House of Zúñiga
The House of Zúñiga is a Spanish Noble Lineage composed of the descendants of the kings of Navarre of the House of Pyrenean, who took the name from its domain by last name and whose outstanding members were distinguished in the service of the Spanish Crown in Europe and the Americas as viceroys, governors, military, diplomats, writers and members of religious orders. Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Spain (Carlos I) awarded 1520 with the nobility title of Spanish Immemorial Grandee the II duke of Béjar and Plasencia and also the III count of Miranda del Castañar. Charles V and his heirs - sovereigns heads of the burgundy Order of the Golden Fleece - invested in total eight members of the House of Zúñiga. (Text translated from Wikipedia-Spanish version of January 2012 Casa de Zúñiga)
Roots and Origin
The lineage of the House of Zúñiga is of Navarre origin (Basque Country), and proceeds by legitimate direct descendant of male of Eneko Ximenez Aritza (the Oak in the bask own language, Euskera), known as Iñigo Arista, first king of Pamplona (824-852 A.D.), which was at that time the Kingdom of Navarre. King Iñigo Arista was a descendant of the noble House of Enneco, natives of Basque Country, well known from Roman times.[1] The trunk of Zúñiga's lineage is twice descendant of the kings of Navarre of the House of Pyrenean. The first comes from the prince Lope Fortunes, son of Fortun Garces the Monk, king of Navarre, and the second from the prince Alonso, son of Garcia V Ramirez the Restorer, as well king of Navarre.[2][3][4] Sancho Iñiguez (1040-1110) was alférez mayor (hereditary court office doing by high nobility, kings banner bearer and high military commander) of Alfonso I Sanchez the Warrior, king of Aragón and Navarre, and he was the lord of the estate and valley of Stunica (today Zúñiga / Estuniga), located in the district of Estella (Navarre, Spain). He was the first of the lineage, who called himself Sancho Iñiguez de Stunica at the beginning of the 12th century.[5]
Castilianization of lineage surname
In the Middle Ages their members were called indifferently Estunega, Estuniga, Astunica, Stunica, Estúñiga, Stúñiga. Alvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán, I duke of Bejar and Plasencia, head of The House of Stunica/Estúñiga, castilianiced the surname in Zúñiga, after the pact of reconciliation with the queen of Castile and León Isabella I the Catholic signed on April 10, 1476.[6]
Coat of arms of the Zúñiga lineage
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The originally coats of arms of the Zúñiga lineage were: shield ground in gules (red) with a band in gold (yellow).[7] The king Sancho VII of Navarre the Strong changed his coat of arms, commemorating the victory of the battle of Navas de Tolosa, waged on July 16, in 1212, where he and his knights of Navarre defeated the stockade composed of the Black Guard, that chained together formed the human defense of the almohade caliph Mohammed al-Nasir, well known as Miramamolin. He changed his coats of arms from an eagle in sable (black) to a shield ground in gules (red) and put a chain of gold (yellow) of eight links and added one emerald (green) in its center. The chain represents the stockade composed of the Black Guard and the emerald symbolizes the caliph, known by his nickname the Green.[8][9][10][11] His cousin Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica, II count of Marañón, lord of Stunica, Mendavía and others towns, who participated with his son Diego in the defeat of the stockade, made by the Black Guard, changed his coats of arms as well, adding a chain of gold (yellow) of eight links as border.[12][13][14][15] As well other knights of Navarre, who participated in the defeat of the stockade, added the chain on their coats of arms, they were named Ramón de Peralta, Rodrigo Navarro, Ortun Diaz Urbina, Pedro Maza and Iñigo de Mendoza.[16] Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica’s son Diego López de Stunica changed in 1270 the coats of arms of his lineage again as a sign of grief due to the death of king Saint Louis IX of France and king Theobald II of Navarre, who took part in the crusade called by pope Clement IV. The coat of arms of the Zúñiga lineage since this time is: shield ground in silver (white), a band of sable (black) and a gold (yellow) chain of eight links as a border.[17][18]
Branches of the lineage
