Boycotts of Israel

"Refuse to finance the occupation – Boycott Israel"— A Swedish poster calls for a boycott of Israel.

Boycotts of Israel are the practice of avoiding economic, political and cultural ties with the State of Israel, with individual Israelis or with Israeli-based companies or organizations. Such campaigns are employed by those who oppose Israel's policies or actions in the belief that it directly funds a state that is widely believed to be in violation of international Human Rights laws (see Arab-Israeli conflict). The primary purpose of this is to not show support for Israel in general, the Israeli economy or military in particular. Other reasons are due to a perceived sense of moral obligation to not be directly involved in the funding of a state that forcibly occupies land by systematic demolition of residencies followed by forced evictions.

Many countries, corporations, unions and various other organisations world-wide have opted to boycott trade with Israel on the grounds of human rights violations. These include, but are not limited to, corporations and government bodies within The United States of America, The United Kingdom, Canada, Norway, South Africa, The Netherlands and The Republic of Ireland. Other notable boycotts on Israel were put into action by The European Union and The World Council of Churches. A more comprehensive list of countries and organisations that have opted to boycott Israel can be found here.

The world-wide organisational, governmental and public pressure to boycott the state is symbolic of a wider recognition of Israel's failure to comply with international human rights laws within their continuing occupation. Due to the fact that Israel targets, and forcibly discontinues, Palestinian and Palestinian-associated news outlets and publishing, the full extent of Israel's violations against human rights remains largely unreported by the mainstream, and accessible, media.

Boycotts have been enacted or proposed around the world. These boycotts comprise economic measures such as divestment; a consumer boycotts of Israeli products or businesses that operate in Israel; and academic boycotts of Israeli universities. Some advocates of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign use the 1980s movement against South African apartheid as a model. This is primarily due to the fact that reported human rights violations committed by the state of Israel are believed by many to reflect the social injustices that took place in South Africa in the 1980s (see Apartheid, Racial Segregation)[1]

History

Following the independence of Israel in 1948, an official Arab boycott of Israel was promptly adopted by the Arab League. After the Oslo Peace Accords, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) states ended their participation in the boycott.[2] In present days, the Arab boycott is rarely applied.[2]

The Arab League boycott of Israel is an effort by Arab League member states enforce economic sanctions on Israel to prevent Arab states and to generally discourage support for Israel's occupation of, what were historically, Arab nations and adding to Israel's military and economic strength.[3]

An official organized boycott was adopted by the Arab League in December 1945, before Israel's declaration as a modern state.[4]

Egypt (1979), the Palestinian Authority (1993), and Jordan (1994) signed peace treaties or agreements that ended their participation in the boycott of Israel. Mauritania, which never applied the boycott, established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia do not enforce the boycott.[2]

In 1994, following the Oslo Peace Accords, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) states, ended their participation in the Arab boycott against Israel.[5] The move prompted a surge of investment in Israel, and resulted in the initiation of joint cooperation projects between Israel and Arab countries.[5]

In the following years, at various points in the mid to late 1990's onward to the present, Many governments, organisations, unions, trade groups and, most notably, The European Union have, on ethical grounds and from pressure from the public, opted to boycott or place sanctions on trade with Israel.

Originally, the Arab boycott had a moderate negative impact on Israel's economy and development. Inevitably the economies of participating Arab nations also suffered as the result of a deterioration in the foreign direct investment climate in the Arab world, and reduction in the volume of trade. Whether or not the Arab nations in question were aware of the potential risks to their own economies is still unknown. There is still debate as to whether they, in unison, viewed the economic sanctions as a necessary sacrifice to slow the development of the newly declared Israeli state, on land previously belonging to and under the control of Arab nations.[5]

Palestinian positions on BDS against Israel

In 2005, on the one year anniversary of the International Court of Justice's ruling on the legality of Israeli West Bank barrier, Palestinian NGOs and labor unions issued a call for boycott, divestment and sanctions targeted at Israel with the stated goals that:

These non-violent punitive measures should be maintained until Israel meets its obligation to recognize the Palestinian people's inalienable right to self-determination and fully complies with the precepts of international law by:

  1. Ending its occupation and colonization of all Arab lands and dismantling the Wall;
  2. Recognizing the fundamental rights of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality; and
  3. Respecting, protecting and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties as stipulated in UN resolution 194.

According to a survey by Geocartography Knowledge, 85% of Palestinian residents in the West Bank are interested in cooperation with Israel.[6] The PLO, its branches, Palestinian businesses and universities cooperate with Israel daily. According to the head of the Federation of Trade Unions of Palestine, Shaher Saad, in 2011 the number of Palestinians employed in Israeli settlements increased significantly to around 31,000 due to the high rate of unemployment and poverty, and that about 70,000 worked in Israel proper.[7] Sari Nusseibeh, president of Al-Quds University, opposed a boycott of Israeli universities in 2014; other Palestinian academics also told the New York Times they oppose cutting ties to Israeli universities, however opinions of academics were split, with at least some of those who favour BDS noting they were unsure if BDS will have any effect.[8]

List of disinvestment campaigns and product boycotts

A sign on the front door of a Palestinian house: "I have a clear conscience, do you? This home is free of products produced in [Israeli] Settlements."
Protest against Israel's Gaza Blockade and raid on Mavi Marmara – Melbourne 5 June 2010.
Members of the Neturei Karta Orthodox Jewish group protest against the Israeli occupation of Palestine.
Protests calling for an end to the Israeli occupation of Palestine in Tanzania.
Protests in Ireland against Israeli bombings and air strikes in the occupied Palestinian territories.
Supporters of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement in Berlin, Germany calling for an end to the Israeli occupation of Palestine following Israeli military bombings in Gaza.
Protest in Bratislava, Slovakia following the 2009 bombings of Gaza.
1. An end to Israel's "occupation and colonization of all Arab lands and dismantling the Wall";
2. Israeli recognition of the "fundamental rights of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality"; and,3. Israeli respect, protection, and promotion of "the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties as stipulated in UN resolution 194".[10]

The Foreign Office has confirmed that Britain's initiative against Israeli exports originating in the West Bank is merely the opening shot in a wider campaign it is waging against the settlements. [...] The FO [foreign office] reiterated its view that "the settlements are illegal.... Practical steps ... include ensuring that goods from the settlements do not enter the UK without paying the proper duties and ensuring that goods are properly labelled."[21]

Sources near the talks say the United Kingdom is accusing some Israeli companies of fraud: Their labeling indicates that they manufacture in Israel, but their plants are in the territories.[22]

Based on experience, there are concerns in Israel that the discussion on exports from the territories will affect all Israeli exports to Europe. Roughly that happened four years ago, after Israel rejected European demands to specifically label products produced outside the pre-1967 war borders.[22]

Tzipi Livni protested: It appears to be the fruits of long efforts by a strong pro-Palestinian lobby that now spur the British into action. Nevertheless, the British insist that at British consumers want to know the source of the products that they purchase. [...] But the biggest fear in Israel is that the issue will spill beyond manufacturers in the territories, affecting all local exporters and all exports to the EU – as was the case the last time that the issue boiled to the surface.[22]

Protest by Code Pink against AHAVA in Los Angeles, California in July 2009.

