Elizabeth of Russia

Elizabeth

Portrait painted by Vigilius Eriksen in 1757
Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias
Reign 6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762
Coronation 6 March 1742
Predecessor Ivan VI
Successor Peter III
Born (1709-12-29)29 December 1709
Kolomenskoye, Moscow
Died 5 January 1762(1762-01-05) (aged 52)
Saint Petersburg
Burial 3 February 1762
Peter and Paul Cathedral
Consort Alexey Razumovsky
Full name
Elizaveta Petrovna
House Romanov
Father Peter I of Russia
Mother Catherine I of Russia
Religion Russian Orthodoxy
Signature

Elizabeth Petrovna (Russian: Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т) Петро́вна) (29 December [O.S. 18 December] 1709 – 5 January 1762 [O.S. 25 December 1761]), also known as Yelisaveta and Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death. She led the country into the two major European conflicts of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48) and the Seven Years' War (1756–63). On the eve of her death, Russia spanned almost 6,250,000 square miles (16,200,000 km2).

Her domestic policies allowed the nobles to gain dominance in local government while shortening their terms of service to the state. She encouraged Mikhail Lomonosov's establishment of the University of Moscow and Ivan Shuvalov's foundation of the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. She also spent exorbitant sums of money on the grandiose baroque projects of her favourite architect, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, particularly in Peterhof and Tsarskoye Selo. The Winter Palace and the Smolny Cathedral in Saint Petersburg are among the chief monuments of her reign. She remains one of the most popular Russian monarchs due to her strong opposition to Prussian policies and her decision not to execute a single person during her reign.[1]

Early life

Elizabeth, the second-oldest surviving daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine I, was born at Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, on 18 December 1709 (O.S.).[2] Her parents had secretly married in the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in St. Petersburg in November 1707.[3] The marriage was made public in February 1712.[3] As her parents' marriage had not been publicly acknowledged at the time of her birth, Elizabeth's political opponents would later use her "illegitimacy" to challenge her right to the throne. On 6 March 1711, she was proclaimed a Tsarevna (“princess”) and on 23 December 1721, a Tsesarevna (“crown princess”).[2]

The portrait of Elizabeth as Venus, painted in the 1710s for the Grand Peterhof Palace.

Of Peter and Catherine's five sons and seven daughters, only two daughters, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth survived.[4] In 1724 Anna became betrothed to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, nephew of the late King Charles XII of Sweden, Peter's old adversary.[4] Her father had tried to find Elizabeth an equally impressive match with the French Royal court when he paid a visit there.[4] It was Peter's intention to marry his second daughter to the young French King Louis XV, but the Bourbons declined the offer, as they deemed her mother's origin too obscure.[5] Elizabeth had been betrothed to Prince Karl Augustus of Holstein-Gottorp,[6] son of Christian Augustus, Prince of Eutin. Politically, it appeared a useful and respectable alliance.[6] A few days after the betrothal, Karl Augustus died[6] (31 May 1727). At the time of Peter's death in 1725, no marriage plan had succeeded.[4]

As a child, Elizabeth was bright, if not brilliant, but received only an imperfect and desultory formal education. Her father adored her. She resembled him both physically and temperamentally.[7] Peter had no leisure to devote to her training, and her mother was too uneducated to superintend her formal studies. She had a French governess and was fluent in Italian, German and French.[2] She was also an excellent dancer and rider.[2] From her earliest years, she delighted everyone with her extraordinary beauty and vivacity. She was commonly known as the leading beauty of the Russian Empire.[2]

Elizabeth in the 1720s (as painted by Ivan Nikitich Nikitin)

So long as Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov remained in power (until September 1727), the government of Elizabeth's adolescent half-nephew Peter II (reigned 1727-1730) treated her with liberality and distinction. The Dolgorukovs, an ancient boyar family, deeply resented Menshikov.[8] With Peter II's attachment to Prince Ivan Dolgorukov, and with two of their family members on the Supreme State Council, they had the leverage for a successful coup. Menshikov was arrested, stripped of all his honours and properties and exiled to northern Siberia, where he died in November 1729.[8] The Dolgorukovs hated the memory of Peter the Great, and practically banished his daughter from Court.[9]

