Hadley Richardson

Richardson with Ernest Hemingway and son John Nicanor Hemingway in Schruns Austria, in 1926

Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (November 9, 1891 – January 22, 1979) was the first wife of American author Ernest Hemingway. The two married in 1921 after a courtship of less than a year, and moved to Paris within months of being married. In Paris, Hemingway pursued a writing career, and through him Hadley met other expatriate British and American writers.

In 1925, Hadley learned of Hemingway's affair with Pauline Pfeiffer; she divorced him in 1927. In 1933 Hadley married a second time, to journalist Paul Mowrer, whom she met in Paris.

Early life

Elizabeth Hadley Richardson was born on November 9, 1891, in St. Louis, Missouri,[1] the youngest of four children. Hadley's mother, Florence (née Wyman), was an accomplished musician and singer, and her father, James Richardson, Jr., worked for a family pharmaceutical company. While a child, Hadley fell out of a second-story window and consequently was bed-ridden for a year. After the accident, her mother became overly protective, not allowing Hadley to learn how to swim or engage in other physical activities.[2] Hadley's father was less protective, but in 1903 he committed suicide in response to financial difficulties.[2]

As a teenager Hadley became painfully shy and reclusive. She attended Mary Institute in St. Louis, and then attended college at Bryn Mawr. However, when her mother decided Hadley was "too delicate, both physically and emotionally," she left college.[1] The death of her sister Dorothea (who sustained burns from a house fire) earlier that year may have also contributed to Hadley's decision to leave college.[3] Hemingway scholar Jamie Barlowe believes Hadley represented a "True Woman" as opposed to a "New Woman" of the early 20th century. The "True Woman" was "emotional, dependent, gentle—a true follower."[4]

After her return from college, Hadley lived a restricted life—her sister and her mother continued to worry about her health—with little opportunity for physical activity or much of a social life.[2] Her mother did allow Hadley to visit her former Bryn Mawr roommate Katy Smith in Vermont one summer. While visiting her friend, she enjoyed playing tennis, and she met Maxfield Parrish, but when her mother became worried over her well-being, she was forced to return home.[5] While her mother became reclusive and immersed herself in spiritualism, Hadley spent some years attempting to attain a career as a pianist, until she abandoned music, believing she lacked talent. When her mother developed Bright's Disease, Hadley nursed her until her death.[2]

Ernest Hemingway

Hadley and Ernest Hemingway in Switzerland, 1922

Shortly after her mother's death,[1] in December 1920, Hadley visited her old roommate Katie Smith (who would later marry John Dos Passos) in Chicago, and through her met Hemingway, who was living with Smith's brother and was employed as an associate editor of the monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth.[6] When Hadley returned to St. Louis, Hemingway, who became infatuated with her, wrote "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry." Hadley, eight years older than Hemingway, was red-haired, with a "nurturing instinct."[2] Bernice Kert, author of The Hemingway Women, claims Hadley was "evocative" of the woman whom Hemingway met and fell in love with during his recuperation from injuries during World War I, Agnes von Kurowsky, but in Hadley, Hemingway saw a childishness Agnes lacked.[2]

During the winter of 1921, Hadley took up her music again and indulged in outdoor activities. She and Hemingway corresponded during the winter. When she expressed misgivings about their age difference, he "protested that it made no difference at all."[7] Hemingway visited her in St. Louis in March, and two weeks later she visited him in Chicago. Then, they did not see each other for two months, until he returned to St. Louis in May. In their correspondence she promised to buy him a Corona typewriter for his birthday. In June she announced her engagement, despite objections to the marriage from his friends and her sister.[8] Hadley believed she knew what she was doing and, more importantly, she had an inheritance with which to support herself and a husband. She believed in Hemingway's talent and believed "she was right for him."[8]

They were married on September 3, 1921, in Horton Bay, Michigan,[9] and spent their honeymoon at the Hemingway family summer cottage on Walloon Lake. The weather was miserable, and both Hadley and Hemingway came down with fever, sore throat, and cough.[10] The couple returned to Chicago after their honeymoon, where they lived in a small apartment on North Dearborn Street.[11]

The death of an uncle gave Hadley another inheritance and additional financial independence for the couple. Initially they intended to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead.[12] Anderson's advice to live in Paris interested her[11] and, when two months later Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe."[13]

Paris

In Paris, Hadley and Hemingway lived in a small apartment at 74 Rue du Cardinal Lemoine in the Latin Quarter, and he worked in a rented room in a nearby building.[12] That winter he discovered the Shakespeare and Company bookshop, which also functioned as a lending library, and was run by American expatriate Sylvia Beach. Hadley went there to buy James Joyce's works, which she liked,[14] because Beach had published Joyce's Ulysses. The Hemingways first met Joyce at the book shop in March 1922.[15]

Ernest Hemingway (left), with Harold Loeb, Lady Duff Twysden (in hat), Hadley Richardson Hemingway, Donald Ogden Stewart (obscured), and Pat Guthrie (far right) in Pamplona, Spain, July 1925.