Disinvestments

Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer used by the Israel Defense Forces, often used demolishing Palestinian houses and properties.
Caterpillar Inc. was removed from three "socially responsible" stock indices by the American investment firm MSCI

Academic boycotts

In 2006, two of Britain's lecturers' unions, the National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education and the Association of University Teachers, voted to support an academic boycott against Israel.[63] The AUT ban was overturned by members at an Emergency General Meeting a few weeks later, while the NATFHE boycott expired when a merger with AUT to form the University and College Union came into effect.[64] In May 2007, the UCU congress passed Motion 30, which called on the members to circulate information and consider a boycott request by Palestinian trade unions.

In 2009, Spanish organizers of an international solar power design competition excluded a team from the Israeli Ariel University Center. The stated reason was that the Ariel university is located in the West Bank, a Spanish official was quoted saying, "Spain acted in line with European Union policy of opposing Israel's occupation of Palestinian land."[65]

On that year, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology rejected the academic boycott of Israel, stating that being able to cooperate with Israeli academics, and hearing their views on the conflict, is critical for studying of the causes of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians and how it can be resolved.[66]

In 2007, nearly 300 university presidents across the United States signed a join statement denouncing the boycott movement. Following Operation Cast Lead in 2010, a group of 15 American university professors launched a campaign calling for an academic and cultural boycott of Israel. In 2010 the US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (USACBI) announced it had collected 500 endorsements from US academics for an academic and cultural boycott of Israel. The endorsements were seen as a sign of changing US attitudes toward Israel in the wake of an Israeli raid on a humanitarian aid flotilla in the Mediterranean.[67][68]

In 2011 the University of Johannesburg decided to suspend ties with Israeli Ben-Gurion University, citing the University's support for the Israeli military. The decision was seen to affect projects in biotechnology and water purification.[69] However, two days later, Ihron Rensburg, vice chancellor and principal of the university issued a statement saying that "UJ is not part of an academic boycott of Israel...It has never been UJ's intention to sever all ties with BGU, although it may have been the intention of some UJ staff members."[70]

University of Pennsylvania President Amy Gutmann said in January 2012 that the university "has clearly stated on numerous occasions that it does not support sanctions or boycotts against Israel". She said that the school was not a sponsor of a BDS conference taking place on campus in February 2012.[71]

In 2013 the Teachers Union of Ireland passed a motion calling for an academic boycott of Israel. Jim Roche, who presented the motion, said "I am very pleased that this motion was passed with such support by TUI members (...) there is no question that Israel is implementing apartheid policies against the Palestinians." [72]

In May 2013, in what was seen as a major development,[73] Stephen Hawking joined the academic boycott of Israel by reversing his decision to participate in the Jerusalem-based Israeli Presidential Conference hosted by Israeli president Shimon Peres. Hawking approved a published statement from the British Committee for the Universities of Palestine that described his decision as independent, "based upon his knowledge of Palestine, and on the unanimous advice of his own academic contacts there".[74] Reactions to Hawking's boycott were mixed, some praised his boycott as a "peaceful protest" while others condemned his decision and accused him of anti-semitism.[75][76]

On 4 December 2013, the American Studies Association (ASA) endorsed a boycott of Israeli academic institutions in a resolution that stated "there is no effective or substantive academic freedom for Palestinian students and scholars under conditions of Israeli occupation, and Israeli institutions of higher learning are a party to Israeli state policies that violate human rights and negatively impact the working conditions of Palestinian scholars and students."[77] The election attracted the largest number of voters in the association history with 66.05% for, 30.5% against and 3.43% abstaining.[78] Over 92 universities rejected the boycott and some of them withdrew their membership in the ASA in protest of the boycott decision.[79]

In October 2014, 500 Middle East studies scholars and librarians issued a call for an academic boycott of Israel. According to the signatories, "world governments and mainstream media do not hold Israel accountable for its violations of international law. We, however, as a community of scholars engaged with the Middle East, have a moral responsibility to do so." [80]

In October 2014, 500 anthropologists endorsed an academic boycott of Israeli institutions seen as complicit in violations of Palestinians' rights. The signatories of the statement said, "as a community of scholars who study problems of power, oppression, and cultural hegemony, we have a moral responsibility to speak out and demand accountability from Israel and our own governments." [81]

In January 2016, 168 Italian academics and researchers published a call to boycott Israeli academic institutions. Israel's Institute of Technology, Technion, was singled out as a boycott target. "The Institute carries out research in a wide range of technologies and weapons used to oppress and attack Palestinians", said the call. [82]

Arms embargoes

In 2014, Spain decided to freeze arms and military technology exports to Israel over the Gaza war. The embargo stopped sales of defense and dual-use materiel from Spain to Israel.[83]

In 2014, in connection with the Gaza war, British government ministers said no new arms export licenses would be granted for sales to Israel until a formal peace is agreed. In case hostilities are to flare up, exports under existing licenses would reportedly be discontinued.[84]

Artistic boycotts

Poet and human rights activist Remi Kanazi supporting BDS.