With the death of her father in 1725, and the later accession of the Empress Anna in 1730, no royal court or noble house in Europe could allow a son to pay court to Elizabeth, as it would be seen as an unfriendly act to the Empress.[10] Marriage to a commoner was not possible as it would cost Elizabeth not only her title, but also her property rights and her claim to the throne.[10] Elizabeth's response was to make a lover of Alexis Shubin, a handsome sergeant in the Semyonovsky Guards regiment.[10] After Shubin's banishment to Siberia (having previously been relieved of his tongue) by Anna's order, she turned to a coachman and then to a waiter.[10] Eventually she consoled herself with a young Ukrainian peasant with a good bass voice, Alexis Razumovsky, who had been brought to Saint Petersburg by a nobleman for a church choir. Elizabeth acquired him for her own choir.[10] Razumovsky, a good and simple-minded man, showed no personal ambition.[10] Elizabeth was devoted to him, and there is reason to believe that she might have married him in a secret ceremony.[10] Razumovsky would later become known as "the Emperor of the Night"[10] and Elizabeth would make him a Prince and Field Marshal (1756) after she became Empress in 1741. The Holy Roman Emperor made Razumovsky a Count of the Holy Roman Empire[10] in 1742.

1741 coup

The Preobrazhensky Regiment soldiers proclaim Elizabeth the empress of Russia
Coronation procession of Empress Elizabeth, Moscow 1742

During the reign of her cousin, Anna (1730–1740), Elizabeth was gathering support in the background; but after the death of Empress Anna, the regency of Anna Leopoldovna for the infant Ivan VI was marked by high taxes and economic problems. Elizabeth, being the daughter of Peter the Great, enjoyed much support from the Russian guards regiments.[1] Elizabeth often visited the regiments, marking special events with the officers, and acting as godmother to their children.[11] The guards repaid her kindness when, on the night of 25 November 1741, Elizabeth seized power with the help of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Arriving at the regimental headquarters dressed in a metal breastplate over her dress and grasping a silver cross, she challenged, "Who do you want to serve? Me, the natural sovereign, or those who have stolen my inheritance?"[1] After winning the regiment over, the troops marched to the Winter Palace, where they arrested the infant Emperor, his parents, and their own lieutenant-colonel, Count von Munnich. It was a daring coup and passed without bloodshed.[1] Elizabeth had vowed that if she became Empress she would not sign a single death sentence, an unusual promise that she—notably—kept throughout her life.[1]

Policies

Domestic

At the age of thirty-three, with relatively little political experience, Elizabeth found herself at the head of a great empire at one of the most critical periods of its existence. Her proclamation as Empress Elizabeth I explained that the preceding reigns had led Russia to ruin:

"The Russian people have been groaning under the enemies of the Christian faith, but she has delivered them from the degrading foreign oppression." [12]

Russia had been under the domination of German advisers and Elizabeth exiled the most unpopular of them, including Heinrich Ostermann, Burkhard von Munnich and Carl Gustav Lowenwolde.[12] Elizabeth crowned herself Empress in the Dormition Cathedral on 25 April 1742.

Fortunately for herself and for Russia, Elizabeth Petrovna, with all her shortcomings (documents often waited months for her signature),[13] had inherited some of her father's genius for government. Her usually keen judgment and her diplomatic tact again and again recalled Peter the Great. What sometimes appeared as irresolution and procrastination, was most often a wise suspension of judgment under exceptionally difficult circumstances.

