Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

The Duchess of Argyll
Spouse(s)	George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
Issue John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll Lord Archibald Campbell Lord Walter Campbell Edith Percy, Duchess of Northumberland Lord George Campbell Lady Elizabeth Clough-Taylor Lord Colin Campbell Lady Victoria Campbell Lady Evelyn Baillie-Hamilton Lady Frances Balfour Lady Mary Carr Glyn Lady Constance Emmott
Father	George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland
Mother	Lady Harriet Howard
Born	30 May 1824
Died	25 May 1878 (aged 53)
Occupation	Mistress of the Robes

Elizabeth Georgiana Campbell, Duchess of Argyll CI VA (née Leveson-Gower; 30 May 1824 – 25 May 1878) was a British noblewoman and abolitionist. Born the eldest daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland by his wife Lady Harriet Howard, in 1844 she married George Douglas Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, eldest son and heir to the 7th Duke of Argyll. Elizabeth became the Duchess of Argyll in 1847 when her husband succeeded his father. They had twelve children, including John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll who in 1871 married Princess Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria.

Like her mother the Duchess of Sutherland, the Duchess of Argyll was a prominent opponent of slavery. The two helped write a letter titled An Affectionate and Christian Address of Many Thousands of Women of Great Britain and Ireland to Their Sisters, the Women of the United States of America, calling for an end of slavery; it attracted signatures from 562,848 British women. The two duchesses often hosted the American abolitionist and author Harriet Beecher Stowe when she visited England. Lady Campbell and Beecher Stowe were friends and maintained a correspondence.

The Duchess of Argyll succeeded the Duchess of Wellington as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria, holding the position from 1868 to 1870 when she resigned due to ill health. Soon after being appointed a member of the newly created Order of the Crown of India, she died in 1878 whilst eating with William Ewart Gladstone in London.

Family and early life

Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Leveson-Gower was raised amidst great wealth. Her paternal grandmother, the great heiress Elizabeth Gordon, was suo jure Countess of Sutherland, overseeing estates that spanned 800,000 to one million acres of Scottish Highlands. The Sutherland lands were further augmented with Gordon's 1785 marriage to Elizabeth's grandfather, George Leveson-Gower (later 1st Duke of Sutherland).^[1] In 1823, their son George married Lady Harriet Howard, daughter of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle.^[2][3] Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower was born the following year as their eldest daughter, on 30 May 1824.^[2][3] Three brothers and two sisters followed.^[3]

With family estates in Scotland and England, Elizabeth's upbringing involved much travel. Their main residence was the lavish Stafford House, London, which they acquired in 1827; they also resided on many country estates. The couple, especially Harriet, led vibrant social lives.^[4] She was a political hostess known for her friendship and position as Mistress of the Robes to the young Queen Victoria.^[2][3] In 1833, the 1st Duke died and Elizabeth's father succeeded as 2nd Duke of Sutherland, inheriting extensive property.^[5] Historian Eric Richards writes that the first half of the nineteenth century saw the height of the House of Sutherland's social and economic influence, with its wealth being derived from rents, various stocks, and dividends from transportation firms.^[6]

Marriage

Trentham Hall in the 1820s

While accompanying Queen Victoria to Taymouth Castle in 1842, Lady Elizabeth met George Douglas Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, the eldest son of the 7th Duke of Argyll.^[7] They married at the Leveson-Gower estate Trentham Hall on 31 July 1844.^[2][8] The Archbishop of York, Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt, presided over the wedding.^[9] The Argyll estate was in debt, so Elizabeth's wealth was much needed.^[10] Their union resulted in the further joining of two of Scotland's largest landowning families.^[2]

The young couple was given Rosneath by his father at the time of their marriage.^[11] Deeply religious, Elizabeth had been raised in the Anglican faith^[12] but converted to the Church of Scotland upon her marriage, taking her first communion in the faith later that year.^[12] Like many of her predecessors, Elizabeth was a strong supporter of the Scottish Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Argyll and The Isles.^[13] The couple possessed similar interest in liberal politics.^[14] Elizabeth was dignified and cultured,^[15] and Lorne found in his new wife "more than all that had been told me by her numerous friends... On some subjects, excepting philosophy and the natural sciences, she was more widely read than I was at the time."^[16]