Reception

In August 2001 a 50-strong delegation from the World Council of Churches produced a report calling for a boycott of goods produced by Jewish settlers. The report called on the executive of the WCC to "affirm the legitimacy of Palestinian resistance to injustice and foreign occupation".[137]

In February 2004 following a six-month inquiry a select committee presented a report to the British parliament calling for the suspension of the European Union's preferential trade agreement with Israel "until it (Israel) lifts the movement restrictions which it has placed on Palestinian trade". Between 2002 and 2004 the EU exported £30.1 billion worth of goods to Israel while the value of goods imported was £21.1 billion[138]

Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called on the international community to treat Israel as it treated apartheid South Africa and supports the divestment campaign against Israel.[139]

Swedish archbishop K. G. Hammar, ambassador Carl Tham and a list of 71 others have supported a boycott of products from the occupied areas.[140][141][142]

A joint open letter by 322 UK academics was published in The Guardian 16 January 2009. The letter called on the British government and the British people to take all feasible steps to oblige Israel to stop its "military aggression and colonial occupation" of the Palestinian land and its "criminal use of force", suggesting to start with a programme of boycott, divestment and sanctions.[143]

In 2008 British Member of Parliament Sir Gerald Kaufman stated, "It is time for our government to make clear to the Israeli government that its conduct and policies are unacceptable and to impose a total arms ban on Israel."[144]

Norman Finkelstein, writing in 2006, said he supports a "US academic boycott of Israel" [145] and an "economic boycott of Israel"

“ 1) Do Israeli human rights violations warrant an economic boycott? and 2) Can such a boycott make a meaningful contribution toward ending these violations? I would argue that both these questions should be answered in the affirmative. ”
— Norman Finkelstein, Article "Economic boycott of Israel?" on www.normanfinkelstein.com[146]

In November 2012 a group of 51 people, including Nobel peace laureates, prominent artists and activists published a letter calling for a military embargo on Israel. The letter accused several countries of providing assistance to Israel that facilitated Israel's 2012 military operation in the Gaza Strip. Nobel peace laureates Mairead Maguire and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel were among the group signing the letter.[147]

Jews Against Zionism, a group consisting of orthodox men and women of the Jewish faith, frequently criticize Israel for its reported disregard for human rights, endorsement and enforcement of an Apartheid situation within Israel, Gaza and Palestine. Demonstrations by this group often draw tens of thousands of demonstrators in one protest, almost exclusively of the Jewish faith. Attempts by non-Israeli Jews to counter-protest pro-Israeli rallies within the state have resulted in physical beating and arrest by the Israeli police, leading many to come to the conclusion that Israeli Zionism and Jewry are two entirely separate entities.

The Anti-Defamation League, whose mission is to stop the defamation of Jews, has claimed that singling out Israel is "outrageous and biased"[148] as well as "deplorable and offensive".[149] and heads of several major U.S. Jewish organizations have referred to them as "lop-sided" and "unbalanced".[150]

Boycott calls have also been called "profoundly unjust" and relying on a "false" analogy with the previous apartheid regime of South Africa. One critical statement has alleged that the boycotters apply "different standards" to Israel than other countries, that the boycott is "counterproductive and retrograde" yet has no comparability to Nazi boycotts of Jewish shops in the 1930s.[151][152][153][154][155][156][157]

According to a ruling by the French appellate court of Colmar, publicly calling for a boycott of Israeli products constitutes discrimination and as such is illegal under French law. Yet the Court of Cassation, the highest criminal court of appeal in France, has separately confirmed the legality of calling for a boycott or Israeli goods.[158][159]

The Economist contends that the boycott is "flimsy" and ineffective, that "blaming Israel alone for the impasse in the occupied territories will continue to strike many outsiders as unfair," and points out that the Palestinian leadership does not support the boycott.[160]

In an op-ed published in The Jerusalem Post in November 2010, Gerald Steinberg and Jason Edelstein contend that while "the need to refute their [BDS organizations] allegations is clear, students and community groups must also adopt a proactive strategy to undermine the credibility and influence of these groups. This strategy will marginalize many of the BDS movement's central actors, and expose the lie that BDS is a grassroots protest against Israeli policy. Exposing their abuses and funding sources, and forcing their campaign leaders and participants to respond to us will change the dynamic in this battle."[161] In an effort to combat BDS, in March 2011, NGO Monitor produced "the BDS Sewer System" intended to provide detailed information about boycott campaigns against Israel.[162]

After the post-punk group PiL went to Tel Aviv to headline the Heineken Music Conference 2010 Festival in August 2010, British musician John Lydon responded to criticism by saying: "If Elvis-fucking-Costello wants to pull out of a gig in Israel because he's suddenly got this compassion for Palestinians, then good on him. But I have absolutely one rule, right? Until I see an Arab country, a Muslim country, with a democracy, I won't understand how anyone can have a problem with how they're treated."[163]

Martin Raffel, who oversees the Israel Action Network, argued in March 2011 that Israel's supporters can respectfully debate artists who choose to boycott the West Bank town of Ariel, but "not recognizing Israel as a Jewish democratic state is a completely different story".[164]

In October 2010, the Cape Town Opera (CTO) declined an appeal by Desmond Tutu to cancel a tour of Israel.[165] The CTO stated that the company was "reluctant to adopt the essentially political position of disengagement from cultural ties with Israel or with Palestine,[165] and that they had been in negotiations for four years and would respect the contract.[166]

Other artists who have voiced opposition to the campaign include writers Umberto Eco[167] and film makers Joel and Ethan Coen.[168] Many musicians such as Elton John, Leonard Cohen, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, Metallica, Editors, Placebo, LCD Soundsystem, MGMT, Justin Bieber, Madonna, Paul McCartney,, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Mark Ronson, Depeche Mode, Gilberto Gil, Daniela Mercury, Rolling Stones,[169][170] Alicia Keys,[167][171] Tom Jones,[172] Eric Burdon,[173] Bon Jovi[174] and Ziggy Marley[175] have chosen to perform in Israel in recent years. Novelist Ian McEwan, upon being awarded the Jerusalem Prize, was urged to turn it down, but said that "If I only went to countries that I approve of, I probably would never get out of bed.... It's not great if everyone stops talking."[167]

The Irish Dance production Riverdance performed in Israel in 2011, despite requests that it boycott Israel. The group stated that "Riverdance supports the policy of the Irish Government and indeed the policy of every other EU state that cultural interaction is preferable to isolation."[176]

Reverend Jim Barr, president of the Australia Palestine Advocacy Network, while supporting the boycott, divestment and sanctions campaign against Israel, disagreed with the protest action at Israeli-owned Max Brenner chocolate stores in Australia, saying, "that stuff just discredits the whole movement."[177]

In 2010, Noam Chomsky was interviewed regarding the boycott movement against Israel. He said that while he supported correctly targeted boycott calls, he called inaccurately targeted boycott calls hypocritical. According to Chomsky, boycotting Israeli settlements or arms sales made sense but calling for a boycott of anything Israeli, or demanding for the Right of Return, would be hypocritical and play into the hands of hardliners in the United States and Israel.[178] In July 2014, Noam Chomsky warns that the boycott, divestment, and sanctions campaign could end up harming the Palestinian cause since the demand for a "right of return" for Palestinian refugees has failed to muster significant international support. He also said "if we boycott Tel Aviv University because Israel violates human rights at home, then why not boycott Harvard because of far greater violations by the United States?".[179]