The substantial changes made by Elizabeth's father, Peter the Great, had not exercised a really formative influence on the intellectual attitudes of the ruling classes as a whole.[14] Elizabeth made considerable impact and laid the groundwork for its completion by her eventual successor, Catherine II.[14]

Foreign

Bestuzhev

Elizabeth abolished the cabinet council system that had been used under Anna, and reconstituted the senate as it had been under Peter the Great, with the chiefs of the departments of state (none of them Germans) attending. Her first task after this was to address the war with Sweden. On 23 January 1743, direct negotiations between the two powers were opened at Åbo (Turku). In the Treaty of Åbo, on 7 August 1743, Sweden ceded to Russia all of southern Finland east of the Kymmene River, which became the boundary between the two states. The treaty also gave Russia the fortresses of Villmanstrand and Fredrikshamn. [9]

This triumphant issue can be credited to the diplomatic ability of the new vice chancellor, Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin. His policies would have been impossible without her support.[15] Elizabeth had wisely placed Bestuzhev at the head of foreign affairs immediately after her accession. He represented the anti-Franco-Prussian portion of her council, and his object was to bring about an Anglo-Austro-Russian alliance which, at that time, was undoubtedly Russia's proper system. Hence the bogus Lopukhina Conspiracy and other attempts of Frederick the Great and Louis XV to get rid of Bestuzhev (making the Russian court the centre of a tangle of intrigue during the earlier years of Elizabeth's reign).[9]

Promenade of Elizaveta Petrovna through the streets of Saint Petersburg (1903), watercolour by Alexandre Benois.

Ultimately, the minister's strong support from Elizabeth prevailed.[15] His faultless diplomacy, and an auxiliary Russian corps of 30,000 men sent to the Rhine, greatly accelerated the peace negotiations, leading to the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (18 October 1748). By sheer tenacity of purpose, Bestuzhev had extricated his country from the Swedish imbroglio; reconciled his imperial mistress with the courts of Vienna and London; enabled Russia to assert herself effectually in Poland, Turkey and Sweden; and isolated the King of Prussia by forcing him into hostile alliances. All this would have been impossible without the steady support of Elizabeth who trusted him completely in spite of the Chancellor's many enemies, most of whom were her personal friends.[9]

However, on 14 February 1758, Chancellor Bestuzhev was removed from office. The future Catherine II recorded, "He was relieved of all his decorations and rank, without a soul being able to reveal for what crimes or transgressions the first gentleman of the Empire was so despoiled, and sent back to his house as a prisoner."[16] No specific crime was ever pinned on Bestuzhev. Instead it was inferred that he had attempted to sow discord between the Empress and her heir and his consort.[16] Bestuzhev's enemies were his rivals, the Shuvalov family, Vice-Chancellor Mikhail Vorontsov, and the Austrian and French ambassadors.[16]

Seven-Year War

Elizabeth on Horseback, Attended by a Page.

The great event of Elizabeth's later years was the Seven Years' War. Elizabeth regarded the treaty of Westminster (16 January 1756, whereby Great Britain and Prussia agreed to unite their forces to oppose the entry into, or the passage through, Germany of the troops of every foreign power) as utterly subversive of the previous conventions between Great Britain and Russia. Elizabeth sided against Prussia over a personal dislike of Frederick the Great.[13] She wanted him reduced within proper limits, so that he might no longer be a danger to the empire. Elizabeth acceded to the treaty of Versailles thus entering into an alliance with France and Austria against Prussia. On 17 May 1757 the Russian army, 85,000 strong, advanced against Königsberg.[17]

Neither the serious illness of the Empress, which began with a fainting-fit at Tsarskoe Selo (19 September 1757), nor the fall of Bestuzhev (21 February 1758), nor the cabals and intrigues of the various foreign powers at Saint Petersburg, interfered with the progress of the war, and the crushing defeat of Kunersdorf (12 August 1759)[18] at last brought Frederick to the verge of ruin. From that day forth he despaired of success, though he was saved for the moment by the jealousies of the Russian and Austrian commanders, which ruined the military plans of the allies.[9]

On the other hand, it is not too much to say that, from the end of 1759 to the end of 1761, the unshakable firmness of the Russian Empress was the one constraining political force which held together the heterogeneous, incessantly jarring elements of the anti-Prussian combination. From the Russian point of view, Elizabeth's greatness as a stateswoman consists in her steady appreciation of Russian interests, and her determination to promote them at all hazards. She insisted throughout that the King of Prussia must be rendered harmless to his neighbors for the future, and that the only way to bring this about was to reduce him to the rank of a Prince-Elector.[9]

