Dicotyledon

"Dicot" redirects here. For the band, see Dicot (band).
Dicotyledon

Lamium album (white dead nettle)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked) Angiosperms
Included groups
Excluded groups
Synonyms
Young castor oil plant showing its prominent two embryonic leaves (cotyledons), that differ from the adult leaves.

The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or more rarely dicotyls[2]), were one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species within this group.[3] The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, typically having one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.

Largely from the 1990s onwards, molecular phylogenetic research confirmed what had already been suspected, namely that dicotyledons are not a group made up of all the descendants of a common ancestor (i.e. they are not a monophyletic group). Rather, a number of lineages, such as the magnoliids and groups now collectively known as the basal angiosperms, diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are thus a paraphyletic group. The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have monosulcate pollen, or forms derived from it, whereas eudicots have tricolpate pollen, or derived forms, the pollen having three or more pores set in furrows called colpi.

Comparison with monocotyledons

Aside from cotyledon number, other broad differences have been noted between monocots and dicots, although these have proven to be differences primarily between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen.[4] In addition, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.[4]

Feature In monocots In dicots
Number of parts of each flower In threes (flowers are trimerous) In fours or fives (tetramerous or pentamerous)
Number of furrows or pores in pollen One Three
Number of cotyledons (leaves in the seed) One Two
Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem Scattered In concentric circles
Roots Are adventitious Develop from the radicle
Arrangement of major leaf veins Parallel Reticulate
Secondary growth Absent Often present

Classification

Historical

Traditionally the dicots have been called the Dicotyledones (or Dicotyledoneae), at any rank. If treated as a class, as in the Cronquist system, they could be called the Magnoliopsida after the type genus Magnolia. In some schemes, the eudicots were treated as a separate class, the Rosopsida (type genus Rosa), or as several separate classes. The remaining dicots (palaeodicots or basal angiosperms) may be kept in a single paraphyletic class, called Magnoliopsida, or further divided. Some botanists prefer to retain the dicotyledons as a valid class, arguing its practicality and that it makes evolutionary sense.[5]

APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) vs. Cronquist Classification

The following lists show the orders in the APG III system traditionally called dicots,[6] together with the older Cronquist system.

APG III
(polyphyletic)		 Cronquist system
(classis Magnoliopsida)
magnoliids
eudicots
Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots)
Hamamelidae
Caryophyllidae
Dilleniidae
Rosidae
Asteridae

Dahlgren and Thorne systems

In the Dahlgren and the Thorne systems, the subclass name Magnoliidae was used for the dicotyledons. This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist system. For each system, only the superorders are listed. The sequence of each system has been altered to pair corresponding taxa, although circumscription of superorders with the same name is not always the same. The Thorne system (1992) as depicted by Reveal is:

Comparison of the Dahlgren and Thorne systems
Dahlgren system Thorne system
Magnolianae

Ranunculanae

 Magnolianae

Rafflesianae

Nymphaeanae Nymphaeanae
Caryophyllanae Caryophyllanae
Theanae

Plumbaginanae
Polygonanae
Primulanae
Ericanae

 Theanae
Malvanae Malvanae
Violanae Violanae
Rosanae Rosanae
Proteanae Proteanae
Myrtanae Myrtanae
Rutanae Rutanae

Celastranae
Geranianae

Santalanae Santalanae
Balanophoranae Santalanae
Asteranae Asteranae
Solananae Solananae
Cornanae

Vitanae

 Cornanae

Aralianae

Loasanae Loasanae
Dicotyledons Gentiananae

Lamianae

 Gentiananae

See also

References

  1. ↑ Takhtajan 1964.
  2. ↑ "Dicotyl". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  3. ↑ Hamilton, Alan; Hamilton, Patrick (2006), Plant conservation : an ecosystem approach, London: Earthscan, p. 2, ISBN 978-1-84407-083-1
  4. 1 2 "Monocots versus Dicots". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  5. ↑ Stuessy, Tod F. (2010). "Paraphyly and the origin and classification of angiosperms." (PDF). Taxon 59: 689–693.
  6. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10


Bibliography


Wikispecies has information related to: Magnoliopsida

External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Magnoliopsida
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 18, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.