In October 2011, Izzat Abdulhadi, head of the General Delegation of Palestine to Australia said that he is against the "full-scale" BDS campaign, and in particular expressed his anger over the occasionally violent protests at the Max Brenner stores in Australia, saying, "BDS is a non-violent process and I don't think it's the right of anybody to use BDS as a violent action or to prevent people from buying from any place." [180]

Madonna's The MDNA Tour began in May 2012 in Tel Aviv, Israel.[181] She said that the concert in Tel Aviv was a "peace concert", and offered about 600 tickets to the show to various Israeli and Palestinian groups, but this offer was rejected by Anarchists Against the Wall and the Sheikh Jarrah Solidarity group. One activist said "no one is talking about dismantling the privileged regime or of ending the occupation. They talk of peace as a philosophical thing, without connecting to things happening on the ground and that concert is going in that direction." The offer was accepted by the Palestinian-Israeli Peace NGO Forum.[182] Madonna's performance was criticised by a group called "Boycott from Within" as "a blatant attempt at whitewashing Israeli crimes" and Omar Barghouti said that "by performing in Israel, Madonna has consciously and shamefully lent her name to fig-leafing Israel's occupation and apartheid and showed her obliviousness to human rights."[183]

Ed Husain, writing in the New York Times, says that the boycott of Israel should end, since it is hurting the Palestinians more than helping them. Husain believes that the "voice of the Palestinian imams who want to see an end to the boycott needs to be amplified", as well as those "religious leaders" in Egypt and in Saudi Arabia who "advocate peace".[184]

In January 2014, Scarlett Johansson started to promote SodaStream, an Israeli company operating in Ma'ale Adumim, a West Bank settlement, which sparked criticism from Oxfam. In response, Johansson severed ties with Oxfam after eight years, saying she supports trade and "social interaction between a democratic Israel and Palestine" and she has "a fundamental difference of opinion with Oxfam in regards to the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement". SodaStream plant employs both Palestinians and Israelis and the company says it is a model of peaceful cooperation.[185]

In October 2015, J.K. Rowling was one of the 150 people from the British arts world who signed a letter against the call for a boycott of Israel that was made in February. The signatories of the letter said "cultural boycotts singling out Israel are divisive and discriminatory, and will not further peace. Open dialogue and interaction promote greater understanding and mutual acceptance, and it is through such understanding and acceptance that movement can be made towards a resolution of the conflict." Some of the signatories were closely aligned with Israel, for example via the Conservative Friends of Israel and Labour friends of Israel.[186][187][188]

United States government response

In the United States, the Export Administration Act discourages, and in some circumstances, prohibits U.S. companies and individuals from furthering or supporting the boycott of Israel. The Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) is responsible for penalties are imposed for each "knowing" violation with fines of up to $50,000 or five times the value of the exports involved, whichever is greater, and imprisonment of up to five years.

During the mid-1970s the United States adopted two laws that seek to counteract the participation of U.S. citizens in other nation's economic boycotts or embargoes. These "antiboycott" laws are the 1977 amendments to the Export Administration Act (EAA) and the Ribicoff Amendment to the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (TRA). While these laws share a common purpose, there are distinctions in their administration.

The antiboycott laws were adopted to encourage, and in specified cases, require U.S. firms to refuse to participate in foreign boycotts that the United States does not sanction. They have the effect of preventing U.S. firms from being used to implement foreign policies of other nations which run counter to U.S. policy.

The Arab League boycott of Israel is the principal foreign economic boycott that U.S. companies must be concerned with today. The antiboycott laws, however, apply to all boycotts imposed by foreign countries that are unsanctioned by the United States.

The antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) apply to the activities of U.S. persons in the interstate or foreign commerce of the United States. The term "U.S. person" includes all individuals, corporations and unincorporated associations resident in the United States, including the permanent domestic affiliates of foreign concerns. U.S. persons also include U.S. citizens abroad (except when they reside abroad and are employed by non-U.S. persons) and the controlled in fact affiliates of domestic concerns. The test for "controlled in fact" is the ability to establish the general policies or to control the day-to-day operations of the foreign affiliate.[189]

The scope of the EAR, as defined by Section 8 of the EAA, is limited to actions taken with intent to comply with, further, or support an unsanctioned foreign boycott.

What do the laws prohibit?

Conduct that may be penalized under the TRA and/or prohibited under the EAR includes:[190]

Implementing letters of credit containing prohibited boycott terms or conditions.

The TRA does not "prohibit" conduct, but denies tax benefits ("penalizes") for certain types of boycott-related agreements.

What must be reported?

The EAR requires U.S. persons to report quarterly requests they have received to take certain actions to comply with, further, or support an unsanctioned foreign boycott.[189]

The TRA requires taxpayers to report "operations" in, with, or related to a boycotting country or its nationals and requests received to participate in or cooperate with an international boycott. The Treasury Department publishes a quarterly list of "boycotting countries."

Penalties

The Export Administration Act (EAA) specifies penalties for violations of the Antiboycott Regulations as well as export control violations. These can include:

Criminal

The penalties imposed for each "knowing" violation can be a fine of up to $50,000, or five times the value of the exports involved, whichever is greater, and imprisonment of up to five years. During periods when the EAR are continued in effect by an Executive Order, issued pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the criminal penalties for each "willful" violation can be a fine of up to $50,000 and imprisonment for up to ten years.[189]

Administrative

For each violation of the EAR, any or all of the following may be imposed:

Boycott agreements under the TRA involve the denial of all or part of the foreign tax benefits discussed above.

When the EAA is in lapse, penalties for violation of the Antiboycott Regulations are governed by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). The IEEPA Enhancement Act provides for penalties of up to the greater of $250,000 per violation, or twice the value of the transaction for administrative violations of Antiboycott Regulations, and up to $1 million and 20 years imprisonment per violation for criminal anti-boycott violations.[189]

Israeli government response

On 11 July 2011, the Israeli Knesset passed a law that makes the call for a boycott on Israel or Israeli settlements a civil wrong. 47 members of the Knesset voted in favour and 38 against.[191] The law primarily allows[192][193] targets of announced boycotts to persons and organisations that promote them, without having to first prove they were harmed by the boycott. The law also allows the Israeli government to deny contracts and withdraw financial support to those who promote boycotts. The law does not create any criminal offences or criminal sanctions.[194]

The law was heavily criticized in Israel by both left-wing and Arab political parties. Israeli leftist and human rights organizations also criticized the law, and launched a public campaign against it.[195] Prior to the law's approval, four Israeli human rights groups sent letters to Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin, Justice Minister Yaakov Neeman, and Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz, demanding a halt in the approval process of the law. After the law was passed, the far-left Gush Shalom movement petitioned the Supreme Court, claiming that the law violated basic democratic principles. The Supreme Court has given the Israeli government 60 days to respond. Thirty-four law professors signed a petition against the law to be forwarded to Attorney-General Yehuda Weinstein.[196][197]