Frederick himself was quite alive to his danger. "I'm at the end of my resources", he wrote at the beginning of 1760, "the continuance of this war means for me utter ruin. Things may drag on perhaps till July, but then a catastrophe must come." On 21 May 1760 a fresh convention was signed between Russia and Austria, a secret clause of which, never communicated to the court of Versailles, guaranteed East Prussia to Russia, as an indemnity for war expenses. The failure of the campaign of 1760, wielded by the inept Count Buturlin, induced the court of Versailles, on the evening of 22 January 1761, to present to the court of Saint Petersburg a dispatch to the effect that the king of France by reason of the condition of his dominions absolutely desired peace. The Russian empress's reply was delivered to the two ambassadors on 12 February. It was inspired by the most uncompromising hostility towards the king of Prussia. Elizabeth would not consent to any pacific overtures until the original object of the league had been accomplished.[9]

Elizaveta Petrovna in Tsarskoe Selo (1905), painting by Eugene Lanceray, now in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Simultaneously, Elizabeth had conveyed to Louis XV a confidential letter in which she proposed the signature of a new treaty of alliance of a more comprehensive and explicit nature than the preceding treaties between the two powers, without the knowledge of Austria. Elizabeth's object in this mysterious negotiation seems to have been to reconcile France and Great Britain, in return for which signal service France was to throw all her forces into the German war. This project, which lacked neither ability nor audacity, foundered upon Louis XV's invincible jealousy of the growth of Russian influence in eastern Europe and his fear of offending the Porte. It was finally arranged by the allies that their envoys at Paris should fix the date for the assembling of a peace congress, and that, in the meantime, the war against Prussia should be vigorously prosecuted. In 1760, a Russian flying column briefly occupied Berlin.[19] Russian victories placed Prussia in serious danger.[19]

The campaign of 1761 was almost as abortive as the campaign of 1760. Frederick acted on the defensive with consummate skill, and the capture of the Prussian fortress of Kolberg on Christmas Day 1761, by Rumyantsev, was the sole Russian success. Frederick, however, was now at the last gasp. On 6 January 1762, he wrote to Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, "We ought now to think of preserving for my nephew, by way of negotiation, whatever fragments of my territory we can save from the avidity of my enemies", which means, if words mean anything, that he was resolved to seek a soldier's death on the first opportunity. A fortnight later he wrote to Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, "The sky begins to clear. Courage, my dear fellow. I have received the news of a great event." The great event which snatched him from destruction was the death of the Russian empress (5 January 1762 (N.S.)).[19]

Selecting an heir

Elisabeths donation to the Russian lieutenant general Balthasar Freiherr von Campenhausen, 27. May 1756

As an unmarried and childless Empress, it was imperative for Elizabeth to find a legitimate heir to secure the Romanov dynasty. She chose her nephew, Peter of Holstein-Gottorp. Elizabeth was only too aware that the deposed Ivan VI, whom she had imprisoned in the Schlusselburg Fortress and placed in solitary confinement, was a threat to her throne. Elizabeth feared a coup in his favour and set about destroying all papers, coins or anything else depicting or mentioning Ivan.[20] Elizabeth had issued an order that, should any attempt be made for him to escape, he was to be eliminated. Catherine II upheld the order and when an attempt was made he was killed and secretly buried within the fortress.[21]

The young Peter had lost his mother, Elizabeth's sister Anna, at three months old and his father at the age of eleven. Elizabeth invited her young nephew to Saint Petersburg, where he was received into the Orthodox Church and proclaimed heir on 7 November 1742.[22] Elizabeth gave him at once Russian tutors. Keen to see the dynasty secured, Elizabeth settled on Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst as a bride for her nephew. On her conversion to the Russian Orthodox Church, Sophie was given the name of Catherine in memory of Elizabeth's mother. The marriage took place on 21 August 1745 with a son, the future Paul I, finally born on 20 September 1754.[23]