Through Anderson's letters of introduction, Hemingway met Ezra Pound, who invited the couple for tea, and they were invited to Gertrude Stein's salon. Stein in turn visited the young couple in their apartment. Both would become lifelong friendships for Hemingway. That spring Hadley and Hemingway traveled to Italy, and in the summer to Germany. Hadley went alone to Geneva in December 1922 to meet Hemingway who was covering a Peace Conference.[16] It was during this trip, while waiting for a train at the Gare de Lyon, that Hadley misplaced and lost a suitcase filled with Hemingway's manuscripts. Devastated and angry at the loss of his work, he blamed her.[17]

A few months later, when they learned Hadley was pregnant, the couple decided to move to Toronto for the child's birth. Before they left, the couple went for the first time to watch the bullfighting and the running of the bulls at the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona. Their son John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway was born on October 10, 1923, in Toronto.[18] He was named for his mother, Hadley, and for the young Spanish matador Nicanor Villalta, who had impressed Hemingway the previous summer.[19] The baby was healthy, and the birth quick; Hemingway missed it, as he had been sent to New York on assignment, and was returning on a train when his wife went into labor. Hadley nicknamed the infant "Bumby."[20]

In Toronto, the family lived in a small apartment on Bathurst Street with "wall space enough to hang their collection of paintings." Hadley called the assignments given to her husband at the Toronto Star "absurd."[21] Hemingway considered Toronto boring and wanted to return to Paris to the life of a writer, rather than live the life of a Toronto journalist.[18] When Bumby was only a few months old, they returned to Paris, and in January 1924 moved into a new apartment on Rue Notre Dame des Champs.[18] Hadley hired a woman to help with housework and with Bumby, and borrowed a pram to take the baby on walks in the Luxembourg Gardens. Bumby's christening was held at St. Luke's Episcopal Church in March with "Chink" Dorman-Smith and Gertrude Stein as godparents. A few months later, mismanagement of her funds left Hadley with a financial loss, and at the same time Hemingway started work as an editor for Ezra Pound and Ford Madox Ford's small modernist magazine, the Transatlantic Review.[22] In June, Hadley and Hemingway went again to Pamplona, leaving Bumby in Paris,[23] and that winter they went for the first time to Austria to vacation in Schruns.[24]

Sometime after their return to Paris from Canada, Hemingway met the Pfeiffer sisters.[25] When in June 1925 Hemingway and Hadley left Paris for their annual visit to Pamplona—the third year they had done so—they were accompanied by a group of American and British expatriates, including Pauline Pfeiffer.[26] The trip inspired Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises, which he began to write immediately after the fiesta, finishing it in September.[27] In November, as a birthday present for Hadley, Hemingway bought Joan Miró's painting The Farm.[25]

Divorce from Hemingway

Their marriage disintegrated as Hemingway was writing and revising The Sun Also Rises,[28] although he dedicated the novel to "Hadley and ...John Hadley Nicanor."[19] For the second year, they went to Schruns for Christmas, but that year they were joined by Pauline Pfeiffer. Hemingway returned with Pfeiffer to Paris, leaving Hadley with Bumby in Austria.[29] While Hadley was in Austria, Hemingway sailed to New York then returned to Paris in March, at which time he may have begun his affair with Pauline.[30] In the spring of 1926, Hadley became aware of the affair,[28] although she endured Pauline's presence in Pamplona that July.[31] On their return to Paris, Hadley and Hemingway decided to separate, and Hadley formally requested a divorce in the fall. By November they had split their possessions, and Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the royalties from The Sun Also Rises.[32] The couple divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer in May the same year.[33]

Paul Mowrer

Hadley stayed in France until 1934.[19] Among her many friends in Paris was Paul Mowrer, foreign correspondent for the Chicago Daily News, whom she had met in the spring of 1927, not long after her divorce was finalized.[34] A journalist and political writer, in 1929 Mowrer won the Pulitzer Prize.[35] On July 3, 1933, after a five-year courtship, Hadley and Paul Mowrer were married in London. Hadley was especially grateful for Mowrer's warm relationship with Bumby.[36] Not long after the two married, they moved back to the US, to a suburb of Chicago,[19] where they lived during World War II. She continued to receive royalties from The Sun Also Rises,[37] which included the royalties for the 1957 film.[38]

A Moveable Feast

Hemingway's memoir A Moveable Feast, not published until 1964, three years after Hemingway's death, captures the years Hadley and Hemingway lived in Paris during the early to mid-1920s. In the memoir, Hemingway writes about his marriage to Hadley and their life together in Paris.[39]

Later years and death

When Hadley left her marriage to Hemingway, she also left behind the limelight.[40] She reportedly saw Hemingway only twice after their divorce. In July 1939, she and Mowrer ran into him while vacationing in Wyoming,[41] and according to A.E. Hotchner, the last time Hemingway reported seeing Hadley was after a brief and spontaneous meeting in Paris.[42]

Hadley died on January 22, 1979, in Lakeland, Florida, at the age of 87.