During an address to the Knesset, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected criticism over his failure to attend the boycott law vote, and stressed that he had in fact approved the bill. He also criticized Kadima party members who initially supported the bill and later opposed its final version, accusing them of folding to pressure.[198]

Australian government response

Though Israeli chocolate company Max Brenner is targeted by some Australian Palestinian activists, the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs and former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said, "I don't think in 21st-century Australia there is a place for the attempted boycott of a Jewish business."[199]

Senior figures in the Australian Labor Party linked action against the Australian Greens at a state conference, where the Greens were denied automatic preferences, to the Greens' previous support for the BDS movement. Former New South Wales treasurer and Australian Labor Party general secretary Eric Roozendaal and fellow Legislative Councillor Walt Secord, stated, "The Greens will carry forever the stain of their support for the BDS campaign and their attempts to delegitimise Israel and the Jewish community—and this is one of the reasons why we must stand strong against the Greens."[200]

In April 2013, Prime Minister Julia Gillard said that the "campaign does not serve the cause of peace and diplomacy for agreement on a two-state solution between Israel and Palestine", and added that Australia has always had firm opposition to the BDS movement.[201] Representing the Coalition prior to the 2013 federal election, Liberal Party deputy leader Julie Bishop reaffirmed Gillard's stance by promising to cut off federal grants for individuals and institutions who support the BDS campaign. On 29 May 2013, Jewish Australian academics Andrew Benjamin, Michele Grossman and David Goodman condemned the Coalition's election promise as "an anti-democratic gesture par excellence".[202]

French supreme court verdict

On 22 May 2012, the Cour de Cassation (one of the French final appeals courts) ruled that publicly calling for a boycott of Israeli products constitutes incitement and discrimination based on nationality. The verdict by the Cour de Cassation was the final verdict in a lengthy legal battle, which consisted of a series of convictions, acquittals, and appeals.[158] French lawyer Michael Ghnassia wrote that the ban on publicly calling for a boycott of Israeli products does not violate freedom of speech because such boycotts affect all Israelis, and is therefore "based on a racial, religious or national criterion and rather than representing a simple opinion, is a discriminatory action".[203]

United Kingdom

A UK court dismissed in 2013 claims that the University and College Union was institutionally anti-Semitic due to motions it had passed in favour of a boycott of Israel. The judgement, by an employment tribunal, was strongly critical of the claims, referring to them as "an impermissible attempt to achieve a political end by litigious means" and displaying a "worrying disregard for pluralism, tolerance and freedom of expression".[204]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boycotts of Israel.

