkish cities if we were attacked by Turkey
14. "En Büyük Şehri, İstanbul", Time Türk, March 25, 2010.
15. http://www.unpo.org/members/7882
16. Romano, David (2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-521-85041-X.
17. McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 270. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=JdRwGcJg7DwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+death+and+passion&hl=en&ei=_rR0TbjJO-GJ4AaI_Z3MDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=kermanshah&f=false
19. McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 278. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
20. "By Location". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
21. G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 118–120, 1977
22. Introduction. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993).
23. G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.121, 1977
24. M. Farouk-Sluglett, P. Sluglett, J. Stork, Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq, MERIP Reports, July–September 1984, p.24
25. Background Note: Syria U.S. Department of State
26. "Syria: End Persecution of Kurds". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
27. Ian Black. Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says, The Guardian, 16 July 2010.
28. Morris, Loveday (9 August 2012). "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government". The Independent (London).
29. "Ankara Alarmed by Syrian Kurds' Autonomy". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
30. "Syrian Kurds more a chance than challenge to Turkey, if…". Al-Arabiya. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
31. "Syrian Kurdish moves ring alarm bells in Turkey". Reuters. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
32. "Kurds seek autonomy in a democratic Syria". BBC World News. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
33. "Information from the 2011 Armenian National Census" (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Retrieved 27 May 2014.
34. The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook - P. 117. by Ronald Wixman
35. Mannerheim: Marshal of Finland - P. 210. by Alexandre Bennigsen, Stig Jägerskiöld, S. Enders Wimbush
36. "Ethnic Groups of Georgia: Censuses 1926 – 2002" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2014.
37. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1 August 1998). "Georgia: Treatment of the Kurds, in particular of Yezidi Kurds". Refworld: The leader in Refugee Decision Support. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
38. РОССИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМА КУРДОВ. rau.su (in Russian). rau.su. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
39. "Kurds". Institute of Estonia (EKI). Institute of Estonia (EKI). Retrieved 22 June 2012.
40. A Modern History of the Kurds - Page 485 by David MacDowall
41. Lokman I. Meho; Kelly L. Maglaughlin. Kurdish Culture and Society: An Annotated Bibliography.
42. Lebanon a Country Study - Page 83 by Federal Research Division
43. McDowall 2000, 457.
44. Miller 2000, 101.
45. France24. "Illegal migrants sent to mainland". Retrieved 2010-11-14.
46. Museum of London. "Belonging: Voices of London's Refugees". Retrieved 2010-11-20.
47. Fadloullah 1994, 36.
48. Wahlbeck 2005, 1004.
49. Safran 2009, 86.
50. http://www.wnpt.org/productions/nextdoorneighbors/kurds/fourwaves.html
51. Izady 1992, 100.
52. Powell 2005, 151.
53. Kelley, Friedlander & Colby 1993, 156
54. Powell 2005, 152.
55. Jupp 2001, 550.
56. "Japan's Kurds often in limbo, despite significant community - The Japan Times". The Japan Times. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
57. "Turkey - Language". Retrieved 9 July 2015.
58. "Iran - Languages". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
59. "Iraq - Languages". Retrieved 9 July 2015.
60. "Syria’s Kurds follow their brothers in bid for autonomy". Haaretz. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
61. (Russian) The All-Union Population Census of 1989. Demoscope.ru
62. ՀՀ Արմավիրի մարզ, մշտական բնակչություն (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Statistics of Armenia. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
63. ՀՀ Արագածոտնի մարզ, մշտական բնակչություն (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Statistics of Armenia. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
64. ՀՀ Արարատի մարզ, մշտական բնակչությունի (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Statistics of Armenia. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
65. ք. Երևան, մշտական բնակչություն (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Statistics of Armenia. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
66. ՀՀ Կոտայքի մարզ, մշտական բնակչություն (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Statistics of Armenia. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
67. ՀՀ Շիրակի մարզ, մշտական բնակչություն (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Statistics of Armenia. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
68. ՀՀ Լոռու մարզ, մշտական բնակչություն (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Statistics of Armenia. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
69. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам республик СССР (in Russian). Retrieved 30 October 2014.
70. 'The cultural situation of the Kurds
71. Ismet Chériff Vanly, “The Kurds in the Soviet Union”, in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992). pg 164
72. "Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan". pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
73. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР (in Russian). Retrieved 30 October 2014.
74. "Ethnic groups by administrative-territorial units" (PDF). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
75. "Germany (Ethnologue)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
76. "Camps built in Germany, Austria to win new members for PKK, reports reveal". Zaman. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
77. "3 Kurdish women political activists shot dead in Paris". CNN. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
78. "Sveriges språk – vem talar vad" (PDF) (in Swedish). p. 91. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
79. "Sweden (Ethnologue)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
80. "QS211EW - Ethnic group (detailed)". nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
81. "Ethnic Group - Full Detail_QS201NI". Retrieved 4 September 2013.
