Haplogroup E-Z827

Haplogroup E-Z827
Possible time of origin approx 15,000 years BP
Possible place of origin Northern Africa
Ancestor E-M215/M35
Descendants E-L19, E-Z830
Defining mutations Z827

In human genetics, E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b,[1] is the name of a major Y chromosome haplogroup. It is defined as the lineage which combines the haplogroups E-Z830 and E-V257, and defines their common ancestry. The former is predominantly found in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East, while the latter is most frequently observed in North Western Africa; it is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.

Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution

Family Tree

The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.[2][3][4]

E-V257/L19 (E1b1b1b1)

E-V257/L19 showed a parallel with its sibling clade E-V68 in the way that both clades show signs of having migrated from North Africa to southern Europe across the Mediterranean sea. 6 "E-V257/L19*" individuals were found in published samples who were E-V257/L19, but not E-M81. a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, A Borana from Kenya, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.

Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.
— Trombetta (2011)

A project dedicated to researching and understanding the origins of E-V257/L19* is underway at FamilyTreeDNA.com. The name of the project is E1b1b1b*-A

E-V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago[7] or 13,900 years ago.[8]

E-M81

Distribution of E1b1b1b1a in select areas of Africa, Asia and Europe

E-M81 is the most common subclade of E-L19/V257 and found in the Maghreb, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from 100% in some isolated Berber populations to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt.[7][9][10] Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as Mozabite, Middle Atlas, Kabyle and other Berber groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker". Pereira et al. (2010) report high levels among Tuareg in two Saharan populations - 77.8% near Gorom-Gorom, in Burkina Faso, and 81.8% from Gossi in Mali. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.

E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arabic-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Tizi Ouzou, Algiers).[11]

In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, Arredi et al. (2004) report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying decreasing lineage age in those areas) from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, Kujanova et al. (2009) found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt

Arredi et al. (2004) believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". According to Shomarka Keita, a Near Eastern origin of proto-Afroasiatic speakers carrying E-M81, or its ancestral lineage, is inconsistent with the linguistic evidence, which seems to indicate an African origin of Proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers. Keita argues that there is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far southeast as the Horn of Africa.[12]

Europe

In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe[Note 1] it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria.[13][14][15][16][17] The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45)[17] to 41% (23/56).[18] An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).[19]

E-M81 is also found in France, 2.70% (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91),[20][21] in Sicily (approximately 2% overall, but up to 7% in Piazza Armerina),[22] and in slightly lower frequencies in continental Italy (especially near Lucera)[16] due to historic colonization during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires or ancient migrations in the Metals Ages through maritime means. E-M81 was also found in 2013 at 5.8% in a large sample of 1 204 Sardinians.[23]

Latin America

As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba,[24] 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), [Note 2] and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4%.[25]

Others

In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.

Distribution

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.