References

  1. ↑ Mitchell G. Bard; Jeff Dawson (Fall 2012). "Israel and the Campus: The Real Story" (PDF). AICE. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  2. 1 2 3  This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document "Arab League Boycott of Israel.".
  3. ↑ Turck, Nancy (April 1977). "The Arab Boycott of Israel". Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations) 55 (3): 472–493. doi:10.2307/20039682. JSTOR 20039682.
  4. ↑ William J. Miller. "Arab Boycott". World Encyclopedia of Law.
  5. 1 2 3 Joyce Shems Sharon (May 2003). "The Arab Boycott Against Israel and Its Unintended Impact on Arab Economic Welfare". Tufts University. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
  6. ↑ "85% of Palestinians are interested in cooperation with Israel". Globes. 5 September 2011.
  7. ↑ "Palestinians Working In Israel | Wafa Palestinian News Source". Wafa. 23 November 2011.
  8. ↑ Matthew Kalman (20 January 2014). "Palestinians Divided Over Boycott of Israeli Universities". International New York Times.
  9. ↑ George Conger (15 April 2007). "UK reporters union to boycott Israel". The Jerusalem Post.
    Stephen Brook (13 April 2007). "NUJ votes to boycott Israeli goods". The Guardian.
  10. 1 2 Palestine BDS Campaign. Retrieved 22 May 2007. Archived 12 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ Statement from Lord Carey, 19 April 2006, hosted on the Anglicans for Israel website
  12. ↑ CUPE Ontario delegates support campaign against Israeli "apartheid wall". Background on Resolution #50 (CUPE Ontario)
  13. ↑ CUPE in Ontario votes to boycott Israel (CBC News) 27 May 2006
  14. ↑ "Labour pains over Israel" by Jay Teitel (Maclean's Canada) 13 June 2006
  15. ↑ Eytan Amit (22 December 2005). "Norway: Parliament shuns Israeli products". Ynetnews.
  16. ↑ "South African union joins boycott of Israel" by Ronen Bodoni (Ynetnews) 8 June 2006
  17. ↑ "United Churches in Toronto to endorse boycott of Israel", National Post, 28 June 2006
  18. ↑ Hilary Leila Krieger (21 August 2006). "Canadian church group drops anti-Israel divestment program". The Jerusalem Post.
  19. ↑ "United Church of Canada approves Israeli settlement boycott". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 18 August 2012.
  20. ↑ "Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign". Cosmos.ucc.ie. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  21. ↑ Britain confirms its anti-settlement push, The Jewish Chronicle, 13 November 2008
  22. 1 2 3 Ora Coren (19 November 2008). "Israel Worried That U.K. Pressure Will Harm Exports to Europe". Haaretz.
  23. ↑ Liphshiz, Cnaan (1 February 2009). "Belgium to stop exporting 'arms that bolster the IDF' to Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  24. ↑ Nicholas Watt (22 December 2001). "Selfridges bans sale of goods from occupied territories]". The Guardian.
  25. ↑ Implementation of EC/Israel Trade Agreement – House of Commons, European Legislation, Thirty-First Report (1998)
  26. ↑ Jessica Elgot (27 September 2011). "Ahava finally closes its doors in London". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  27. ↑ "Trade unionists launch boycott of Israeli goods (Belfast Telegraph, 10 February 2009)". Belfast Telegraph. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  28. ↑ British trade unions to boycott Israeli goods (The Jerusalem Post)
  29. ↑ "students at Sussex University vote to boycott Israeli goods". San Francisco Bay Area Independent Media Center. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  30. ↑ "Dock workers to boycott Israeli ship". Mail & Guardian. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  31. ↑ "Boycott targets settlement products (Al Jazeera, 19 November 2009)". Al Jazeera. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  32. ↑ Mel Frykberg (20 May 2010). "Palestinian Economic Boycott Hits Israeli Settlers". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  33. ↑ "Yediot reports on damage to settlement industry caused by targeted boycott". Coteret. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010link to Hebrew original in Yediot Achoronot
  34. ↑ "Sweden to launch weeklong boycott on Israeli ships (Ynet News, 5 June 2010)". Ynetnews. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  35. ↑ "Norwegian Port Union Boycotts Israeli Ships (indymedia-letzebuerg, 14 June 2010)". Indymedia-letzebuerg.net. 14 June 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  36. ↑ Sean Maher; Elizabeth Nardi (21 June 2010). "Protesters prevent unloading of Israeli ship at Port of Oakland". Oakland Tribune. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  37. ↑ Taylor, Jerome (30 June 2010). "Methodists launch boycott over West Bank". The Independent (London). Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  38. ↑ Mozgovaya, Natasha (21 July 2010). "Food co-op in Rachel Corrie's hometown boycotts Israeli goods". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  39. ↑ "Statement on Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territoryn (World Council of Chirches, 2.09.2009)". World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  40. ↑ Canada store owner defeats anti-Israel boycotters, Ynetnews
  41. ↑ Semple, Kirk; Kuntzman, Gersh (27 March 2012). "Food Co-op Rejects Effort to Boycott Israeli-Made Products". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  42. ↑ UK supermarket shuns Israeli-settlement goods (Al Jazeera, 29 April 2012)
  43. ↑ Tracy McVeigh; Harriet Sherwood (29 April 2012). "Co-op boycotts exports from Israel's West Bank settlements". The Guardian.
  44. ↑ British trade union to ban member visits to Israel (The Jerusalem Post, 8 June 2013)
  45. ↑ Netanyahu and Livni Speak to EU Leaders on Boycott (Arutz Sheva, 18 July 2013)
  46. ↑ Experts: EU Yesha Policy Could Lead to 'Legal Morass' (Arutz Sheva, 19 July 2013)
  47. ↑ Dutch supermarkets ban settlement products (The Times of Israel, 22 July 2013)
  48. ↑ Scarlett Johansson row has boosted Israeli settlement boycott, say activists (The Guardian, 6 February 2014)
  49. ↑ "NUI Galway Students' Union Election Results 2014".
  50. ↑ Willy Jackson (1 September 2009). "Economic retaliation against Tel Aviv". Le Monde diplomatique English Edition. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  51. ↑ "Norwegian Gov't Pension Fund exits Elbit Systems: The fund sold its holding because of Elbit Systems' role in Israel's security". TradingMarkets.com. 3 September 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  52. ↑ "Three companies excluded from the Government Pension Fund Global" (Press release). Ministry of Finance (Norway). 23 August 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  53. ↑ Norway's oil fund can reinvest in Africa Israel Investments, Danya Cebus Reuters, OSLO, Wed 21 August 2013
  54. 1 2 Norway's sovereign wealth fund joins exodus from Israel (Financial Times, 2 February 2014)(subscription required)
  55. ↑ German company pulls out of Israel rail project because it cuts through West Bank (The Washington Post, Associated Press, 9 May 2011)
  56. ↑ Caterpillar cut from social index over Israel (Al Jazeera, 27 June 2012)
  57. ↑ Israel Divestiture Spurs Clash. Jewish Leaders Condemn Move by Presbyterian Church by Alan Cooperman (Washington Post; Page A08) 29 September 2004
  58. ↑ Kaleem, Jaweed (6 July 2012). "Presbyterians Reject Divestment Related To Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  59. ↑ Presbyterians Vote to Divest Holdings to Pressure Israel (The New York Times, 20 June 2014)
  60. ↑ New Zealand Superannuation Fund excludes three companies on responsible investment grounds (New Zealand Superannuation Fund, 12 December 2012)
  61. ↑ Barak Ravid (1 February 2014). "Denmark's largest bank blacklists Israel's Hapoalim over settlement construction". Haaretz.
  62. ↑ Israel's SodaStream leaves West Bank (Financial Times, 10 September 2015) "SodaStream, the Israeli maker of home fizzy drink dispensers, will next week cease production at its factory near the West Bank settlement of Ma'ale Adumim after being pressured by campaigners around the world for doing business on occupied Palestinian land."(subscription required)
