Digitoxin

Digitoxin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(3β,5β)-3-[(O-2,6-dideoxy-
β-D-ribo-hexapyranosyl-(1->4)-
2,6-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-
14-hydroxycard-20(22)-enolide
Clinical data
Trade names Digitaline
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 95% (Oral)
Metabolism Liver
Biological half-life 5~7 days
Identifiers
CAS Number 71-63-6 YesY
ATC code C01AA04 (WHO)
PubChem CID 441207
IUPHAR/BPS 6782
DrugBank DB01396 N
ChemSpider 389987 N
UNII E90NZP2L9U N
KEGG D00297 N
ChEBI CHEBI:28544 N
ChEMBL CHEMBL254219 N
Chemical data
Formula C41H64O13
Molar mass 764.939 g/mol
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside. It is similar in structure and effects to digoxin (though the effects are longer-lasting). Unlike digoxin (which is eliminated from the body via the kidneys), it is eliminated via the liver, so could be used in patients with poor or erratic kidney function. However, it is now rarely used in current Western medical practice. While several controlled trials have shown digoxin to be effective in a proportion of patients treated for heart failure, the evidence base for digitoxin is not as strong, although it is presumed to be similarly effective.[1]

Toxicity

Digitoxin exhibits similar toxic effects to the more commonly used digoxin, namely: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias. Antidigoxin antibody fragments, the specific treatment for digoxin poisoning, are also effective in serious digitoxin toxicity.[2]

History

The first description of the use of foxglove dates back to 1775.[3] For quite some time, the active compound was not isolated. Oswald Schmiedeberg was able to obtain a pure sample in 1875. The modern therapeutic use of this molecule was made possible by the works of the pharmacist and the French chemist Claude-Adolphe Nativelle (1812-1889). The first structural analysis was done by Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus in 1925, but the full structure with an exact determination of the sugar groups was not accomplished until 1962.[4][5]

Use in fiction

Digitoxin is used as the murder weapon in Agatha Christie's Appointment with Death, Elizabeth Peters' Die For Love and CSI, season 9, episode 19: "The Descent of Man". It was also used as a poison in "Uneasy Lies the Crown" on Columbo, season 9, episode 5 (1990), "Affair of the Heart" on McMillan and Wife, season 6, episode 5 (1977) and on Murder 101: "College can be a Murder". Also used in several episodes of Murder She Wrote.

In The Decemberists's song, "The Rake's Song" on the The Hazards of Love album, the narrator murders his daughter by feeding her foxglove.

Use in cancer chemotherapy

Digitoxin and related cardenolides display potent anticancer activity against a range of human cancer cell lines in vitro but the clinical use of digitoxin to treat cancer has been restricted by its narrow therapeutic index.[6][7] Digitoxin glycorandomization led to the discovery of novel digitoxigenin neoglycosides which displayed improved anticancer potency and reduced ionotropic activity (the perceived mechanism of general toxicity).[8] Steroidal glycosides based upon this latter discovery served as the basis for the development of a new class of antibody-drug conjugate known as extracellular drug conjugates (EDCs) as first in class agents to treat cancer by the biotechnology company Centrose.

References

  1. ↑ Belz, G. G.; Breithaupt-Grögler, K.; Osowski, U. (2001). "Treatment of congestive heart failure—current status of use of digitoxin". European Journal of Clinical Investigation 31 (Suppl 2): 10–17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.0310s2010.x. PMID 11525233.
  2. ↑ Kurowski, V.; Iven, H.; Djonlagic, H. (1992). "Treatment of a patient with severe digitoxin intoxication by Fab fragments of anti-digitalis antibodies". Intensive Care Medicine 18 (7): 439–442. doi:10.1007/BF01694351. PMID 1469187.
  3. ↑ Withering, William (1785). An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medical Uses: With Practical Remarks on Dropsy and other Diseases.
  4. ↑ Diefenbach, W. C.; Meneely Jr, J. K. (1949). "Digitoxin; a critical review" (pdf). The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 21 (5): 421–431. PMC 2598854. PMID 18127991.
  5. ↑ Sneader, Walter (2005). Drug discovery: A history. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-471-89980-8.
  6. ↑ Menger, L; Vacchelli, E; Kepp, O; Eggermont, A; Tartour, E; Zitvogel, L; Kroemer, G; Galluzzi, L (Feb 1, 2013). "Trial watch: Cardiac glycosides and cancer therapy". Oncoimmunology 2 (2): e23082. doi:10.4161/onci.23082. PMID 23525565.
  7. ↑ Elbaz, HA; Stueckle, TA; Tse, W; Rojanasakul, Y; Dinu, CZ (Apr 5, 2012). "Digitoxin and its analogs as novel cancer therapeutics". Experimental Hematology & Oncology 1 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/2162-3619-1-4. PMID 23210930.
  8. ↑ Langenhan, JM; Peters, NR; Guzei, IA; Hoffmann, FM; Thorson, JS (Aug 30, 2005). "Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (35): 12305–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503270102. PMID 16105948.

External links

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