82. "Scotland's Census 2011 - National Records of Scotland - Ethnic group (detailed)" (PDF). Scotland Census. Scotland Census. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
83. "Ethnic group (write-in responses)". nomis. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
84. "Netherlands". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
85. "Population résidante permanente de 15 ans et plus, ayant comme langue principale: kurde, en 2012". Statistics of Switzerland. Statistics of Switzerland. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
86. "Switzerland (Ethnologue)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
87. "Fakta: Kurdere i Danmark". Jyllandsposten (in Danish). 8 May 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
88. "Tabelle 14: Bevölkerung nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland" (PDF). Statistics of Austria (in German). Statistics of Austria. p. 75. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
89. "Austria (Ethnologue)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
90. "Belgium - Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
91. "Language according to age and sex by region 1990 - 2015". Statistics Finland. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
92. "Language according to age and sex by region 1990 - 2014". Statistics Finland. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
93. "Italy (Ethnologue)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
94. "Norway (Ethnologue)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
95. "2011 Census Results". Central Statistics Office (CSO). Retrieved 23 December 2013. According to the 2011 census of population there was 128 persons usually resident in Ireland who stated their ethnicity was Kurdish. However please note that individual ethnic backgrounds like Kurdish would most likely have been understated in the census. On the census form there were 8 options where a person could tick their ethnicity. If someone's ethnicity was Kurdish they were required to write this at the end of the question, however they may have ticked another box without stating their specific ethnicity. I.e. they may have ticked the box for "Any other white background".
96. "A long way from home... But new school hopes to bring Kurds together". Dublin People. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
97. "Spaniard Pushes Cultural Ties With Kurdistan". Rudaw. 28 November 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
98. "Kurds protest in Valletta". Times of Malta. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
99. "Kurds in Iceland Protest Violence with Peace Walk". Iceland Review. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
100. "Kurds March from Luxembourg to Strasbourg". Chronicle.lu. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
101. "Приложение 2. Hациональный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Statistics of Russia (in Russian). Statistics of Russia. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
102. "Greece (Ethnologue)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
103. "Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center" (PDF). Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center (in Romanian). 2006. p. 36. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
104. "The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue". Ukrainian Census (2001). Retrieved 9 July 2012.
105. "Kurds set up ‘tent city’ in asylum protest". CyprusMail (via Cyprusedirectory). 22 May 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
106. "Tabl. 28. ludność według rodzaju i złożoności identyfikacji narodowo- -etnicznych w 2011 roku" (PDF). Glowny Urzad Statysty (in Polish). 17 January 2014.
107. "Előzetes adatok". Hungarian Central Statistical Office (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
108. Demoscope. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
109. "Distribution of immigrants by nationality and purpose of arrival, 1993-2012". Statistics of Moldova. Statistics of Moldova. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
110. "ДОКЛАД за ПРЕБРОЯВАНЕТО НАНАСЕЛЕНИЕТО В БЪЛГАРИЯ 2011г.". Statistics of Bulgaria. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
111. "Czech Statistical Office". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 24 May 2013. There were 91 inhabitants who declared themselves as Kurds in the questionnaires and 9 who declared to be mixed ethnicity Kurd plus Czech/Silesian. line feed character in |quote= at position 100 (help)
112. Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь (PDF). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь (in Russian). Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
113. "Ethnic Groups of Georgia:Census 1989 (Total/Percentage)" (PDF). Emicaucasus. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
114. "Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības (Datums=01.01.2016)" (PDF). Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde (in Latvian). Retrieved 20 August 2014.
115. "PCE04: ENUMERATED PERMANENT RESIDENTS BY ETHNIC NATIONALITY AND SEX, 31 DECEMBER 2011". pub.stat.ee. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
116. ""Oстали" етничке заједнице са мање од 2000 припадника и двојако изјашњени" (PDF) (in Serbian). Statistics of Serbia. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
117. Statistics Lithuania. "2 lentelė. Gyventojai pagal tautybę" (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Statistics Lithuania. p. 8. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
118. "1. Population by ethnicity - detailed classification, 2011 census". Statistics of Croatia. Retrieved 29 May 2014. Kurds (ethnicity) – 8 persons Mother tongue Kurdish - 4 persons
119. "3. Population by mother tongue - detailed classification, 2011 census". Statistics of Croatia. Retrieved 29 May 2014. Kurds (ethnicity) – 8 persons Mother tongue Kurdish - 4 persons
120. "Practices in Interviewing Immigrants: Legal Implications" (PDF). May 2011. p. 4. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
121. "Together again in Slovenia". Chronicle.lu. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
122. "Why Israel must help the Kurds in Iraq". 1 September 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
123. "Lebanon - Languages". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
124. "Jordan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
125. Mahmoud A. Al-Khatib and Mohammed N. Al-Ali. "Language and Cultural Shift Among the Kurds of Jordan" (PDF). p. 12. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
126. Murphy, Kim (11 April 1991). "Kurds in Kuwait Also Are Treated Harshly : Ethnic conflict: Many have been prevented from returning to their jobs, and some have disappeared.". New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
127. Mariwan Faydullah Salihi (5 April 2010). "The forgotten Kurds of the Arab Gulf States". Ekurd. Ekurd. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
128. الجالية الكردية في السعودية تحتفل بذكرى قفزة 15 آب (in Arabic). Hawar News. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
129. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2015 года ЭТНОДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ЕЖЕГОДНИК КАЗАХСТАНА 2015
130. "4.1. Number of resident population by selected nationality" (PDF). Government of Kyrgyzstan. United Nations. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
131. Население Кыргызстана (in Russian). Archived from the original on August 10, 2011.
132. Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году.. asgabat.net (in Russian). asgabat.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
133. "For more than four hundred years, the small Kurd community in Afghanistan has been far removed from its traditional homeland in northwestern Iran. During Persian rule in the 1500's, these Kurd were moved to their present location to serve as border guards against Turk and Mongol invaders. They have been there ever since. " "The Kurdish of Afghanistan".
134. Demoscope. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
135. "Kurds in Korea launch ethnic fellowship; Group hopes to raise.". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 21 April 2003. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
136. "日本にやってきたクルド人たち". Geocities.jp. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
137. "Iraqi refugees – leading an uncertain life". Dawn. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
138. Национальный состав, владение языками и гражданство населения республики таджикистан (PDF). Statistics of Tajikistan (in Russian and Tajik). Statistics of Tajikistan. p. 9. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
139. "2006-2010 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables". Government of the United States of America. Government of the United States of America. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
140. "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Statistics of Canada. Statistics of Canada. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
141. "The People of Australia - Statistics from the 2011 census" (PDF). SBS. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
142. "The People of New South Wales - Statistics from the 2011 census" (PDF). p. 132. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
143. "The People of Victoria" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 39 & 76.
144. "The People of Western Australia - Statistics from the 2011 census" (PDF). p. 132. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
145. "The People of Queensland Statistics from the 2011 Census" (PDF). datsima.qld.gov.au. p. 132. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
146. "The People of the Australian Capital Territory". Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 86 & 121. ISBN 978-1-920996-30-7.
147. "The People of South Australia" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 107 & 143. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
148. "The People of Tasmania - Statistics from the 2011 census". p. 124. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
149. "The People of Northern Territory Statistics from the 2011 Census" (PDF). Government of Northern Territory. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
150. "2013 Census totals by topic – tables (Excel, 59 sheets, 1.54MB)". Statistics of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
151. Heinz Kloss & Grant McConnel, Linguistic composition of the nations of the world, vol,5, Europe and USSR, Québec, Presses de l'Université Laval, 1984, ISBN 2-7637-7044-4
152. "Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence". UN data. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
153. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires, James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas, Greenwood Publishing Group, (1994), ISBN 0-313-27497-5, p.409
154. The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-07265-4, (1992), p.204
155. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации". Demoscope. Demoscope. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
156. "Kürt Meselesini Yeniden Düşünmek" (PDF). KONDA. p. 19. Retrieved 9 June 2014.

Bibliography

• Ammann, Birgit (2005), "Kurds in Germany", in Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian, Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Diaspora Communities, Volume 2, Springer Publishers, ISBN 0-306-48321-1.
• Baser, Bahar.“Kurdish Diaspora Political Activism in Europe with a Particular Focus on Great Britain.”, Diaspora Dialogues for Development and Peace Project, Berlin: Berghof Peace Support, June 2011.
• Berry, John W. (2006), Immigrant youth in cultural transition: acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts, Routledge, ISBN 0-8058-5156-9.
• Fadloullah, Abdellatif (1994), "Migratory flows from the countries of the South to Western Europe", in De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (ed), Migration and Development Co-operation, Council of Europe, ISBN 92-871-2611-9.
• Gunter, Michael M. (1997), The Kurds and the future of Turkey, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-17265-6.
• Issa, Tözün (2005), Talking Turkey: the language, culture and identity of Turkish speaking children in Britain, Trentham Books, ISBN 1-85856-318-6.
• Izady, Mehrdad R. (1992), The Kurds: A Concise Handbook, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-8448-1727-9.
• Jupp, James (2001), The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80789-1.
• Kelley, Ron; Friedlander, Jonathan; Colby, Anita (1993), Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-08008-4.
• Koslowski, Rey (2000), Migrants and Citizens: Demographic Change in the European State System, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-3714-8.
• McDowall, David (2000), A modern history of the Kurds, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-416-6.
• Miller, Mark J. (2000), "A durable international migration and security nexus: the problem of the Islamic periphery in transatlantic ties", in Graham, David T.; Poku, Nana (eds), Migration, Globalisation, and Human Security, Routledge Publishers, ISBN 0-415-18436-3.
• Powell, John (2005), Encyclopedia of North American Immigration, Infobase Publishing, ISBN 0-8160-4658-1.
• Safran, William (2009), "The Diaspora and the Homeland: Reciprocities, Transformations, and Role Reversals", in Rafael, Eliezer Ben; Sternberg, Yitzak (eds), Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Advent of a New (dis)order, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-17470-2.
• Wahlbeck, Osten (2005), "Kurds in Finland", in Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian, Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Diaspora Communities, Volume 2, Springer Publishers, ISBN 0-306-48321-1.