Country/RegionSamplingn%E-M81Source
AlgeriaMozabite Berbers6786.6Dugoujon et al. (2009)
AlgeriaMozabite Berbers2080Cruciani et al. (2004)
AlgeriaOran10245.1Robino et al. (2008)
AlgeriaAlgiers3542.9Arredi et al. (2004)
AlgeriaKabyles from Tizi Ouzou1947.4Arredi et al. (2004)
BrazilRio de Janeiro1125.4Silva et al. (2006)
Burkina FasoTuaregs 3877.8Pereira et al. (2010)
Canary IslandsFuerteventura7513.3Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary IslandsGran Canaria7811.5Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary IslandsTenerife17810.7Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary IslandsLanzarote976.2Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary IslandsLa Palma855.9Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary IslandsGomera924.4Fregel et al. (2009)
Canary IslandsHierro472.1Fregel et al. (2009)
Cuba1326.1Mendizabal et al. (2008)
CyprusTurkish Cypriots468.7Cruciani et al. (2004)
EgyptNorthern Egyptians214.8Cruciani et al. (2004)
EgyptWestern Desert 3528.6Kujanová et al. (2009)
Egypt1478.2Flores et al. (2005)
France853.5Cruciani et al. (2004)
FranceAuvergne895.6 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
FranceÎle-de-France915.5 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
FranceNord-Pas-de-Calais684.4 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur452.2 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
France Midi-Pyrénées671.5 Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
IberiaSpain, Portugal6555.2Fregel et al. (2009)
IberiaSpain, Portugal11404.3Adams et al. (2008)
IsraelBedouins283.6Cruciani et al. (2004)
ItalyCentral Italians892.2Cruciani et al. (2004)
ItalyNorthern Italians671.5Cruciani et al. (2004)
ItalyNorth-West Apulia464.3Capelli et al. (2009)
ItalyEast Campania842.4Capelli et al. (2009)
ItalyVeneto551.8Capelli et al. (2009)
ItalyNorth-East Latium551.8Capelli et al. (2009)
ItalyLucera601.7Capelli et al. (2009)
ItalySicily2362.1Gaetano et al. (2008)
ItalySardinia12045.8Francalacci et al. (2013)[23]
Jordania1014Flores et al. (2005)
Lebanon1041.9Flores et al. (2005)
Lebanon9141.2Zalloua et al. (2008)
LibyaTuaregs4748.9Ottoni et al. (2011)
LibyaArabs21535.9Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2013)
MaliTuaregs (Gozi)2181.8Pereira et al. (2010)
MoroccoMarrakesh Berbers2972.4Cruciani et al. (2004)
MoroccoMoyen Atlas Berbers6971Cruciani et al. (2004)
MoroccoMoroccan Arabs5431.5Cruciani et al. (2004)
MoroccoMarrakesh (Amizmiz Valley)3384.8Alvarez et al. (2009)
MoroccoNorthern Moroccans (Beni Snassen) 6779.1Dugoujon et al. (2005)
MoroccoNorthern Moroccans (Rhiraya) 5479.6Dugoujon et al. (2005)[26]
MoroccoImmigrants resident in Italy5154.9Onofri et al. (2008)
Morocco Arabs and Berbers22165Fregel et al. (2009), from Bosh et al. 2001
NigerTuaregs229.1Cruciani et al. (2004)
NigerTuaregs3111.1Pereira et al. (2010)
North AfricaSahara8959.6Fregel et al. (2009)
North AfricaAlgeria, Tunisia20239.1Fregel et al. (2009)
PortugalNorth 1095.5Flores et al. (2004)
PortugalSouth4912.2Cruciani et al. (2004)
PortugalNorth504Cruciani et al. (2004)
PortugalSouth787.7Adams et al. (2008)
PortugalNorth603.3Adams et al. (2008)
Portugal3035.6Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalNorth1016Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalCenter1024.9Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalSouth1006Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalMadeira1295.4Goncalves et al. (2005)
PortugalAçores1215Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal 6575.6Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalEntre Douro e Minho 2286.6Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalTras os Montes643.1Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalBeira Litoral1165.2Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalBeira Interior585.3Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalEstremadura434.6Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalLisboa e Setubal626.5Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalAlentejo657.7Beleza et al. (2006)
PortugalCoruche649.4Pereira et al. (2010)
PortugalPias464.3Pereira et al. (2010)
PortugalAlcacer do Sal214.8Pereira et al. (2010)
PortugalTras-os-Montes (Jews)575.3Nogueiro et al. (2010)
PortugalTras-os-Montes (Non Jews)3010Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Somalia2011.5Flores et al. (2005)
SpainPasiegos from Cantabria1936.8Scozzari et al. (2001)
SpainPasiegos from Cantabria5641.1Cruciani et al. (2004)
SpainPasiegos from Cantabria4517.8Maca-Meyer et al. (2003)
SpainSpanish Basques553.6Cruciani et al. (2004)
SpainAsturians902.2Cruciani et al. (2004)
SpainSouthern Spaniards621.6Cruciani et al. (2004)
SpainCastile, NorthWest10010Adams et al. (2008)
SpainAndalucia, West739.6Adams et al. (2008)
SpainGalicia1910.5Flores et al. (2004)
SpainGalicia2924.1Brion et al. (2004)
SpainGalicia889.1Adams et al. (2008)
SpainGalicia1649.1Regueiro et al. (2015)
SpainExtremadura527.7Adams et al. (2008)
SpainValencia734.1Adams et al. (2008)
SpainCastile, NorthEast313.2Adams et al. (2008)
SpainAragon342.9Adams et al. (2008)
SpainMinorca372.7Adams et al. (2008)
SpainAndalucia, East952.1Adams et al. (2008)
SpainMajorca621.6Adams et al. (2008)
SpainCastile, La Mancha631.6Adams et al. (2008)
SpainCatalonia801.3Adams et al. (2008)
SpainCantabria16113Capelli et al. (2009)
SpainMalaga2611.5Flores et al. (2004)
SpainCantabria708.6Flores et al. (2004)
SpainCordoba277.4Flores et al. (2004)
SpainValencia316.5Flores et al. (2004)
SpainLeon605Flores et al. (2004)
SpainCastile214.8Flores et al. (2004)
SpainSeville1554.5Flores et al. (2004)
SpainHuelva224.5Flores et al. (2004)
SpainBasques452.2Flores et al. (2004)
SpainHuelva1673Ambrosio et al. (2010)
SpainGranada2503.6Ambrosio et al. (2010)
SpainPedroches Valley681.5Alvarez et al. (2009)
SpainAndalusians942.1Alvarez et al. (2009)
TunisiaTunis14837.9Arredi et al. (2004)
TunisiaImmigrants resident in Italy5232.7Onofri et al. (2008)
TunisiaBerbers from Bou Omrane4087.5Ennafaa et al. (2011)
TunisiaBerbers from Bou Saad4092.5Ennafaa et al. (2011)
TunisiaJerbian Arabs4660.9Ennafaa et al. (2011)
TunisiaJerbian Berbers4776.6Ennafaa et al. (2011)
TunisiaBerbers from Chenini–Douiret27100Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
TunisiaBerbers from Sened3565.7Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
TunisiaBerbers from Jradou32100Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
TunisiaAndalusian Zaghouan3240.6Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
TunisiaCosmopolitan Tunis3354.4Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)
TurkeyIstanbul Turkish355.7Cruciani et al. (2004)
TurkeySephardi Turkish195.3Cruciani et al. (2004)
TurkeySouthwestern Turkish402.5Cruciani et al. (2004)
TurkeyNortheastern Turkish412.4Cruciani et al. (2004)