There is considerable speculation as to the actual paternity of Paul I. It is suggested that he was not Peter's son at all, but that his mother had engaged in an affair—to which Elizabeth had consented—with a young officer named Serge Saltykov, and that he was Paul's real father.[24] In any case, Peter never gave any indication that he believed Paul to have been fathered by anyone but himself. He also did not take any interest in parenthood.[25] Elizabeth though most certainly took an active interest. She removed the young Paul and acted as if she were his mother and not Catherine.[25] The Empress had ordered the midwife to take the baby and to follow her. Catherine was not to see her child for another month and then on the second time briefly for the churching ceremony.[26] Six months later Elizabeth let Catherine see the child again. The child had in effect become a ward of the state and in a larger sense, the property of the state, to be brought up by Elizabeth as she believed he should be — as a true heir and great-grandson of her father, Peter the Great.[26]

Death

In the late 1750s, Elizabeth's health started to decline. She began to suffer a series of dizzy spells and refused to take the prescribed medicines. She forbade the word "death" in her presence.[27] Knowing she was dying, Elizabeth used her last remaining strength to make her confession, to recite with her confessor the prayer for the dying and to say good-bye to those few people who wished to be with her including Peter and Catherine and Counts Alexei and Kirill Razumovsky. Finally on 5 January 1762, the Empress died.[28] She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg on 3 February 1762, after six weeks lying in state.[27]

The Court of the Empress

Elizabeth of Russia
Imperial Monogram

Under the reign of Elizabeth, the Russian court was one of the most splendid in all Europe.[13] Foreigners were amazed at the sheer luxury of the sumptuous balls and masquerades. Russian court had steadily increased in importance throughout the 18th century and came to hold more cultural significance than many of its Western counterparts due its inclusive nature: any “well to do inhabitants” were welcome at Court. The Court, like most Imperial Courts, was considered a reflection of the ruler at its center and Elizabeth was said to be “the laziest, most extravagant and most amorous of sovereigns.”[29] Elizabeth was intelligent but lacked the discipline and early education necessary to flourish as an intellectual; she found the reading of secular literature to be “injurious to health.” [30] She was kind and warm-hearted for the emotion's sake alone, once going so far as to offer to finance the reconstruction of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake destroyed the Portuguese city despite having and wanting no diplomatic relationship with the nation.[31] She hated bloodshed and conflict and went to great lengths to alter the Russian system of punishment, even outlawing capital punishment.[32] In court, this peacemaker spirit also made itself evident. According to historian Robert Nisbet Bain, it was one of Elizabeth’s “chief glories that, so far as she was able, she put a stop to that mischievous contention of rival ambitions at Court, which had disgraced the reigns of Peter II, Anne and Ivan VI, and enabled foreign powers to freely interfere in the domestic affairs of Russia.” [33] She was also deeply religious, passing several pieces of legislation that undid much of the work her father had done to limit the power of the church.[34] Yet of all her various characteristics manifested in the structure of Court life, the most evident were her extravagance; her vanity, and her gaiety and playful nature.

The notorious extravagance of Elizabeth came to define the Court in many respects. Elizabeth created a world in which aesthetics reigned supreme, producing a Court in which an understood competition existed amongst courtiers to see who could look best, second only to Her Majesty. As historian Mikhail Shcherbatov stated, her court was “arrayed in cloth of gold, her nobles satisfied with only the most luxurious garments, the most expensive foods, the rarest drinks, that largest number of servants and they applied this standard of lavishness to their dress as well.” [35] Clothing soon became the chosen means in Court by which to display wealth and social standing. Elizabeth is reported to have owned 15,000 dresses, several thousand pairs of shoes, and a seemingly unlimited number of stockings.[13] She was known to never wear a dress twice and to change outfits anywhere from two to six times a day. Since the Empress did this, her courtiers did as well. It is reported that to ensure no one wore a dress more than once to any ball or notably formal occasion, the Empress had her guards stamp each gown with special ink.[36] Men at court were known to wear diamond buttons, own jeweled snuff boxes, and adorn their servants in uniforms made of gold. It was also during her reign that a great number of silver and gold objects were produced, the most the country had seen thus far in its history.[37] Elizabeth’s extravagance was also clearly displayed in the foods eaten at Court. It was not unheard of for Elizabeth to order over a thousand bottles of French champagnes and wines at any given time to be served at one event and present pineapple at all of her receptions, despite the difficulty of procuring the fruit in such quantities.[38] However, Elizabeth’s incredible extravagance and adoration of exotic goods ended up greatly benefiting the country’s infrastructure. Needing goods shipped from all over, the postal system and roads were modernized in order to fulfill the Empress’s many desires.[39]

