House of Zúñiga

Coats of arms of The House of Zúñiga.

The House of Zúñiga is a Spanish Noble Lineage composed of the descendants of the kings of Navarre of the House of Pyrenean, who took the name from its domain by last name and whose outstanding members were distinguished in the service of the Spanish Crown in Europe and the Americas as viceroys, governors, military, diplomats, writers and members of religious orders. Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain (Carlos I) awarded 1520 with the nobility title of Spanish Immemorial Grandee the II duke of Béjar and Plasencia and also the III count of Miranda del Castañar. Charles V and his heirs - sovereigns heads of the burgundy Order of the Golden Fleece - invested in total eight members of the House of Zúñiga. (Text translated from Wikipedia-Spanish version of January 2012 Casa de Zúñiga)

Roots and Origin

Iñigo Arista King of Pamplona.

The lineage of the House of Zúñiga is of Navarre origin (Basque Country), and proceeds by legitimate direct descendant of male of Eneko Ximenez Aritza (the Oak in the bask own language, Euskera), known as Iñigo Arista, first king of Pamplona (824-852 A.D.), which was at that time the Kingdom of Navarre. King Iñigo Arista was a descendant of the noble House of Enneco, natives of Basque Country, well known from Roman times.[1] The trunk of Zúñiga's lineage is twice descendant of the kings of Navarre of the House of Pyrenean. The first comes from the prince Lope Fortunes, son of Fortun Garces the Monk, king of Navarre, and the second from the prince Alonso, son of Garcia V Ramirez the Restorer, as well king of Navarre.[2][3][4] Sancho Iñiguez (1040-1110) was alférez mayor (hereditary court office doing by high nobility, kings banner bearer and high military commander) of Alfonso I Sanchez the Warrior, king of Aragón and Navarre, and he was the lord of the estate and valley of Stunica (today Zúñiga / Estuniga), located in the district of Estella (Navarre, Spain). He was the first of the lineage, who called himself Sancho Iñiguez de Stunica at the beginning of the 12th century.[5]

Castilianization of lineage surname

In the Middle Ages their members were called indifferently Estunega, Estuniga, Astunica, Stunica, Estúñiga, Stúñiga. Alvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán, I duke of Bejar and Plasencia, head of The House of Stunica/Estúñiga, castilianiced the surname in Zúñiga, after the pact of reconciliation with the queen of Castile and León Isabella I the Catholic signed on April 10, 1476.[6]

Coat of arms of the Zúñiga lineage

A 19th century version of the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, by Francisco de Paula Van Halen.
Official Coats of arms of Navarra.
Coats of arms duke of Béjar House of Zúñiga.

The originally coats of arms of the Zúñiga lineage were: shield ground in gules (red) with a band in gold (yellow).[7] The king Sancho VII of Navarre the Strong changed his coat of arms, commemorating the victory of the battle of Navas de Tolosa, waged on July 16, in 1212, where he and his knights of Navarre defeated the stockade composed of the Black Guard, that chained together formed the human defense of the almohade caliph Mohammed al-Nasir, well known as Miramamolin. He changed his coats of arms from an eagle in sable (black) to a shield ground in gules (red) and put a chain of gold (yellow) of eight links and added one emerald (green) in its center. The chain represents the stockade composed of the Black Guard and the emerald symbolizes the caliph, known by his nickname the Green.[8][9][10][11] His cousin Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica, II count of Marañón, lord of Stunica, Mendavía and others towns, who participated with his son Diego in the defeat of the stockade, made by the Black Guard, changed his coats of arms as well, adding a chain of gold (yellow) of eight links as border.[12][13][14][15] As well other knights of Navarre, who participated in the defeat of the stockade, added the chain on their coats of arms, they were named Ramón de Peralta, Rodrigo Navarro, Ortun Diaz Urbina, Pedro Maza and Iñigo de Mendoza.[16] Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica’s son Diego López de Stunica changed in 1270 the coats of arms of his lineage again as a sign of grief due to the death of king Saint Louis IX of France and king Theobald II of Navarre, who took part in the crusade called by pope Clement IV. The coat of arms of the Zúñiga lineage since this time is: shield ground in silver (white), a band of sable (black) and a gold (yellow) chain of eight links as a border.[17][18]

