Eagle Mk1

Eagle Mk1 (T1G)

Design

A highly successful motor racing driver in many disciplines, Dan Gurney had been driving in Formula One since the late 1950s. While driving for the Brabham works team, he joined with a group of prominent motor racing figures and financial backers in the United States, including Carroll Shelby, to found All American Racers. This effort was largely backed by the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, in an effort to challenge Firestone's longtime dominance of American open-wheel racing. Inspired by the performance of Jack Brabham and Bruce McLaren's own teams, AAR decided to enter Grand Prix racing. Then as now, the main engineering hub for Formula One manufacturers was in the United Kingdom, so AAR set up a subsidiary team known as Anglo American Racers which, while registered and based in the USA, was named in deference to the cars' British Weslake engines.

To achieve AAR's dual aims of winning in both Formula One and Champ Car formulae, AAR hired ex-Lotus designer Len Terry to work for the American outfit. His brief was to create a chassis that could be used both for the twisting road course circuits of the F1 series, as well as the broad ovals of the North American series. Terry was ideally placed to be able to fulfill such a brief, having just completed the 1965 Indianapolis 500-winning Lotus 38 for Colin Chapman's team.

The early, Coventry-Climax-powered, version of the T1G used in 1966 and early 1967 prior to the introduction of the V12. The "beaked" radiator intake is clearly seen.

The design of the Mk1, and its Indy sister design the Mk2, closely followed the 38, with a riveted aluminium monocoque central section, carrying an unstressed engine mounted behind the driver. The lines of the chassis were remarkably clean and elegant, and the car sported a distinctively beaked radiator opening at the front. Suspension components were mounted directly on to this monocoque, and consisted of a comparatively conservative lower wishbone and single top link for each wheel which also served as a rocker for the inboard-mounted spring/damper package. The Mk1 was designed around the forthcoming Aubrey Woods-designed Weslake V12 engine while the Mk2, essentially the same chassis design, was designed to accept the quad-cam Ford V8 that had powered the previous year's Indy 500 winner (Jim Clark, in the Terry-designed Lotus 38).

While driving for the British Racing Motors (BRM) Formula One team in 1960, Gurney became acquainted with BRM engineer Aubrey Woods, who then moved to Weslake Engineering. Through Woods, Gurney became aware of a Weslake engine research project funded by Shell Oil. This two-cylinder, 500-cc test engine produced impressive horsepower, and Gurney extrapolated the test engine's output to a 3-liter, V12 Grand Prix engine, potentially putting out up to 450 horsepower, and he commissioned Weslake to build the engine.

While five Mk2 chassis, complete with four-cam Ford V8s, qualified for the 1966 Indianapolis 500, the Weslake V12 was not available for the start of the Formula one season. The first Mk1s took to the track with old 2.7-liter Coventry Climax FPF inline-4 engines in their place. Once the Weslake was ready, however, the car proved to be highly competitive, if unreliable. The high-revving V12 had been constructed using surplus machine tools dating from World War I, so tolerances and parts interchangeability were poor. Nevertheless, when running the Weslake was an immediately arresting engine, with a distinctive V12-scream, and developed 360bhp even in its earliest development phase. By the end of the 1967 season this figure was over 400 bhp, easily competing with the Ferrari and Honda V12s, and the newly introduced Cosworth DFV V8. One mechanical flaw that limited the engine's power output involved a design mistake in the oil scavenging system. This problem—discovered too late in the development process to correct—caused oil to pool in the engine's sump, slightly reducing power. Gurney described the effect as "taking the edge" off the engine after three or four laps of a race.

