Dual carriageway

A typical British dual carriageway with central barrier on the A63 near Hull, England
Clara Barton Parkway outside Washington, D.C.
A German dual carriageway in the 1930s

A dual carriageway (North American English: divided highway) is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation (North American English: median). Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, etc., rather than dual carriageways.

A road without a central reservation is a single carriageway (North American English: undivided highway) regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have higher speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a local-express-lane system to provide more capacity and to smooth traffic flows for longer-distance travel.

History

A very early (perhaps the first) example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, built in the first century by the Roman emperor Claudius between Rome and its port Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber.

In 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design. However the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians.

In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km (34 mi) from Milan to Varese. It featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains.[1][2]

The London end of the Great West Road became Britain's first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V.[3]

In 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km (57 mi) bypassing Rome to the east. Almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended southward all the way to Naples and northward to Florence. Most of the original routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II.

By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, mostly to control traffic jams and/or to provide bypass routes for traffic.

In 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km (13 mi) and became a precedent for future highways. Although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways.

During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km (2,000 mi) of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km (800 mi), and the Soviet Union had 400 km (250 mi).

What may be the world's first long-distance intercity dual carriageway/freeway is the Queen Elizabeth Way in Southern Ontario in Canada, initially linking the large cities of Toronto and Hamilton together by 1939, with construction on this stretch of the present-day Queen Elizabeth Way beginning in 1936 as "Middle Road".

Opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile (260 km) long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes and in 1957 the Interstate Highway System began. Completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States.

European implementations

Diagram of types of road in the UK

United Kingdom

In the UK, although the term dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes, it is frequently used as a descriptive term for major routes built in this style. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking.[4] Occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way (usually to permit easier overtaking of slower uphill traffic). Different speed limits apply on dual carriageway sections from those that apply on single carriageway sections of the same class of road, except in cities and built-up areas where the dual carriageway is more of a safety measure, often intended to prevent pedestrians from crossing a busy road.

Sign informing motorists of an upcoming section of dual carriageway in Seacroft, Leeds

When first constructed, many dual carriageways—including the first motorways—had no crash or other barriers in the central reservation. Hence in the event of delays on the road, or if a driver missed his exit, there was a widespread problem of drivers making a U-turn onto the other carriageway; many accidents were caused as a result of their misjudging the speed of approaching traffic on the other carriageway when doing so.

The majority of dual carriageway roads now have barriers. Some are heavy concrete obstructions which can have the effect of bouncing a vehicle back into the path of other traffic; others are made from steel ropes mounted on moderately weak posts, where the rope cuts into the vehicle body to slow the vehicle while keeping it against the barrier until it has stopped. Often on urban dual carriageways where the road has been converted from a four-lane single carriageway the central reservation will be nominal and often just a small steel divider to save space.

Turning right (that is, across the line of traffic heading in the opposite direction) is usually permitted only at specific locations. Often the driver will be required to turn left (away from the dual carriageway) in order to loop around to an access road that permits crossing the major road. Roundabouts on dual carriageways are relatively common, especially in cities or where the cost of a grade-separated junction would be prohibitive. Where space is even more limited, intersections may be controlled by traffic lights. Smaller residential roads adjoining urban dual carriageways may be blocked off at one end in an attempt to limit the number of junctions on a dual carriageway, often other roads may pass over or under the dual-carriageway without an intersection.

A dual carriageway with grade-separated junctions and which meets other requirements may be upgraded to motorway standard, denoted as an (M) added after the road number (e.g. "A1(M)" or "A38(M)"). Unlike in Ireland, there was no official terminology for 'high-quality dual carriageways' until April 2015, when in England a new standard was set to formally designate certain high-quality routes as Expressways,.[5] Many roads such as the A1, the A14, the A19 and the A42 are built to a high quality, with grade-separated junctions, full barriers at roadside and central reservations and, in some cases, three lanes of traffic. They may still fall short of motorway standard in terms of the height of overpasses or the quality of intersecting junctions.

