Duruwa language

Duruwa
दुरुवा
Native to	India
Native speakers	51,000 (2001)[1]
Language family	Dravidian Central Dravidian Parji–Gadaba Duruwa
Writing system	Devanagari script, Oriya script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pci
Glottolog	duru1236[2]

Duruwa (Devanagari: दुरुवा) or Parji is a Central Dravidian language spoken by the Dhurwa tribe, a scheduled tribe people of India, in the districts of Koraput and Bastar in Chhattisgarh state. The language is related to Ollari and Kolami, which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes.

Classification

Duruwa is a member of the Central Dravidian languages.^[3][4] Duruwa is a spoken language and is generally not written. Whenever it is written, it makes use of the Devanagari script in Bastar district and Oriya script in Koraput district.

Phonology

Consonants^[5]

		Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	ʈ	c	k
	voiced	b	d	ɖ	ɟ	ɡ
Fricative			(s)				(h)
Nasal		m	n	s	ɲ	ŋ
Approximant	central	ʋ			j
	lateral		l
Tap			ɾ	ɽ

Dialects

There are four dialects: Tiriya, Nethanar, Dharba, and Kukanar. They are mutually intelligible.

References

1. Duruwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Duruwa". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1997). The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. Asian Studies. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 78. ISBN 978-90-04-09066-8.
4. Stassen, Leon (1997). Intransitive Predication. Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-19-925893-2.
5. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian languages (null ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780511060373.