Three Mk1 chassis were produced with the original aluminium construction, but the fourth incorporated advanced and exotic metal alloys. This included extensive use of titanium for many of the componentry, and a high percentage of magnesium sheet in the monocoque panelwork. Owing to its novel construction materials this car, chassis number 104, was referred to as the Ti-Mag Car. Gurney was well aware of the risks involved in driving a car made from such flammable materials. After witnessing Jo Schlesser's death in a magnesium-fuelled fireball during the 1968 French Grand Prix, Gurney compared racing in 104 to "driving a Ronson cigarette lighter".^[3]

Race history

The Eagle Mk1 made its race debut at the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix, with a single car entered for Dan Gurney. The Eagle made an instant visual impact, with its gracefully crafted chassis clothed in dark blue paint, with a white-lipped radiator opening and a single white stripe running the length of the car's dorsal surface; an elegant interpretation of the USA national racing colours. Unfortunately for the team the car, despite its good looks, failed to finish. For the introduction of the new V12 engine at the 1966 Italian Grand Prix, Gurney took the wheel of the new car, and was joined by compatriot Phil Hill in the older Eagle-Climax. Once again it was an inauspicious start, with Hill failing to qualify, and Gurney retiring during the race. Gurney did score points during the season, at both the French and Mexican events, but on both occasions this was with the Climax-powered car.

For the 1967 Formula One season the Climax-engined chassis 101 was sold to Canadian driver Al Pease, and all AAR chassis ran as Eagle-Weslake machines. The season proved to be intensely frustrating for all concerned. Although Gurney and sometime team-mate Bruce McLaren managed to qualify the Eagle-Weslake cars in the front two rows of the grid on no fewer than eleven occasions from the season's eleven Grands Prix, only two cars finished a race. That both of these finishes were in podium positions highlights the raw speed of the Eagle Mk1. AAR's first major race win came in the 1967 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, with Gurney taking the aluminium-chassis 102 to victory in this prestigious non-Championship season opener. 104 was introduced at Zandvoort, the Netherlands, early in 1967; the lightest and fastest of the Eagle Mk1 vehicles, it was with this car that Gurney scored the team's only Championship victory: the 1967 Belgian Grand Prix.

By 1968, and despite increasing success in their native series, Anglo American Racers were starting to run short of funds. Development of the Eagle Mk1 was halted as the team ploughed what little funding it had into the design of its successor, the projected Mk6. Nevertheless, Gurney persisted with the older car for the first half of the 1968 season, but was only rewarded with a handful of retirements and one single, ninth-placed finish. With the obviously unreliable car also, thanks to its intricate V12 engine, being one of the more expensive cars on the grid to maintain, AAR bought a McLaren M7A. Ironically it was with the McLaren, built by his previous year's AAR team-mate, that Gurney scored the team's only points of the season. At the end of the season AAR closed the doors on their foray into Grand Prix racing, to concentrate their efforts on USAC racing.

The last appearance of an Eagle Mk1 in a Formula One race was when Pease privately entered 101 for the 1969 Canadian Grand Prix. Pease and the Eagle-Climax car suffered the ignominy of being the only car in the history of Formula 1 to be disqualified at a World Championship race for being too slow. The basic Mk1/Mk2 chassis design continued to be used in American National Championship races into the early 1970s. In common with most cars of the time, experimental wings and other aerodynamic aids - including the eponymous Gurney flap - were added to Terry's lithe chassis lines over the years, reducing the cars' visual impact and obscuring car's most noteworthy single design feature, the vestigial eagle's-beak nose.

Formula One World Championship results

(key) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)

Year	Entrant	Engine/s	Tyres	Driver	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Points	WCC
1966	Anglo American Racers	Climax L4 Weslake V12	G		MON	BEL	FRA	GBR	NED	GER	ITA	USA	MEX				4^† 0	7th^† 13th
				Dan Gurney		Ret^†	5^†	Ret^†	Ret^†	7^†	Ret	Ret	5^†
				Phil Hill							DNQ^†
				Bob Bondurant								DSQ^†	Ret
1967	Anglo American Racers	Climax L4 Weslake V12	G		RSA	MON	NED	BEL	FRA	GBR	GER	CAN	ITA	USA	MEX		0^† 13	12th^† 7th
				Dan Gurney	Ret^†	Ret	Ret	1	Ret	Ret	Ret	3	Ret	Ret	Ret
				Richie Ginther		DNQ
				Bruce McLaren					Ret	Ret	Ret
				Ludovico Scarfiotti									Ret
	Castrol Oils Ltd.	Climax L4	G	Al Pease								NC^†
1968	Anglo American Racers	Weslake V12	G		RSA	ESP	MON	BEL	NED	FRA	GBR	GER	ITA	CAN	USA	MEX	0	NC
	Anglo American Racers	Weslake V12	G	Dan Gurney	Ret		Ret				Ret	9	Ret
	Castrol Oils Ltd.	Climax L4	G	Al Pease										DNS
1969	John Maryon	Climax L4	F		RSA	ESP	MON	NED	FRA	GBR	GER	ITA	CAN	USA	MEX		0^†	NC^†
1969	John Maryon	Climax L4	F	Al Pease									DSQ^†				0^†	NC^†