Speed limits

The national speed limit applies on dual carriageways (unless it is in a 'built-up area', or a lower limit is posted), which is as follows:

National speed limits on dual carriageways in the UK
Type of vehicleSpeed limit
Car, motorcycle or a car-based van up to 2 metric tonnes70 mph (112 km/h)
Car with caravan or trailer60 mph (96 km/h)
Bus or coach up to 12 m long60 mph (96 km/h)
Goods vehicle up to 7.5 t60 mph (96 km/h)
Goods vehicle over 7.5 t50 mph (80 km/h)

A dual carriageway in a built up area will have a statutory speed limit of 30 mph (48 km/h) unless otherwise sign-posted. It is common for such urban dual carriageways to have an increased speed limit of 40 mph (64 km/h). A built up road is indicated by the presence of street lights, on lit dual carriageways that are not considered to be in a built-up area, the speed limit will be clarified with intermittent signs.

Ireland

A typical modern Irish dual carriageway (opened 2004) along the N11, south of Newtownmountkennedy. On motorways, the yellow hard shoulder markings are unbroken.
An example of a 2+2 dual-carriageway in Ireland. This type is similar to many found in the UK.

Although in Ireland the term dual carriageway technically applies to any road with physically separated lanes, it is usually used only to refer to those route sections that do not have a motorway designation. Most often it is national roads (roads with a route number prefix of N; e.g. N8) that are built as or upgraded to dual carriageway. A number of non-national roads (for example, regional roads) are dual carriageway, for example in urban areas near or in cities, or where the road was formerly part of a national route.

Dual carriageways of this class differ from motorways in a number of ways. The hard shoulder is demarcated with a dashed yellow line (as opposed to an unbroken yellow line on motorways). The standard speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) for national routes usually applies (by default the limit is 80 km/h (50 mph) for non-national roads, even if dual carriageway). Local authorities have the power to apply a limit of up to 120 km/h (75 mph) as used on most motorways (The High Quality Dual Carriageway section of the N1 between the end of the M1 and the border with Northern Ireland and the N25/N22 Ballincollig Bypass in Cork are the only route sections with such special limits).

Traffic lights and junctions are permitted at grade on dual carriageways. For older sections of dual carriageway, this has resulted in fewer flyover junctions. Newer dual carriageway sections are usually near motorway standard, with grade-separated junctions, but may not be designated as motorways due to the need to preserve access to adjoining property or to the absence of a non-motorway alternative route. Also, dual carriageways that are not motorway classified do not need to be equipped with emergency phones.

Motorway restrictions only apply to motorway sections, rather than all dual carriageway sections of national roads (these are signposted with the N prefix on the route number, rather than M). Some national secondary roads, and regional roads in particular often have houses, schools and other developments fronting on to them. Less important national primary roads, and older sections not yet upgraded may also feature such developments built before the introduction the Irish Planning system in 1964. Today Irish planning policy prohibits such development on National Primary or National Secondary roads where the speed limit exceeds 60 km/h (37 mph).

This policy results from concerns expressed by the National Roads Authority. A local authority is not obliged to implement this policy and can disregard this policy at it own discretion. This would usually only occur in exceptional circumstances or where planners are overruled by elected councillors using section 140 of the Local Government Act 2001. Accordingly, hard shoulders are included wherever feasible to provide for the resulting pedestrian and cyclist traffic, and are present on much of the national route network. These hard shoulders may also be used as running lanes by motorised traffic under certain conditions.

Until 2004/2005, many motorways and dual carriageways in Ireland did not have crash barriers in the central reservation, the policy being to use a wider median instead. Crash barriers are now mandatory for such routes, and wire cabling or full crash barriers (depending on whether or not the route is a motorway, and median width) have been fitted to existing routes.

As of 2008 three major types of dual carriageway are being built on national road schemes in Ireland:

Germany

B6(M) near Abbenrode

In Germany the term Schnellstraße (expressway) refers to streets that allow for higher speed traffic than is common on other streets which in turn requires them to have a dual carriageway in most cases. A special exception is the 2+1 road system in some rural areas that are also referred to as expressways (three lanes on a single carriageway where bypassing on the lane of the opposite direction is prohibited so that speed restriction is not required to increase safety—they are generally built to a 100 or 120 km/h traffic standard). This is based on the definition of expressways as having an increased amount of grade-separated sections. Technically a dual carriageway with central reservation is the legal foundation that no blanket speed limit exists—comparable to the German autobahn - but expressways are often given speed limit signs.