  63. ↑ Benjamin Joffe-Walt (30 May 2006). "Lecturers back boycott of Israeli academics". The Guardian (London).
  64. ↑ Tamara Traubmann (12 June 2006). "British academic boycott expires after teaching unions merge". Haaretz.
  65. ↑ "Spain contest bans Israeli team affiliated with West Bank college". Haaretz. Associated Press. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  66. ↑ NTNU says no to academic boycott of Israel. Press release. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 12.11.2009
  67. ↑ Raphael Ahren (29 January 2009). "For first time, U.S. professors call for academic and cultural boycott of Israel". Haaretz.
  68. ↑ "Over 500 academics endorse boycott of Israel]". Arab News. WVNS. 20 September 2010.
  69. ↑ University of Johannesburg votes to sever ties with BGU (The Jerusalem Post, 24 March 2011)
  70. ↑ Matthew Kalman (25 March 2011). "U. of Johannesburg Official: 'UJ Is Not Part of an Academic Boycott of Israel'". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  71. ↑ Ben Harris (5 January 2012). "Penn distances itself from BDS conference". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
  72. ↑ Academic Boycott of Israel Called by Irish Teachers Union (Rabble, 4 April 2013)
  73. ↑ Robert Booth; Harriet Sherwood (10 May 2013). "Noam Chomsky helped lobby Stephen Hawking to stage Israel boycott". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  74. ↑ Harriet Sherwood; Matthew Kalman (8 May 2013). "Stephen Hawking joins academic boycott of Israel". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  75. ↑ "Stephen Hawking Makes a Peaceful Protest". The Boston Globe. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  76. ↑ Brian Martin (14 May 2013). "Academics and activism: Stephen Hawking and the Israel boycott". The Conversation Australia. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  77. ↑ "Council Resolution on Boycott of Israeli Academic Institutions".
  78. ↑ "Council Statement on the Boycott of Israeli Academic Institutions". American Studies Association. 4 December 2013.
  79. ↑ "92 universities reject academic boycott of Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 1 January 2014.
  80. ↑ 500 Mideast scholars call for academic embargo of Israeli institutions (The Jerusalem Post, 3 October 2014
  81. ↑ "More than 500 anthropologists join academic boycott of Israel". Haaretz. 5 October 2014.
  82. ↑ Italian scholars boycott Israeli academic institutions (Al Jazeera, January 30, 2016)
    Italian academics call for boycott of Israeli universities (Ynet, January 29, 2016)
  83. ↑ Spain imposes arms embargo on Israel (Janes, 4 August 2014)
    Barak Ravid (5 August 2014). "Spain freezes arms exports to Israel over Gaza op". Haaretz.
    World outrage grows as Israel pursues 'quiet and security', Guardian weekly, 8–14 August 2014)
    Spain halts arms exports to Israel over Gaza war (PressTV, 9 August 2014)
  84. ↑ UK ready to suspend arms exports to Israel (Financial Times, 12 August 2014)(subscription required)
  85. ↑ Charlotte Higgins (15 December 2006). "John Berger rallies artists for cultural boycott of Israel". The Guardian (London).
  86. ↑ Mariof (21 November 2007). "Boycott, désinvestissement et sanctions - Israël sous pression". Intal.be. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  87. ↑ Goel Pinto (27 August 2006). "British director Ken Loach backs Palestinian call for boycott on Israel". Haaretz.
  88. ↑ Lettre de remerciement, July 2008, July 2008
  89. ↑ "Roger Waters voices support for Israel boycott". Haaretz. 6 March 2011.
  90. ↑ Music moguls to artists: Don't boycott Israel
  91. ↑ Tamara Traubman (24 September 2006). "Irish lecturers call on EU to boycott Israeli universities". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007.
  92. ↑ Israeli offensive in Gaza, 23 January 2009
  93. ↑ "150 Irish artists pledge to boycott Israel (Irish Times, 13 August 2010)". The Irish Times. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  94. ↑ "ujfp, 19 07 09". Ujfp.org. 19 July 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  95. ↑ "'Yet Another Artist Cancels a Show in Israel'". Palestine News Network. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  96. ↑ Artists' Boycott Strikes a Dissonant Note Inside Israel. New York Times
  97. ↑ Raz Shechnik (2 February 2010). "'Santana canceled concert because of anti-Israel pressure'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  98. ↑ Elvis Costello's statement on his own website, 2010
  99. ↑ Vikram Dodd; Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem (18 May 2010). "Elvis Costello cancels concerts in Israel in protest at treatment of Palestinians". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  100. ↑ "Tel Aviv Israel Concert Canceled by Gil Scott Heron". Salem, Ore.: Salem-news.com. World View News Service. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  101. ↑ "Annie Lennox: I Have No Interest in Going to Israel". Haaretz. 11 October 2010.
  102. ↑ "Bands cancel performance in Israel following raid on Gaza-bound ships (GulfNews, 4 June 2010)". Gulf News. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  103. ↑ "U.K. musicians Leftfield cancelled their Israel show due to 'production problems'". Haaretz. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  104. ↑ Ilham Rawoot, Why Faithless are giving Israel a miss Mail & Guardian, South Africa, February 2011
  105. ↑ "English rock band Tindersticks cancels TA concert". The Jerusalem Post. 24 November 2010.
  106. ↑ Interview of Naja of Massive Attack, September 2010
  107. ↑ "'Pixies' cancel Tel-Aviv show". The Jerusalem Post. 6 June 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  108. ↑ Michael White (2 June 2010). "Gaza flotilla attack: there are shades of grey on both sides". The Guardian (London).
  109. ↑ Iain Banks (2 June 2010). "Small step towards a boycott of Israel". The Guardian (London). (letter to the editor)
  110. ↑ The Huffington Post, 2010
  111. ↑ "500 Artists Against Israeli Apartheid". Tadamon.ca. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  112. ↑ "500 artistes montréalais s'engagent contre l'apartheid israélien". Le Journal des Alternatives (in French). 24 February 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  113. ↑ Norvegian artists for BDS
  114. ↑ Chaim Levinson; Or Kashti (31 August 2010). "150 Academics, Artists Back Actors' Boycott of Settlement Arts Center". Haaretz.
  115. ↑ Matan Abramovitch (16 January 2011). "Did Pop Star Paradis Cancel Israel Concert Over Politics?". Haaretz. City Mouse Online.
  116. ↑ Israel Infos, 2011
  117. ↑ Natacha Atlas announces Israel boycott. 2011
  118. ↑ The Times, South Africa, 2011
  119. ↑ "Int'l artists cancel Eilat performances - Israel Culture". Ynetnews. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  120. ↑ Africa's Gateway, South Africa, September 2011
  121. ↑ PACBI translates and reproduces Martha Frintzila's statement from her website, 2011
  122. ↑ Indymedia, December 2011 Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  123. ↑ Liberation, France, 2011
  124. ↑ BDS Switzerland
  125. ↑ Rana Siddiqui Zaman, Indian artists to boycott major show in Israel, The Hindu, New Delhi, 2 August 2011]
  126. ↑ AMARC statement, PDF file, 2011
  127. ↑ Tunisian Athlete Refuses to Play against Israeli (WAFA, 11 October 2011)
  128. ↑ "Iranian chess master expelled for refusing to play Israeli". The Jerusalem Post. 27 October 2008.
  129. ↑ "Stevie Wonder cancels Israel fundraiser concert". BBC News. 2 December 2012.
  130. ↑ Stevie Wonder pulls out of Israel fundraiser after boycott pressure (The Jewish Chronicle, 30 November 2012)
  131. ↑ "Stevie Wonder to Pull Out of IDF Fundraiser". Haaretz. JTA. 29 November 2012.
  132. ↑ "Bandboikott av Kapittel" [Band Boycott of Chapter]. Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). 16 September 2013.
  133. ↑ "Når kunst kommer til kort" [When art comes up short] (in Norwegian). NRK.
  134. ↑ "Danny Glover calls for cultural boycott of Israel". Haaretz. JTA. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014.
  135. ↑ Seven hundred artists have just announced a 'cultural boycott' of Israel (The Independent, 14 February 2015)