Duchess of Argyll

Lorne succeeded his father as 8th Duke of Argyll on 25 April 1847, whereupon Elizabeth became Duchess of Argyll.^[2] The family's primary estates included Argyll Lodge in London, the family seat of Inveraray Castle in Argyllshire, and Rosneath.^[14][17] Their first child, John, was born within a year of their marriage. They would have an additional four sons and seven daughters.^[2] The Argyll household was sober, proper, and driven by routine with prescribed times for prayer, breakfast, lunch, and dinner.^[18] The children were not expected to show emotion such as crying, except for "real causes" like the death of a family pet.^[12] Scottish scholar John Stuart Blackie enjoyed the solemnity of the couple's lifestyle and visited them often; he dedicated his 1876 work Language and Literature of the Scottish Highlands to Elizabeth.^[18]

Historian Anne Jordan writes that Lady Campbell was "old before her time," having given birth to twelve children.^[15] She suffered from ill health, in part due to a 1868 stroke which left her partially incapacitated;^[19] this forced much of the children's upbringing to be overseen by her husband.^[2][14] Her third daughter Lady Victoria, who also suffered from ill health due to a contraction of poliomyelitis, nursed her mother.^[19] Once adults, the children's marriage settlements were a drain on the family's resources, with all but one eventually marrying.^[15] Their eldest son John married the Queen's fourth daughter Princess Louise in 1871, and became the Governor General of Canada in 1878.^[20]

Like her mother the Duchess of Sutherland, the Duchess of Argyll was a prominent supporter of the abolitionist movement.^[21][22] Elizabeth was one of many Englishwomen affected by the 1852 anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The following year at her mother's house, the Duchess helped draft a letter titled An Affectionate and Christian Address of Many Thousands of Women of Great Britain and Ireland to Their Sisters, the Women of the United States of America. The letter, eventually signed by 562,848 women, called for an end to slavery because the institution did not recognise slave marriages, led to parent-children separations, and prevented slaves from receiving Christian educations.^[23] It was sent to the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, the American abolitionist author Harriet Beecher Stowe;^[23] she and the Duchess of Argyll became friends, and maintained a correspondence.^[24] Harriet Beecher Stowe would often visit the duchesses of Sutherland and Argyll when she travelled to England and benefited from their connections to senior politicians.^[25] The Duke and Duchess of Argyll were also friends with American politician and anti-slavery leader Charles Sumner, leading historian Amanda Foreman to write that the "relationship between [the Duke of Argyll] and Sumner would prove to be one of the most important friendships of the Civil War."^[26]

In December 1868, Lady Campbell was appointed Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria, succeeding Elizabeth Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington as a member of William Ewart Gladstone's first ministry.^[14][27] She resigned the position in 1870 due to ill health,^[28] and was succeeded by her sister-in-law Anne Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland.^[29] In December 1877, Queen Victoria created the Order of the Crown of India and conferred it upon the Duchess of Argyll and dozens of other royal and noblewomen.^[30] She was also a member of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, Second Class.^[31] The Duchess of Argyll died on 25 May 1878, whilst eating with Gladstone in London.^[8][2] She is buried at Kilmun Parish Church.

Three years later her widower remarried to Amelia Maria, daughter of Thomas Claughton, Bishop of St Albans.^[2][32]

Issue

The Duchess of Argyll with her eldest son, John

The Duke and Duchess of Argyll had the following issue:^[20][33][34]

• John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll (6 August 1845–2 May 1914); married Princess Louise of the United Kingdom in 1871
• Lord Archibald Campbell (18 December 1846–March 29 1913); married Janey Callendar and had issue including Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll
• Lord Walter Campbell (30 July 1848–2 May 1889); married Olivia Clarkson Miln in 1874, and was the grandfather of Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll
• Lady Edith Campbell (1849–1913); married Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland in 1868
• Lord George Granville Campbell (25 December 1850–); married Sybil Alexander in 1879
• Lady Elizabeth Campbell (b. 1852); married Lt.-Col. Edward Harrison Clough-Taylor in 1880
• Lord Colin Campbell (1853–1895); married Gertrude Elizabeth Blood in 1881
• Lady Victoria Campbell (22 May 1854–6 July 1910)^[19]
• Lady Evelyn Campbell (b. 1855); married James Baillie-Hamilton in 1886
• Lady Frances Campbell (22 February 1858–25 February 1931); married the architect Eustace Balfour, brother of the Prime Minister Arthur Balfour
• Lady Mary Emma Campbell (1859–1947); married Edward Carr Glyn, Bishop of Peterborough
• Lady Constance Harriett Campbell (11 November 1864–9 February 1922); married Charles Emmott in 1891