Branches of the lineage

Civil war broke out in Navarre, beginning 1274, due to the quarrel over the tutelage during the minority of queen Joan I of Navarre and her matrimony with dauphin Philip IV of France the Fair, arranged by the queen mother Blanche de Artois (nice of Saint Louis IX of France). This was de facto an annexation of the Kingdom of Navarra by the crown of France.[19] Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica (1255-1315), lord of Stunica, alférez mayor of Navarre, refused to support the queen mother and left Navarra in the end of 1274 with his whole family. They took refuge in La Rioja (Castile).[20] The Stunica estates were seized in 1276 by the crown of Navarre.[21] The king Alfonso X of Castile and León the Wise recognized Iñigo as rico-hombre (belonging to ancient nobility) of Castile and gave him the domains of Las Cuevas, Bañares and another villages in La Rioja.[22] Iñigo was the progenitor of the following branches of the lineage of the House of Zuñiga:

Hereditary titles and hereditary court offices

The firstborn branch of the dukes of Béjar and Plasencia received from the kings of Spain the hereditary title of First Knight of the Kingdom and the hereditary court offices of justicia mayor y alguacil mayor of Castile (hereditary court office doing by high nobility to assume the duties of justice and interior minister).[24][25]

Immemorial Grandee

In the realms of the Crown of Castile and León in the early 15th century there were only fifteen powerful families known as ricohombres (first nobility belonging) of Castile and León. The House of Diego López de Estúñiga was one of them. In 1520, the year of his coronation at Aachen (Germany) as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, king Carlos I of Spain reorganized the title of his Kingdom of Castile and created 25 grandees, known as Inmemorial Grandees. The House of Zúñiga received two grandees, one for the duke of Béjar and another for the count of Miranda del Castañar, subrogated later on to the duke of Peñaranda de Duero.

Military Orders of Chivalry

Members of the lineage proved their nobility at diverse times serving in orders of knights like the Order of Santiago, Order of Alcántara, Order of Calatrava and Order of San Juan de Jerusalén (today the Order of Malta), and as well in the Order of Carlos III of Spain.[26][18]

Distinguished members of the lineage of The House of Zuniga

Members invested in the Order of the Golden Fleece

Knight of the Order of Golden Fleece.
Heraldic collar for the Order of the Golden Fleece.

The king Charles I of Spain, duke of Burgundy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the Sovereign Head of the Order of the Golden Fleece, invested with habit and collar of the order the following members of the House of Zuniga:

By the successive kings of Spain, Sovereign Heads of the Order of the Golden Fleece, were invested with habit and collar of the order the following members of the House of Zuniga:

Other historical and famous members

Note: The biographies of these famous members of the House of Zúñiga you may read in Spanish. Links in the Spanish version Casa de Zúñiga

Patrimony

Palace of Monterrey in Salamanca.
Castle of Monterrey in Verin.
Plaza Mayor with Justice Roll of the Counts of Miranda.
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero.
Castle of Peñaranda de Duero front door.
Castle of Peñaranda de Duero.
Justice Roll of the Lord of Curiel with the coats of arms of Zúñiga in Curiel de Duero.
Palace of Curiel de Duero.
Palace of Curiel de Duero front door.
Palace tower of Curiel de Duero.

The members of The House of Zúñiga built and rebuilt many castles and palaces in Spain, which over the time were abandoned, turned into ruins and used as building material by neighbors. Today there are only a few remnants and ruins of others, in the list below are market with (m). Also they built magnificent palaces, as patron who were among the artists of his time and are in good conditions, some of them declared national historical monuments.