Civil war broke out in Navarre, beginning 1274, due to the quarrel over the tutelage during the minority of queen Joan I of Navarre and her matrimony with dauphin Philip IV of France the Fair, arranged by the queen mother Blanche de Artois (nice of Saint Louis IX of France). This was de facto an annexation of the Kingdom of Navarra by the crown of France.[19] Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica (1255-1315), lord of Stunica, alférez mayor of Navarre, refused to support the queen mother and left Navarra in the end of 1274 with his whole family. They took refuge in La Rioja (Castile).[20] The Stunica estates were seized in 1276 by the crown of Navarre.[21] The king Alfonso X of Castile and León the Wise recognized Iñigo as rico-hombre (belonging to ancient nobility) of Castile and gave him the domains of Las Cuevas, Bañares and another villages in La Rioja.[22] Iñigo was the progenitor of the following branches of the lineage of the House of Zuñiga:
- of Fortun Ortiz de Stunica, son of Iñigo, who returned to the Basque Country, the branches in Guipuzcoa, Álava and Navarre
- of Lope Diaz de Stunica, grandson of Iñigo, the branches of the lords of Azafra, Montalbo, counts of Hervias in La Rioja
- of Lope Ortiz de Stunica, great-grandson of Iñigo, the branches in Andalucía
- of Fernán López de Stunica, great-grandson of Iñigo, the branches in Guadalajara
- of Diego López de Estúñiga, great-great-grandson of Iñigo, principal personage of The House of Zuniga, lord of Zúñiga and Mendavía in the Kingdom of Navarre, Las Cuevas, Bañares, Béjar, Curiel, Monterrey and another villages in the Kingdom of Castile, was the progenitor of the following further main branches of the lineage:[23]
- of Pedro, his firstborn son: the branch of the dukes of Béjar and Plasencia, diversified in the branches of counts of Miranda del Castañar, dukes of Peñaranda de Duero, marquises of La Bañeza, marquises of Benavente, marquises of Mirabel as well as of the branches of the dukes of Arión, of the marquises of Ayamonte, Villamanrique, Gibraleón, Aguilafuente, Valero, Alenquer and Villora
- of Diego: the branches of the counts of Monterrey, marquises of Eliche, Monasterio, Tarazona, dukes of Medina de las Torres, and the branches of the counts of Pedrosa del Rey and marquises of Baides
- of Iñigo: the branch of the counts of Nieva de Cameros
- of Gonzalo: the branch of the marquises of Valencina
- of Pedro Diego: the branch of the marquises of Flores Dávila
Hereditary titles and hereditary court offices
The firstborn branch of the dukes of Béjar and Plasencia received from the kings of Spain the hereditary title of First Knight of the Kingdom and the hereditary court offices of justicia mayor y alguacil mayor of Castile (hereditary court office doing by high nobility to assume the duties of justice and interior minister).[24][25]
Immemorial Grandee
In the realms of the Crown of Castile and León in the early 15th century there were only fifteen powerful families known as ricohombres (first nobility belonging) of Castile and León. The House of Diego López de Estúñiga was one of them. In 1520, the year of his coronation at Aachen (Germany) as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, king Carlos I of Spain reorganized the title of his Kingdom of Castile and created 25 grandees, known as Inmemorial Grandees. The House of Zúñiga received two grandees, one for the duke of Béjar and another for the count of Miranda del Castañar, subrogated later on to the duke of Peñaranda de Duero.
Military Orders of Chivalry
Members of the lineage proved their nobility at diverse times serving in orders of knights like the Order of Santiago, Order of Alcántara, Order of Calatrava and Order of San Juan de Jerusalén (today the Order of Malta), and as well in the Order of Carlos III of Spain.[26][18]
Distinguished members of the lineage of The House of Zuniga
Members invested in the Order of the Golden Fleece
The king Charles I of Spain, duke of Burgundy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the Sovereign Head of the Order of the Golden Fleece, invested with habit and collar of the order the following members of the House of Zuniga:
- Álvaro II de Zúñiga y Guzmán (1460) - 1531) II Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Castile, III count of Bañares, I marquise of Gibraleón, justicia mayor y alguacil mayor of Castile (hereditary court office doing by high nobility to assume the duties of justice and interior minister), member of the Council of State, was invested in the council celebrated in the Cathedral of Barcelona (Spain) from the 2 until the 4 of March of 1519.[27]
- Francisco de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco (1475 - 1536) III Count of Miranda del Castañar, Grandee of Spain, viceroy of Navarre, majordomo mayor (court office doing by high nobility, who assume the duties of chief of the kings palace, court ceremonial and etiquette, administration of the realm patrimony) of the empress Isabel, member of the Council of State, was invested in the council celebrated in the Cathedral of Tournai (Belgium) from 3 to 5 December 1531.[28]