^† Climax-engined results. All other results are for Weslake-engined cars.

Name confusion

Although commonly referred to as the T1G (and chassis 101 as the T1F), Dan Gurney has stated that this was never the car's official designation.^[3] Instead, the car was simply the Eagle Mark 1. Hence, the four chassis produced were numbered 101, 102, 103 and 104 (the Ti-Mag car). The Indianapolis sister cars were the Mk2, with subsequent Indy designs also taking model numbers 3 and 4. The Mk5 was a Formula Atlantic car adapted from the Mk 4 chassis,^[4] while Mk6 was the designation given to the still-born Formula One successor to the Mk1. With AAR's withdrawal from Grand Prix racing at the end of 1968, the team reverted to a year-based chassis numeration scheme, with Indy chassis from 1971 onward taking numbers (e.g. 71xx) according to their year of design.

References

Footnotes

↑ "Eagle Westlake T1G". F1Technical.net. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
↑ Hart, Roger (18 March 2011). "The greatest American car? Let the debate begin". Autoweek. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
1 2 Zimmermann, J. 2007. The Eagle was grounded. Motor Sport, LXXXIII (March 2007)
↑ "Eagle 68/69 'Mk 5'". OldRacingCars.com. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

Bibliography

Ludvigsen, Karl (2001). Gurney's Eagles: the Exciting Story of the AAR Racing Cars. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-1219-3.
Ludvigsen, Karl (2000). Dan Gurney: The Ultimate Racer. Haynes Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85960-655-1.

Online references

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eagle Mk1.

Gurney Weslake homepage.

Cars that competed in the 1966 Formula One season

Brabham BT7 Brabham BT11 Brabham BT19 Brabham BT20 Brabham BT22 BRM P261 BRM P83 Cooper T77 Cooper T81 Eagle T1G Ferrari 246 Ferrari 312 Honda RA273 Lotus 25 Lotus 33 Lotus 43 Matra MS5 McLaren M2B Pearce T73 Shannon SH1

Cars that competed in the 1967 Formula One season

Brabham BT11 Brabham BT19 Brabham BT20 Brabham BT24 BRM P261 BRM P83 BRM P115 Cooper T77 Cooper T79 Cooper T81 Cooper T86 Eagle T1G Ferrari 312 Honda RA273 Honda RA300 LDS 3 Lola T100 Lotus 25 Lotus 33 Lotus 43 Lotus 49 Matra MS5 Matra MS7 McLaren M4B McLaren M5A

Cars that competed in the 1968 Formula One season

Brabham BT11 Brabham BT20 Brabham BT24 Brabham BT26 BRM P115 BRM P126 BRM P133 BRM P138 BRM P261 Cooper T79 Cooper T81B Cooper T86/T86B Eagle T1G Ferrari 312 Honda RA300 Honda RA301 Honda RA302 LDS Mk3B Lola T102 Lotus 49/49B Matra MS7 (F2) Matra MS9 Matra MS10 Matra MS11 McLaren M5A McLaren M7A

Cars that competed in the 1969 Formula One season

Brabham BT20 Brabham BT24 Brabham BT26A BRM P126 BRM P133 BRM P138 BRM P139 Cooper T86B Eagle T1G Ferrari 312/69 Lotus 49/49B Lotus 63 Matra MS7 Matra MS10 Matra MS80 Matra MS84 McLaren M7A/M7B/M7C McLaren M9A

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