References

  1. Menéndez Pidal, Tomo VII, Vol. 2, Pág. 42-43
  2. Cátedra, Pág. 18 citation from http://es.wikipedia.org José Pellicer de Ossau Salas y Tovar "Crónica de la gran Casa de Zúñiga, derivada dos veces de la Real de Navarra...", dedicada al IX duque de Béjar y Plasencia
  3. Vilar y Pascual, Págs. 471-473
  4. Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52
  5. Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 472
  6. AER Archive AGS, Signature PTR,LEG,11,DOC.13
  7. Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52
  8. Jover Zamora, Tomo IX, Págs. 517 - 554
  9. Larios Martín, Pág. 22
  10. Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 23
  11. Clavería, Pág. 100 - 103
  12. Cátedra, Pág.83-84
  13. Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 53
  14. Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 473
  15. Argote de Molina, Pág. 37
  16. Piferrer, Tomo I and Tomo III
  17. Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52 - 53
  18. 1 2 Atienza (1959), p. 784
  19. Clavería, Pág. 128 - 129
  20. Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 28
  21. Clavería, Pág. 135
  22. Ortiz de Zúñiga, Pág. 110
  23. Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 474-484
  24. AER Archive AHN, Fondo Concesión Títulos del Reino
  25. AER Archive SNAHN, Fondo OSUNA
  26. AER Archive AHN, Ordenes Militares
  27. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 271
  28. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 280
  29. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 315
  30. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 325
  31. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 354
  32. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 362
  33. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), pp. 379–380
  34. Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 442–443

Bibliography

  • "AER (Archivos Españoles en Red)". 
  • Álvarez y Baena, Joseph Antonio (1790). Hijos de Madrid, Ilustres Santidades, Dignidades, Armas, Ciencias y Artes. Tomos I al III. Madrid: Benito Cano, Editor. 
  • Arco y Molinero, Ángel del (1899). Glorias de la Nobleza Española. Madrid: Impr. F. Arias e hijo. 
  • Atienza, Julio (1959). Nobiliario Español. Madrid: Editorial Aguilar. 
  • Ballesteros Robles, Luis (1912). Diccionario Biográfico Matritense. Madrid: Ayuntamiento de Madrid. 
  • Carrillo, Alonso (1657). Origen de la Dignidad de Grande de Castilla. Madrid: Imprenta Real. 
  • Cátedra, Pedro M. (2003). La "Historia de la Casa de Zúñiga" otrora atribuida a Mosén Diego de Valera (Seminario de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas ed.). Salamanca: Gráficas Cervantes. ISBN 84-932346-9-9. 
  • Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, Marqués de la Floresta, Alfonso de (2000). La Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro (Fundación Carlos III ed.). Madrid: Palafox & Pezuela. ISBN 84-930310-2-X. 
  • Clavería, Carlos (1971). Historia del Reino de Navarra. Pamplona: Editorial Gómez. 
  • Jover Zamora, José María (1998). Historia de España, Tomo IX. La Reconquista (1035 - 1217) y el Proceso de Diferenciación Política. Madrid: Editorial Espasa-Calpe SA. ISBN 84-239-8908-9. 
  • Larios Martín, Jesús (1986). Dinastías Reales de España (Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro ed.). Madrid: Gráficas Arias Montano. 
  • Matute y Gaviria, Justino (1887). Hijos de Sevilla señalados en Santidad, Letras, Armas, Artes o Dignidad. Vol. 1 y 2. Sevilla: Sociedad del Archivo Hispalense, Editor. 
  • Menéndez y Pidal, Ramón (1999). Historia de España, Tomo VII, Vol. 2, La España Cristiana de los Siglos VIII al IX (718 - 1035). Los Núcleos Pireneicos, Navarra, Aragón, Cataluña. Madrid: Editorial Espasa-Calpe SA. ISBN 84-239-8913-5. 
  • Piferrer, Francisco (1857). Nobiliario de los Reinos y Señoríos de España, ilustrado con un Diccionario de Heráldica, Tomo I. Madrid. 
  • Piferrer, Francisco (1859). Nobiliario de los Reinos y Señoríos de España, ilustrado con un Diccionario de Heráldica, Tomo III. Madrid. 
  • Pinedo y Salazar, Julián de (1787). Historia de la Insigne Orden del Toysón de Oro. Vol. I al III. Madrid. 
  • Vilar y Pascual, Luis (1864). Diccionario Histórico Genealógico y Heráldico de las Familias Ilustres de la Monarquía Española, Tomo VII. Madrid: Miguel Guijarro, Editor. 

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, April 29, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.