E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)

A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of E-M123, E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.[27][28][29][30]

E-M123

E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.[Note 3]

E-V1515

A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.[31]

E-M293

E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830, being announced in Henn 2008, which associated it with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa into Southern Africa. So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Henn (2008) in their study also found two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males with the M293 mutation.[32] Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...

Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.

They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72 appears in Karafet (2008). Trombetta et al. 2011 announced that this is a subclade of E-M293.

E-V42

Trombetta et al. 2011 announced the discovery of E-V42 in two Ethiopian Jews. It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well.[33]

E-V6

The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6. Cruciani et al. (2004) identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta.

E-V92

Trombetta et al. 2011 announced the discovery of E-V92 in two Ethiopian Amhara. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Haplogroup E-Z827

Genetics

Y-DNA E Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similiar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

Notes

  1. ↑ Adams et al. (2008), shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) , see table.
  2. ↑ (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal (Beleza et al., (2006)), quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors." Silva et al. (2006)
  3. ↑ As of 11 November 2008 for example, the E-M35 phylogeny project had records of four E-M123* tests, compared to 93 test results with E-M34.
  1. ↑ ISOGG (2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2015
  2. ↑ ISOGG (2008)
  3. ↑ Karafet et al. (2008)
  4. ↑ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
  5. 1 2 3 ISOGG 2015
  6. ↑ E-M81, ll Experimental YTree v3.17, Nov 2015
  7. 1 2 Arredi et al. (2004)
  8. ↑ E1b1b1b, YTree v3.8 at 10 April 2015
  9. ↑ Alvarez et al. (2009)
  10. ↑ Bosch et al. (2006)
  11. ↑ Robino (2008), Arredi (2004)
  12. ↑ Keita (2008), "Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation", In Hot Pursuit of Language
  13. ↑ Adams et al. (2008)
  14. ↑ Flores et al. (2005)
  15. ↑ Beleza et al. (2006)
  16. 1 2 Capelli et al. (2009)
  17. 1 2 Maca-Meyer, N.; Sánchez-Velasco, P.; Flores, C.; Larruga, J. M.; González, A. M.; Oterino, A.; Leyva-Cobián, F. (2003), "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)", Annals of Human Genetics 67 (Pt 4): 329–339, doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x, PMID 12914567.
  18. ↑ Cruciani et al. (2004)
  19. ↑ Fregel et al. (2009), Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European, see table
  20. ↑ Ramos-Luisa et al. (2009)
  21. ↑ exluding recent immigration as only men with French surname were analysed
  22. ↑ Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
  23. 1 2 Francalacci et al. (2013), Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny
  24. ↑ (8 out of 132), Mendizabal et al. (2008)
  25. ↑ (7 out of 295), Paracchini et al. (2003)
  26. ↑ "The Berbers Linguistic and enetic diversity" (PDF). ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr.
  27. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net.
  28. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net.
  29. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net.
  30. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net.
  31. ↑ Trombetta et al. 2015, Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent
  32. ↑ Henn et al. (2008)
  33. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net.

References

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, March 15, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.