By the successive kings of Spain, Sovereign Heads of the Order of the Golden Fleece, were invested with habit and collar of the order the following members of the House of Zuniga:
- Alonso Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor (1578 - 1619) VI Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VII marquise of Gibraleón, X count of Belalcázar, VII of Bañares, X viscount of Puebla de Alcocer,. He served the kings Phillip II and Phillip III in peace and war times, with men of arms at its own expenses. He was invested on January 2, 1610.[29]
- Francisco Diego López de Zúñiga Guzmán y Sotomayor (1596 - 1636) VII Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VIII marquise of Gibraleón, XI count of Belalcázar, VIII of Bañares, XI viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. He served the kings Phillip II and Phillip III in peace and war times, with men of arms at its own expenses, as captain general of the borders of Castile, Extremadura and the coast of Andalucía. He was invested on June 11, 1621.[30]
- Alonso Diego López de Zúñiga Guzmán Sotomayor y Mendoza (1621 - 1660) VIII Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, IV duke of Mandas and Villanueva, IX marquise of Gibraleón, IV of Terranova, XII count of Belalcázar, IX of Bañares, XII viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. He was captain general of the borders of Castile, Extremadura and the coast of Andalucía. During his command he served at his own expense with men of arms and built several forts. He was invested on August 4, in 1656.[31]
- Manuel Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor (1657 - 1686) X Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VI duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XI marquise of Gibraleón, VI of Terranova, XIV count of Belalcázar, XI of Bañares, XIV viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. When he was eleven years old he began to serve as pikeman in Flanders. He was invested in that young age on May 2 in 1668. He was a famous soldier serving in Flanders for the Spanish crown and died as a volunteer in 1686, only 29 years old, during the siege of Buddha, in Hungary now Budapest, in an assault to storm the walls and to help to re-conquer the town from the Turks[32]
- Juan Manuel Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor (1680 - 1747) XI Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VII duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XII marquise of Gibraleón, VII of Terranova, XV count of Belalcázar, XII of Bañares, XV viscount of Puebla de Alcocer, elected knight of the order of the Golden Fleece on August 29 in 1686, when he was six years old, in commemorations of the deeds and heroic death of the duke, his father at the siege of Buddha (in Hungary now Budapest). He was majordomo mayor of the prince of Asturias Fernando VI, was invested February 9, 1700.[33]
- Joaquin Diego López de Zúñiga Sotomayor Castro y Portugal (1715 - 1777) XIII Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grandee of Spain, VIII duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XIII marquise of Gibraleón, VIII of Terranova, X of Sarria, XIV count of Belalcázar, XIII of Lemos, IX of Andrade, XI of Villalba, XIII of Bañares, XIV viscount of Puebla de Alcocer, Sommelier de Corps, tutor and majordomo mayor of the prince of Asturias Carlos IV. He was invested on April 19 in 1750.[34]
Other historical and famous members
- Diego López de Estúñiga, (1350 - 1417) Lord of Béjar, Zúñiga, Mendavía, Curiel, etc. co-governor of Castile and León during the minority of the kings Henry III "the Suffering" and John II.
- Pedro de Estúñiga y Leiva, (1384 - 1453) I Count of Plasencia, justicia mayor y alguacil mayor of Castile, the mayor of Sevilla, famous warrior in battles with his army in the wars of reconquest of Spain from the moors.
- Gonzalo de Estúñiga y Leiva, (1390 - 1457) Bishop of Plasencia and Jaén, ardent warrior of great fame in the wars of reconquest of Spain from the moors.
- Álvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán, (1410 - 1488) I Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, justicia mayor y alguacil mayor of Castile, first Knight of the Kingdom.
- Diego López de Zúñiga y Guzmán, (1415 - 1479) I Count of Miranda del Castañar, constable of Castile
- Pedro de Zúñiga y Manrique de Lara, (1430 - 1484) II Count of Bañares, I count of Ayamonte, captain general of Andalucía.
- Pedro de Zúñiga y Avellaneda, (1448 -1492) II Count of Miranda del Castañar, member of the State Council of queen Isabella I the Catholic of Castile, and marshal of Castile.
- Juan de Zúñiga y Pimentel, (1459 - 1504) Grand Master of the Order of Alcántara, archbishop of Seville, cardinal of Spain.
- Álvaro II de Zúñiga y Guzmán, (1460 - 1531) II Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, member of the State Council of emperor Charles V.