Expressways however can be upgraded to motorway standard which is colloquially referred to as gelbe Autobahn (yellow motorway) because they have the same technical standard of the German Autobahn but they use black on yellow signs instead of the white on blue signs on the autobahn motorway network. These are generally high speed arterial roads of larger cities and important streets inside a federal state that do not connect major cities so that they do not fall under the federal budgeting program for the autobahn network. The federal road Bundesstraße 27 is an example where about half of its length is upgraded to a high speed motorway standard. Some of these non-autobahn motorways do not have an actual speed limit (design speed 130 km/h).


Exit signs.

The increasing importance of motorways outside of the autobahn network is subject to upcoming legislation which does not exist so far in Germany where technically these are just rural roads that refer to the ministerial sign code for high speed dual carriageways. At the moment some (blue) motorways have been taken out of the autobahn network programme while still using the blue signs and on the other hand some former non-autobahn (yellow) motorways have been added to autobahn budgeting but the signs were not changed either. Motorways that are neither in the autobahn network nor in the Bundesstraße network are given black on white signs following the same sign code for high speed dual carriageways—this is mostly seen with urban trunk roads.

Italy

Italian autostrada A4 Serenissima near Venice.

In Italy, a dual carriageway is often called superstrada (meaning expressway), but this name is unofficial.

Italian Highway Code (Codice della strada) divides dual carriageways into three different classifications:[7]

Italian type-B and type-C roads do not follow a specific numbering criterion. They may be numbered as state roads (SS), regional roads (SR), provincial roads (SP) or municipal roads (SC).

Croatia

Dual carriageways or expressways in Croatia (Croatian: brza cesta) are non-tolled roads with 2 or more lanes in each direction, but without emergency lanes. The main highways/motorways in Croatia are also dual carriageways, but they have emergency lanes and tolls.

Many bypasses and beltways of smaller cities in Croatia have been recently constructed or planned as dual carriageways. All dual carriageways in Croatia house a central median, usually fitted with guardrails.

The most heavily used dual carriageway in Croatia is the B28 expressway, connecting capital Zagreb to a satellite town, Vrbovec. The D28 is currently finished up to the Gradec interchange. It is undergoing extensions which will increase the traffic traversing it.

Other regional implementations

United States

A divided highway (U.S. Route 52) in the state of Indiana
Savery Avenue in Carver, Massachusetts was the first divided highway in the U.S.[8]

In the United States, this type of road may be called a divided highway, boulevard, parkway, expressway, freeway, or interstate, and has a grassy median or Jersey barrier separating the traffic directions. With few exceptions, all roads in the federally funded Interstate Highway System are fully controlled access divided highways known as freeways. A broader definition, expressways, includes both freeways and partial limited-access divided highways, and "expressway" is often used specifically to refer to the latter.

United States Numbered Highways, state highways and other locally maintained highways may also be divided. Speed limits on rural divided highways range from 65 to 75 miles per hour (105 to 121 km/h), with some portions as high as 80 miles per hour (129 km/h). One privately run toll road in Texas, SH 130, has the highest speed limit in the United States at 85 miles per hour (137 km/h). Urban divided highways which are at grade and typically have much lower speed limits are sometimes called boulevards.

In keeping with the U.S. Department of Transportation's Manual on Uniform Traffic Controls and Devices (MUTCD), since the early 1970s all divided highways are striped by color to show the direction of traffic flow. Two-way undivided roads have an amber center line, with a broken line indicating passing zones and a solid line indicating no passing zones and solid white baseline shoulder stripes.

On undivided roads with more than one lane in each direction, the center is normally marked with a double solid line. The double solid stripe denotes that it is illegal to pass on the other side of the center line. Multilane one-way carriageways use broken white lines between lanes; the median-side baseline is solid amber, and the right sideline is solid white.

Frequently in the U.S. the two carriageways are separated by some distance (wide medians with small forests or even hills in them), but drivers can always tell whether the roadway is two-way or one-way—and, if one-way, the direction in which the traffic flows—by looking at the striping coloration. For an example, see inset showing US Route 52 near Lafayette, Indiana.

Canada

Highway 401, in Ontario, Canada, uses a divided highway, collector / express system to separate local traffic from longer-distance travellers.

In Canada, "divided highway" is used for this type of road, and the segment between the roadways is referred to as a "median". More informally, a divided highway may be referred to as "twinned". This stems from the practice of "twinning" an existing two-lane highway (usually controlled-access) and converting it into a divided highway. On some portions of Ontario's 400-series highway network, the median may be either steel guardrail or an Ontario tall-wall barrier rather than an unpaved strip.