Elizabeth’s vanity and the attention paid to her personal appearance also had indelible ramifications on Court life. Elizabeth as a young woman had been incredibly attractive, and in turn she desired to be the most attractive amongst any company at all times. In order to ensure this was the case, Elizabeth passed various decrees outlining what was acceptable of her courtiers in regards to appearance in relation to the Empress. These edicts included a law against wearing the same hairstyle, dress, or accessory as the Empress. One woman, Natalya Lopukhina, accidentally wore the same item as the Empress and was lashed across the face for her offense.[36] Another law created by Elizabeth was that any French fabric salesman had to first sell to her before attempting to sell to anyone else; those who disregarded this law were arrested.[36] One famous story exemplifying the Empress’s vanity is that, once, Elizabeth got a bit of powder in her hair and was unable to remove it. She was therefore obligated to cut her hair to rid herself of the splotch and in turn she made all of the ladies at Court do the same, which they did “with tears in their eyes.” [40] This aggressive vanity became a tenet of Elizabeth’s Court throughout the entirety of her reign, particularly as she grew older. According to the historian Tamara Talbot Rice, “Later in life her outbursts of anger were directed either against people who were thought to have endangered Russia’s security or against women whose beauty rivaled her own.” [39]>

Arts and culture at the Court

Elizabeth preferred to sojourn in the wooden Summer Palace
Elizabeth commissioned her court architect Rastrelli to build the Smolny Convent on the bank of the Neva River

Despite Elizabeth’s volatile, often violent reactions in regards to her appearance, the Empress was ebullient in most other matters particularly when it came to Court entertainment. Elizabeth was renowned throughout and beyond Russia for the balls she held and her fierce commitment to the arts, particularly music, theater, and architecture. It is reported that Elizabeth threw two balls a week. One would be a large event with an average of 800 guests in attendance, most of whom were the nation’s leading merchants, members of the lower nobility, and guards stationed in and around the city of the event. The other ball was a much smaller affair reserved for Elizabeth’s closest friends as well as members of the highest echelons of nobility.[41] These smaller gatherings began as masked balls but evolved into the famous Metamorphoses balls by 1744.[42] At these Metamorphoses balls, guests were expected to dress as the opposite sex, with Elizabeth often dressing up as Cossack or carpenter in honor of her father.[42] The costumes not permitted at the event were those of pilgrims and harlequins, which the Empress considered profane and indecent respectively.[43] Most members of court thoroughly disliked these balls since most looked ridiculous but Elizabeth adored them. As Catherine the Great’s advisor Potemkin posited, this adoration was due to the fact that she was “the only woman who looked truly fine, and completely a man… As she was tall and powerful, male attire suited her.” [44] Though the balls were by far her most personally beloved and lavish events, Elizabeth often threw children’s birthday parties and wedding receptions for those affiliated with her Court, going so far as to provide dowries for each of her ladies-in-waiting.[45] The other court pastimes most enjoyed by Elizabeth and therefore most revered in Court were theatre, music, and architecture. The Empress had a longstanding love of theatre and had a stage erected in the palace to enjoy the countless performances she sanctioned. Though countless domestic and foreign works were shown, the French plays quickly became the most popular, often being performed twice a week. In tandem with Elizabeth’s love of theatre, music came to be of high importance in Court.[46] Many attribute its popularity to Elizabeth’s relationship with Alexei Razumovsky, a Ukrainian Cossack and the supposed husband of the Empress, who reportedly relished music. Regardless of the reasoning behind its introduction, Elizabeth transformed “her court into the country’s leading musical center.” [46] She would spare no expense in its regard, importing leading musical talents from Germany, France, and Italy.[47] As to the Empress’s love of architecture, she financed many construction projects during her reign. Her most famous creations were the Winter Palace, which she commissioned and oversaw the construction of but died before its completion, and the Smolny Convent. The Convent, built when Elizabeth considered becoming a nun, was one of the many religious buildings erected at her behest, using the nation's funds (rather than those of the church). According to Robert Nisbet Bain, “No other Russian sovereign ever erected so many churches.” [48]

