Eastern Slovak dialects

"Slovjak" redirects here. For the ethnic group, see Slovaks.
Eastern Slovak
východoslovenské nárečia, východniarčina
Native to Slovakia
Region Spiš, Šariš, Zemplín and Abov
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Linguist list
 slk-esl
Glottolog None

Map showing the distribution of the Western, Central and Eastern dialects of Slovak

Eastern Slovak or Slovjak dialects (Slovak: východoslovenské nárečia, východniarčina), are dialects of the Slovak language spoken natively in the historical regions of Spiš, Šariš, Zemplín and Abov,[1] in the east of Slovakia. In contrast to other dialects of Slovak, Eastern dialects are less intelligible with Czech and more with Polish and Rusyn,[2] as well as using a higher number of Hungarian and Romanian loanwords.[3] The name Slovjak, now somewhat archaic, is derived from the common East Slovak ethnonym.[4]

Features of the dialects vary greatly from region to region, but features which are common throughout all dialects include the lack of long vowels, stress on the penultimate syllable, as in Polish and Rusyn, as opposed to the first syllable stress normal in standard Slovak,[1] and variation in noun declension endings.[5] Eastern Slovak dialects also share many features of Western Slovak dialects which are absent from Central dialects and standard Slovak, supporting the idea that Central Slovakia was colonized more recently than the east and west of the country.[6]

Attempts to create an East Slovak literary standard have been varied and unsuccessful. Several Slovak newspapers founded in the United States in the late 19th century, including Slovák v Amerike ("Slovak in America") and Amerikánsko-Slovenské Noviny (The American-Slovak News), were initially written in Eastern Slovak dialects.[7][8][9]

History

The Slovak language, as codified by Ľudovít Štúr in the 1840s, was based largely on Central Slovak dialects spoken at the time. Eastern dialects are considerably different from Central and Western dialects in their phonology, morphology and vocabulary, set apart by a stronger connection to Polish and Rusyn.[4] At the beginning of the 20th century, there was an unsuccessful attempt to standardise an East Slovak, or Slovjak language.[6]

Diaspora from the region has contributed to a scattered literary presence of Eastern Slovak dialects. The newspaper Slovák v Amerike ("The Slovak in America"), founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1889, as well as Amerikánsko-Slovenské noviny (American-Slovak News), founded in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886, were originally written in the Šariš dialect, using Hungarian orthography, titled Szlovjak v Amerike and Amerikanszko-Szlovenszke Novini.[8] Today, Slovák v Amerike is still in business and writes in standard Slovak.[10]

Eastern Slovak was the official language of the Slovak Soviet Republic in 1919. The capital of the new state was Prešov in Eastern Slovakia.

Division

Eastern Slovak dialects can be divided into four subgroups:[1]

Linguistic features

Linguistic features common to East Slovak dialects include:

Example text

Eastern Slovak (Šariš dialect)

Buľi raz dvojo kmotrove, co furt vjedno chodziľi na jurmaki. Raz tiž tak išľi z jurmaku a našľi gvera. Ta znace, že ešči ftedi ľudze tak ňechirovali o gveroch, ňebulo teľo vojakoch. Išľi tak popod ľešik a naraz jeden zbačil gver a takoj ku ňemu ucekal… Ten druhi še tiž mocno zradoval, ta vžaľi totu fujaru a hutorili sebe: "Kmotre, ja budzem do ňej duc a ti budzeš prebirac". Ta začaľi vera ľudze tote dvomi hrac. Jeden kmoter pocahnul za kohucik, kuľka utrafila do druheho kmotra, co prebiral a ten še takoj prevracil umarti na žem.[5]

Standard Slovak

Boli raz dvaja kmotrovia, ktorí stále spolu chodili na jarmoky. Raz tiež tak vyšli z jarmoku a našli pušku. To viete, že vtedy ešte ľudia tak nechyrovali o puškách, nebolo toľko vojakov. Išli tak popod lesík a jeden zazrel pušku a hneď k nej utekal. Ten druhý sa tiež silno zaradoval, tak vzali fujaru a hovorili si: „Kmotor, ja budem do nej fúkať a ty budeš preberať. Tak začali veru tí dvaja hrať. Jeden kmotor potiahol za kohútik, guľka trafila druhého kmotra, ktorý preberal, a ten sa prevrátil mŕtvy na zem.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Polívka E.; Vindiš, I. "Nárečový svojraz východného Slovenska" (PDF). Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  2. ↑ Štolc, Jozef (1994). Slovenská dialektológia [Slovak dialectology]. Bratislava: Veda.: Ed. I. Ripka.
  3. ↑ Blichová, Alena. "On the issue of Rusyn-Slovak linguistic contact (in Slovak)". Regional and national studies department, University of Prešov. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  4. 1 2 Lunt, Horace. "Notes on the Rusyn language of Yugoslavia and its East Slovak origins" (PDF). Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Buffa, František (1962). "Eastern Slovak dialects (in Slovak)" (PDF). Vlastivedný Časopis IX. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  6. 1 2 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 411.
  7. ↑ Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe. Palgrave McMillan. p. 821. ISBN 0230550703.
  8. 1 2 Švagrovský, Štefan; Ondrejovič, Slavomír (2004). "East Slovak language separatism in the 19th and 20th centuries". Slovenská Reč (3). Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  9. ↑ Lifanov, Konstantin (2006). "Once More about the Language of Eastern Slovak Publications in the USA" (PDF). Slovenská Reč (5): 282. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  10. ↑ http://www.slovakvamerike.com/
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