References

1. Richards 2013, pp. 9–11.
2. Matthew 2004.
3. Reynolds 2004.
4. Richards 2013, pp. 12–13, 16.
5. Richards 2013, p. 11.
6. Richards 2013, p. 13.
7. Beard 1998, p. 149.
8. Campbell 2004, p. 295.
9. Campbell 1906, p. 263.
10. Jordan 2010, p. 18.
11. Campbell 1906, pp. 265–66.
12. Knox 2006, p. 99.
13. Strong 2002, p. 273.
14. Reynolds 1998, p. 222.
15. Jordan 2010, p. 19.
16. Campbell 1906, p. 264.
17. Jordan 2010, p. 21.
18. Wallace 2006, p. 289.
19. Huffman 2004.
20. Waite 2004.
21. Knox 2006, p. 40.
22. Reynolds 1998, p. 125.
23. Hamand Venet 1991, p. 69.
24. Hamand Venet 1991, pp. 75–76.
25. Reynolds 1998, pp. 123–24.
26. Foreman 2012, p. 35.
27. Behan 1870, p. 1196.
28. Somerset 2004, p. 182.
29. Reynolds 1998, p. 233.
30. Lawrence-Archer 1877, pp. 335–36.
31. Burke 1914, p. 121.
32. Jordan 2010, p. 33.
33. Campbell 2004, pp. 295–96.
34. Dod's Peerage, p. 635.

Works cited

• Beard, Madeleine (1998). Faith and Fortune. Morehouse Publishing Company. ISBN 0852443927.
• Behan, T.L. (1870). Bulletins and Other State Intelligence for the Year 1868, Part 2. Harrison and Sons.
• Burke, Bernard (1914). Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage (76th ed.). Harrison and Sons.
• Campbell, Alastair (2004). A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748617906.
• Campbell, George (1906). Autobiography and Memoirs, Volume 1. John Murray.
• Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage (26th ed.). London: Whittaker and Co. 1866. p. 198.
• Foreman, Amanda (2012). A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War. Random House. ISBN 0375756965.
• Hamand Venet, Wendy (1991). Neither Ballots Nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 081391342X.
• Huffman, Joan B. (2004). "Campbell, Lady Victoria (1854–1910)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/48786. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Jordan, Anne (2010). Love Well the Hour: The Life of Lady Colin Campbell (1857–1911). Troubador Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1848766114.
• Knox, William (2006). The Lives of Scottish Women: Women and Scottish Society, 1800–1980. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748617884.
• Lawrence-Archer, James Henry (1877). The Orders of Chivalry, Part 1. W.H. Allen and Co.
• Matthew, H.C.G. (2004). "Campbell, George Douglas, Eighth Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of Scotland, and First Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of the United Kingdom (1823–1900)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4500. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Reynolds, K.D. (1998). Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198207271 – via Questia. (subscription required)
• Reynolds, K.D. (2004). "Gower, Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana Leveson-, Duchess of Sutherland (1806–1868)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16544. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Richards, Eric (2013). The Leviathan of Wealth: The Sutherland Fortune in the Industrial Revolution. Routledge. ISBN 0415853761.
• Somerset, Anne (2004). Ladies in Waiting: From the Tudors to the Present Day. Booksales. ISBN 0785818308.
• Strong, Rowan (2002). Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: Religious Responses to a Modernizing Society. Oxford University Press – via Questia. (subscription required)
• Waite, P.B. (2004). "Campbell, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland, Marquess of Lorne and Ninth Duke of Argyll (1845–1914)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32269. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Wallace, Stuart (2006). John Stuart Blackie: Scottish Scholar and Patriot. Edinburgh University Press – via Questia. (subscription required)