  136. ↑ Letter: Over 100 artists announce a cultural boycott of Israel (The Guardian, 13 February 2015)
  137. ↑ The Jewish Chronicle. 24 August 2001. Front page.
  138. ↑ MacAskill, Ewen (Diplomatic editor), The Guardian 5 February 2004.
  139. ↑ Israel: Time to Divest. Desmond Tutu, New Internationalist magazine, January–February 2003
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  141. ↑ Baker, Mona (20 January 2003). "Palestine Chronicle: Swedish Public Figures Urge Israeli Boycott". Monabaker.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  142. ↑ "Episcopal News Service: Head of Swedish church's support for boycott of Israeli products stirs debate". Episcopal Church. 29 January 2003. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  143. ↑ "Growing outrage at the killings in Gaza". The Guardian. 15 January 2009., archived at "UK Academics Write to the Guardian: 'Israel Must Lose'". Engage. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  144. ↑ "UK's Jewish MP calls it Nazi-like operation". Agence France-Presse. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  145. ↑ US Academic Boycott of Israel
  146. ↑ Economic boycott of Israel?
  147. ↑ Chris McGreal (28 November 2012). "Nobel peace laureates call for Israel military boycott over Gaza assault". The Guardian.
  148. ↑ "ADL 12 August 2005". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  149. ↑ The Jerusalem Post http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1148482087538&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 13 June 2006. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  150. ↑ Cooperman, Alan (29 September 2004). "Israel Divestiture Spurs Clash". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  151. ↑ (PDF) http://web.archive.org/web/20120328101423/http://www.sadaka.ie/Files/Gush_Shalom_FAQs.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  152. ↑ ADL Slams British Academic Boycott Policy, Anti-Defamation League, 26 May 2006. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  153. ↑ Lecturers call for Israel boycott, British Broadcasting Corporation, 30 May 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
  154. ↑ Tamara Traubmann; Benjamin Joffe-Walt (20 June 2006). "Israeli university boycott: how a campaign backfired". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
  155. ↑ Editorial, The New York Sun, 6 May 2005. Facing Up to the AUT
  156. ↑ Anthony Julius and Alan Dershowitz in The Times Online 13 June 2007
  157. ↑ "The Left's 'anti-Semitism' can't go unchallenged". Times Higher Education. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  158. 1 2 Martino, Peter (12 July 2012). "France Penalizes Boycott of Israeli Products". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  159. ↑ Le boycott d'Israël validé par la Cour de cassation (Politis, 21 novembre 2013) "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation a confirmé mardi la légalité de la campagne de boycott des produits d'Israël"
  160. ↑ "Boycotting Israel: New pariah on the block". The Economist. 13 September 2007.
  161. ↑ Gerald Steinberg; Jason Edelstein (6 November 2010). "Turning the tables on BDS". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  162. ↑ Israel Apartheid Week, and efforts to combat it, begin
  163. ↑ John Lydon (20 July 2010). "Lydon Slams Critics Over Israel Show". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  164. ↑ Consensus Seen Taking Shape On Boycotts
  165. 1 2 Cape Town Opera to go on Israel tour
  166. ↑ Cape Town Opera's Tour to Israel
  167. 1 2 3 "Israel boycotters target authors, artists". Ynetnews. 5 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  168. ↑ Amit Kling (15 May 2011). "Coen Brothers: Boycotting Israel Is a Mistake". Haaretz. City Mouse Online.
  169. ↑ Real satisfaction: Rolling Stones choose Israel over BDS boycott, Fox News 01-04-2014
  170. ↑ The Rolling Stones in Israel: It's only rock 'n roll, but we loved it, The Times of Israel 05-06-2014
  171. ↑ "Alicia Keys to Go Forward With Israel Concert, Despite Pressure From BDS Movement". Haaretz. May 31, 2013.
  172. ↑ Sara Miller (29 July 2013). "My, my, my. Tom Jones said to be coming to Israel". The Jerusalem Post.
  173. ↑ "Eric Burdon from Band The Animals To Play in Israel". The Forward. JTA. July 29, 2013.
  174. ↑ Lahav Harkov (4 October 2015). "Bon Jovi helps Israelis 'Keep the Faith' with empowering songs on a difficult night". The Jerusalem Post.
  175. ↑ Karolyn Coorsh (20 July 2011). "Reggae star Ziggy Marley rejects calls to boycott Israel". The Jerusalem Post.
  176. ↑ Sailing with the 'Riverdance' of life. 09.13.11
  177. ↑ Pro-Palestinian leader condemns violence at Brenner boycott
  178. ↑ A Conversation with Noam Chomsky on Palestine/Israel
  179. ↑ "Chomsky says BDS tactics won't work, may be harmful to Palestinians". The Jerusalem Post. 3 July 2014.
  180. ↑ Palestinian consul rejects BDS violence
  181. ↑ Madonna Kicks Off 'MDNA' Tour in Tel Aviv
  182. ↑ Nir Hasson date=31 May 2012. "Israeli Left-wing NGOs Split on Accepting Madonna's Invite to Tel Aviv Show". Haaretz.
  183. ↑ Israel is new South Africa as boycott calls increase (The Independent, 3 June 2012)
  184. ↑ End the Arab Boycott of Israel
  185. ↑ "Scarlett Johansson loses role as Oxfam ambassador over Super Bowl SodaStream ad which breaches charity's Israeli boycott". Daily Mail. 30 January 2014.
  186. ↑ "J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter author, comes out against BDS movement". The Jerusalem Post. 22 October 2015.
  187. ↑ Israel needs cultural bridges, not boycotts – letter from 149 opponents of a cultural boycott of Israel including JK Rowling and Simon Schama (The Guardian, 22 October 2015)
  188. ↑ Harriet Sherwood (22 October 2015). "Star authors call for Israeli-Palestinian dialogue rather than boycotts". The Guardian.
  189. 1 2 3 4 Weiss, Martin A. (5 March 2013). "Arab League Boycott of Israel" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  190. ↑ "Restrictive Trade Practices - Antiboycott Compliance". Brown University. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  191. ↑ Azulay, Moran (11 July 2011). "Knesset votes in favor of 'boycott bill'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  192. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (7 March 2011). "Bill to punish anti-Israel boycotters passes first Knesset hurdle". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  193. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (11 July 2011). "Israel passes law banning calls for boycott". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  194. ↑ ספר החוקים (PDF) (in Hebrew). Nevo.co.il. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  195. ↑ Jonathan Lis; Tomer Zarchin. "Israeli Left launches public campaign against new law banning boycotts". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  196. ↑ "Boycott Law may backfire on Israel". RT. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  197. ↑ "Rights groups to appeal 'Boycott Law' at High Court". The Jerusalem Post. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  198. ↑ Azulay, Moran (13 July 2011). "Netanyahu: I approved the Boycott Law". Ynetnews. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  199. ↑ "Australian lawmakers support Israeli business". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  200. ↑ Christian Kerr (17 July 2012). "Support for boycotts on Israel backfired". The Australian. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  201. ↑ Julia Gillard denounces activists as anti-Israel protest turns anti-Semitic
  202. ↑ Ean Higgins (29 May 2013). "In a democracy freedom of expression had to allow a capacity for dissent". The Australian. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  203. ↑ Ghnassia, Michaël (23 March 2012). "Boycotter les produits d'Israël ? Non, ce n'est pas de la 'liberté d'expression'". Le Nouvel Observateur. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  204. ↑ Tribunal slams academic for bringing anti-Semitism case (The Times Higher Education, 27 March 2013)
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