Titles and styles

Elizabeth in popular culture

Ancestry

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.105.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.104.
  3. 1 2 Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.46.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.50.
  5. ↑ Elizabeth and Catherine, p.50.
  6. 1 2 3 Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.58.
  7. ↑ Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.23.
  8. 1 2 Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.52.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chisholm 1911.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.59.
  11. ↑ The Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.105.
  12. 1 2 Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.106.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.107.
  14. 1 2 The Evolution of Russia by Otto Hoetzsch, p.83.
  15. 1 2 Coughlan, Robert. Elizabeth and Catherine, p.57.
  16. 1 2 3 Rounding, Virginia. Catherine the Great, p.118–119.
  17. ↑ The Evolution of Russia by Otto Hoetzsch
  18. ↑ The Evolution of Russia by Otto Hoetzch, p.93.
  19. 1 2 3 The Evolution of Russia by Otto Hoetzsch, p.93.
  20. ↑ Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.103.
  21. ↑ Russian Tsars, Boris Antonov, p.103.
  22. ↑ Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.110.
  23. ↑ Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.119.
  24. ↑ Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.108.
  25. 1 2 Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.111.
  26. 1 2 Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.112.
  27. 1 2 Russian Tsars by Boris Antonov, p.109.
  28. ↑ Elizabeth and Catherine by Robert Coughlan, p.174.
  29. ↑ ”Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 132
  30. ↑ “The Daughter of Peter the Great: A History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court Under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1741–1762.” by Robert Nisbet Bain, pg. 137
  31. ↑ ”Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 137
  32. ↑ ”Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 150
  33. ↑ “The Daughter of Peter the Great: A History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court Under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1741–1762.” by Robert Nisbet Bain, pg. 142
  34. ↑ ”Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 149
  35. ↑ ‘The Iron-Fisted Fashionista’ Russian Life Nov.- Dec. 2009 by Lev Berdnikov, pg. 54
  36. 1 2 3 ‘The Iron-Fisted Fashionista’ Russian Life Nov.- Dec. 2009 by Lev Berdnikov, pg. 59
  37. ↑ “Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice.”, pg. 164
  38. ↑ “Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice.”, pg. 134
  39. 1 2 “Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice.”, pg. 148
  40. ↑ Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin by Sebag Montefiore, pg. 24
  41. ↑ “Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 135
  42. 1 2 “Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 136
  43. ↑ “The Daughter of Peter the Great: A History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court Under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1741–1762.” by Robert Nisbet Bain, pg. 154
  44. ↑ Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin by Sebag Montefiore, pg. 26
  45. ↑ “Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 138
  46. 1 2 “Elizabeth, Empress of Russia” by Tamara Talbot Rice, pg. 160
  47. ↑ “The Daughter of Peter the Great: A History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court Under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1741–1762.” by Robert Nisbet Bain, pg. 151
  48. ↑ “The Daughter of Peter the Great: A History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court Under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1741–1762.” by Robert Nisbet Bain, pg. 138

Works cited

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth of Russia.
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Elizabeth Petrovna.

External links

Elizabeth of Russia
Born: 29 December 1709 Died: 5 January 1762
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Ivan VI		 Empress of Russia
6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762 		Succeeded by
Peter III
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