- Leonor de Zúñiga y Guzmán, (1472 - 1522) III Duchess of Medina Sidonia, defended the rights of succession for her children against the armed forces of the III count of Ureña. She assisted her brother Antonio de Zúñiga y Guzmán, in the fight against the rebellion of the Comuneros of Andalusia.
- Fadrique de Zúñiga y Sotomayor, (1475 - 1537) I Marquis of Mirabel, author of Libro de Cetrería de Caza de Azor (Book of Falconry hunting of Azor).
- Francisco de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco, (1475 - 1536) III Count of Miranda del Castañar, viceroy of Navarre, member of the State Council of emperor Charles V.
- Antonio de Zúñiga y Guzmán, (1480 - 1533) Prior of Castile of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, viceroy of Catalonia.
- Juan de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco, (1488 - 1546) Captain of the Royal Guard of emperor Charles V, mayor commander of Castile of the Order of Santiago, tutor and private counselor of prince Philip II, member of the State Council.
- Iñigo de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco, (1489 - 1537) Bishop of Coria and Burgos, archbishop of Toledo, cardinal of Spain, ambassador of the emperor Charles V in England.
- Pedro de Ávila y Zúñiga, (1489 - 1579) III Count of Risco, I marquis de las Navas, ambassador of the emperor Charles V en London, member of State Council.
- Diego López de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco, (1492 - 1530) Member of a religious order, theologian, remarkable writer.
- Alonso Francisco de Zúñiga y Sotomayor, (1498 - 1544) V Count of Belalcázar, III duke consort of Béjar and Plasencia, member of the Council of Treasury of the emperor Charles V.
- Alonso de Zúñiga y Acevedo Fonseca, (1500 - 1559) III Count of Monterrey, he built the palace of Monterrey in Salamanca.
- Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, (1500 - 1564) IV Count of Nieva de Cameros, governor of Galicia, viceroy of the Kingdom of Perú.
- Teresa de Zúñiga y Manrique de Castro, (1502 - 1565) III Duchess of Béjar and Plasencia.
- Luis de Ávila y Zúñiga, (1504 - 1573) Master of the Order of Alcántara, author of "Comentario a la guerra de Alemania" (Commentary on the war in Germany, 1546-1547).
- Gaspar de Zúñiga y Avellaneda, (1507 - 1571) Professor of theology at Salamanca University, bishop of Segovia, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela and Seville, Cardinal of Spain.
- Diego de Zúñiga y Benavides, (1525 - 1577) Ambassador in France.
- Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, (1528 - 1576) Baron of Martorell and Castell-Vell, ambassador in Rome, governor of Milan and Flanders.
- Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, (1533 - 1594) Author of "La Araucana".
- Antonio de Zúñiga y Sotomayor, (1535 -1583) III Marquis of Ayamonte, Ambassador in Augsburg, Governor of Milan.
- Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens, (1539 - 1586) Ambassador in Roma, viceroy and captain general of the Kingdom of Naples, president of the State Council.
- Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga y Sotomayor, (1540 - 1590) I marquis of Villamanrique, viceroy and captain general of the Kingdom of New Spain (Mexico).
- Juan de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Bazán, (1541 - 1608) I Duke of Peñaranda de Duero, viceroy and captain general of Catalonia, viceroy and captain general of the Kingdom of Naples, president of the State Council of Castile.
- María Pimentel de Fonseca y Zúñiga, (1549 - 1594) Wife of Enrique de Guzmán, II count of Olivares, viceroy of the Kingdom of Sicilia and of the Kingdom of Naples, founder of charitable works in Naples.
- Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo, (1560 - 1606) V Count of Monterrey, viceroy and captain general of the Kingdom of New Spain and of the Kingdom of Peru.
- Pedro de Zúñiga y Cabeza de Vaca, (1560 - 1631) I Marquis of Flores Dávila, ambassador in England.
- Baltasar de Zúñiga y Velasco, (1561 - 1622) Ambassador in Prague, prime minister of king Philip IV.
- Pedro de Zúñiga y Velasco, (1580 - 1622)) Member of the religious order of Saint Agustin, Japan martyr, saint of the Catholic Church.
- Antonio de Ávila y Zúñiga, (1580 - 1647) III Marquis of Mirabel, Ambassador in England.
- Inés de Zúñiga y Velasco, (1584 - 1647) Wife of the Count-Duke of Olivares, immortalized by the Spanish writer Benito Pérez Galdós in his work "Donna Perfecta".
- Manuel de Zúñiga Acevedo y Fonseca, (1586 - 1653) VI Count of Monterrey, ambassador in Rom, viceroy and captain general of the Kingdom of Naples.