In 1992, the definitive biography of Hadley Richardson, Hadley by Gioia Diliberto, was published. The book, which is based on extensive research, including the author's exclusive access to a series of taped conversations with Richardson, was reissued in 2011 as Paris Without End: The True Story of Hemingway's First Wife.

In 2011, a book titled The Paris Wife: A Novel was published, telling the entire story of Hadley Richardson's relationship with Hemingway in "her voice."[43] Although a work of fiction, its narrative is faithful to the known facts.

References

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 Oliver, p. 139
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kert 1983, pp. 83–90
  3. ↑ Barlowe 2000, p. 133
  4. ↑ Barlowe 2000, p. 132
  5. ↑ Mellow, p. 129
  6. ↑ Meyers pp 56–59.
  7. ↑ Kert 1983, p. 91
  8. 1 2 Kert 1983, pp. 91–95
  9. ↑ Oliver, p. 140
  10. ↑ Kert 1983, p. 103
  11. 1 2 Kert 1983, p. 104
  12. 1 2 Baker 1972, p. 7
  13. ↑ Meyers 1985, pp. 60–62
  14. ↑ Kert 1983, p. 112
  15. ↑ Meyers 1985, p. 82
  16. ↑ Baker 1972, pp. 8–11
  17. ↑ Meyers 1985, pp. 69–70
  18. 1 2 3 Baker 1972, pp. 15–18
  19. 1 2 3 4 Workman 1983
  20. ↑ Mellow 1992, p. 445
  21. ↑ Mellow 1992, p. 241
  22. ↑ Mellow 1992, p. 248
  23. ↑ Mellow 1992, p. 259
  24. ↑ Mellow 1992, p. 281
  25. 1 2 Mellow 1992, p. 293
  26. ↑ Meyers 1985, pp. 117–119
  27. ↑ Baker 1972, pp. 1972
  28. 1 2 Baker 1972, pp. 44–43
  29. ↑ Spilka 1984
  30. ↑ Mellow 1992, pp. 324–326
  31. ↑ Mellow 1992, p. 333
  32. ↑ Mellow 1992, pp. 338–340
  33. ↑ Meyers 1985, p. 172
  34. ↑ Kert 1983, p. 199
  35. ↑ Kert 1983, p. 225
  36. ↑ Kert 1983, p. 251
  37. ↑ Reynolds 2000, p. 23
  38. ↑ Reynolds 2000, p. 293
  39. ↑ Oliver, pp. 225–228
  40. ↑ Just, Julia (12 April 1992). "IN SHORT: NONFICTION". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  41. ↑ Baker, Carlos (1969). Ernest Hemingway, A Life Story. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 341.
  42. ↑ Hotchner, AE (2015). Hemingway in Love, Smithsonian magazine, October 2015, p.80.
  43. ↑ McLain, Paula (2011). The Paris Wife: A Novel. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-52130-9.

Sources

  • Baker, Carlos (1969). Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-02-001690-5. 
  • Baker, Carlos (1972). Hemingway: The Writer as Artist (4th ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01305-5. 
  • Barlowe, Jamie (2000). "Hemingway's Gender Training". In Wagner-Martin, Linda. A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512151-1. 
  • Kert, Bernice (1983). The Hemingway Women: (1999 ed.). Norton. ISBN 0-393-31835-4. 
  • McLain, Paula (2011). The Paris Wife: A Novel. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-52130-9. 
  • Mellow, James R. (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-37777-3. 
  • Mellow, James R. (1991). Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-47982-7. 
  • Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). Hemingway: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-42126-4. 
  • Oliver, Charles M. (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark. ISBN 0-8160-3467-2. 
  • Reynolds, Michael S. (2000). Hemingway: The Final Years. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-31778-1. 
  • Spilka, Mark (1984). "Victorian Keys to the Early Hemingway: Captain Marryat". Novel: A Forum on Fiction (Duke University Press) 17 (2): 116–140. doi:10.2307/1345014. 
  • Workman, Brooke (1983). "Twenty-Nine Things I Know about Bumby Hemingway". The English Journal 72 (2): 24–26. doi:10.2307/816722. 

Further reading

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