Like the US, there are two types of divided highways, fully controlled access divided routes known as freeways, while expressways may include both freeways and partial limited-access divided highways. Canadians often use "highway" to refer to freeways. Partial limited-access divided highways such as the Hanlon Parkway and Black Creek Drive have at-grade intersections and private entrances but have sufficient right-of-way to convert them to full freeways if traffic warrants. There are also RIRO expressways, such as Highway 11 and a portion of Highway 35, which are not full freeways since they allow access to existing properties, but traffic speeds are faster than regular roads due to a median barrier preventing left turns (motorists have to use a "turnabout" overpass to access exits on the opposing direction).[9]

Junctions may be at-grade or grade-separated, and there may be gaps in the median strip to allow turning and crossing. Divided highways are seldom equipped with traffic circles, roundabouts, or rotaries.

Australia

A typical dual carriageway in Melbourne, Australia

In Australia, dual carriageways are referred to in some regions as divided roads, though there is no official terminology. Each state's road agency has its own definition of what constitutes a 'motorway/freeway' standard divided road. Most states only declare a divided road as a 'motorway' or 'freeway' if access is completely controlled.

VicRoads, the agency responsible for highways in the state of Victoria, has often declared rural limited-access dual carriageways as freeways.[10] Furthermore, VicRoads applies the M designation to these roads in alpha-numeric route numbers, where other states will only do so if access is completely controlled.

China

The best examples of dual carriageways in mainland China can be seen on the China National Highways. On some routes, such as China National Highway 106, there is a central reservation.

Pakistan

Hyderabad-Mirpurkhas Dual Carriageway was constructed in 2012 on which the work started in 2009. It was under the Special Directives of President Asif Ali Zardari and Chief Minister Sindh Syed Qaim Ali Shah the first dual carriageway constructed under the Public Private Plan it extends up to 60 km.

Philippines

A portion of the North Luzon Expressway in Bulacan, Philippines

Principal Philippine Expressways, Metro Manila Roads and Avenues in Metro Cebu are examples of dual carriageways in the Philippines. STAR Tollway, NLEX, SCTEX and SLEX have portions with central reservations. Some highways inside Metro Manila have underpasses, tunnels and flyovers.

Singapore

A high proportion of roads in Singapore are dual carriageways with central reservations; examples include Clementi Road, Commonwealth Avenue and Holland Road. Often there might be railings erected on the central reservation to prevent pedestrians from dashing across the road. These usually have traffic lights along the way but flyovers and road tunnels (or 'underpasses') can be built to minimise the use of traffic lights; for example, at the Holland Road-Farrer Road-Queensway junction there are three levels of roads. Before the 1980s roundabouts were popular but since then many have been changed to traffic-light controlled junctions.

These dual carriageways are to be distinguished from motorways, known in Singapore as expressways such as the Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE) where no traffic lights are used.

Malaysia

Known dual carriageways in Malaysia include the North-South Expressway (the main motorway system in Peninsular Malaysia), the East Coast Expressway (serving the Peninsular east coast), the Federal Highway (serving Kuala Lumpur), the AMJ Highway (linking Malacca and the Johorean towns Muar and Batu Pahat) and the Pan Borneo Highway of Sabah and Sarawak. Apart from major motorways and expressways, treelined dual carriageways also pass through most urban areas.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "German Myth 8: Hitler's Autobahn?". Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  2. ↑ "1924 Mile Posts". Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  3. ↑ Smith, Mike. "Roads and Roadworks". International Good Guys. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  4. ↑ "Highway Code rule 137". Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  5. ↑ "Driving forward: a new era for England’s major roads". Highways Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  6. ↑ O'Neill, Sean (1 July 2008). "Pilot Programme Launched - Ireland's First 2+2 Road Type Opens in Dromod Roosky" (Press release). National Roads Authority. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  7. ↑ Automobile Club Italia. "Codice della strada della Repubblica Italiana" [Italian Highway Code] (in Italian). Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  8. ↑ Sistrunk, Bobbi (13 December 2007). "From the "Plymouth County Registry of Deeds Notable Land Records Collection"" (PDF). Plymouth County Registry or Deeds. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  9. ↑ Steeves, Scott (April 30, 2004). "RIRO". Ont Highways. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  10. ↑ VicRoads. "Maps of declared roads", VicRoads, 19 June 2014. Retrieved on 5 September 2014

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