- Francisco López de Zúñiga y Meneses, (1599 - 1656) IV Marquis of Baides, governor and captain general of the Kingdom of Chile.
- Pedro de Zúñiga y Enríquez, (1615 - 1669) IV Marquis of Aguilafuente, governor of Galicia.
- Diego Ortiz de Zúñiga, (1633 - 1680) Historian, writer, author of "Discurso Genealógico de los Ortices de Sevilla" and "Annales Eclesiásticos y Seculares de la Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Sevilla...desde el año de 1246...hasta el de 1671..."
- Baltasar de Zúñiga y Guzmán, (1658 - 1727) I Duke of Arión, II marquis of Valero, viceroy of Navarra, viceroy and captain general of the Kingdom of New Spain.
Note: The biographies of these famous members of the House of Zúñiga you may read in Spanish. Links in the Spanish version Casa de Zúñiga
Patrimony
The members of The House of Zúñiga built and rebuilt many castles and palaces in Spain, which over the time were abandoned, turned into ruins and used as building material by neighbors. Today there are only a few remnants and ruins of others, in the list below are market with (m). Also they built magnificent palaces, as patron who were among the artists of his time and are in good conditions, some of them declared national historical monuments.
- Castle of Bañares in Logroño (m) http://www.banares.org
- Castle of Clavijo in La Rioja (m) http://www.ayuntamientodeclavijo.org
- Castle of Curiel de Duero in Valladolid (m) http://www.castillodecuriel.com
- Castle of Galve de Sorbe in Guadalajara (m) http://www.galvedesorbe.com
- Castle of Iscar in Valladolid (m) http://www.villadeiscar.es
- Castle of Miranda del Castañar in Salamanca (m) http://www.mirandadelcastanar.com
- Castle of Monterrey in Verín http://www.udc.es/dep/com/castellano/monte/montex.htm
- Castle of Peñaranda de Duero http://www.peñarandadeduero.es
- Castle of Polán in Toledo (m)
- Palace of Aguilafuente in Segovia (m) http://www.aguilafuenteweb.com
- Ducal Palace of Béjar in Béjar http://www.i-bejar.com
- Palace of the Forest in Béjar http://www.aytobejar.com
- Palace of the Count of Miranda in Peñaranda de Duero http://www.peñarandadeduero.es
- Palace of Curiel de Duero in Valladolid http://www.castillodecuriel.com
- Palace of the Marquis of Mirabel in Plasencia http://www.aytoplasencia.es
- Palace of Mirabel in Mirabel, Plasencia http://www.mirabel.es
- Palace of Monterrey in Salamanca http://www.aytosalamanca.es
- Palace of Villamanrique in Villamanrique de la Condesa http://www.ayto-villamanrique.es
- Palace of Zalamea in Cáceres http://www.zalamea.dip-badajoz.es
- Palace of Zúñiga in Valladolid (m) http://www.valladolidturismo.com
- Tower of Torremontalbo in La Rioja
References
- ↑ Menéndez Pidal, Tomo VII, Vol. 2, Pág. 42-43
- ↑ Cátedra, Pág. 18 citation from http://es.wikipedia.org José Pellicer de Ossau Salas y Tovar "Crónica de la gran Casa de Zúñiga, derivada dos veces de la Real de Navarra...", dedicada al IX duque de Béjar y Plasencia
- ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Págs. 471-473
- ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52
- ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 472
- ↑ AER Archive AGS, Signature PTR,LEG,11,DOC.13
- ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52
- ↑ Jover Zamora, Tomo IX, Págs. 517 - 554
- ↑ Larios Martín, Pág. 22
- ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 23
- ↑ Clavería, Pág. 100 - 103
- ↑ Cátedra, Pág.83-84
- ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 53
- ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 473
- ↑ Argote de Molina, Pág. 37
- ↑ Piferrer, Tomo I and Tomo III
- ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 52 - 53
- 1 2 Atienza (1959), p. 784
- ↑ Clavería, Pág. 128 - 129
- ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, Pág. 28
- ↑ Clavería, Pág. 135
- ↑ Ortiz de Zúñiga, Pág. 110
- ↑ Vilar y Pascual, Pág. 474-484
- ↑ AER Archive AHN, Fondo Concesión Títulos del Reino
- ↑ AER Archive SNAHN, Fondo OSUNA
- ↑ AER Archive AHN, Ordenes Militares
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 271
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 280
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 315
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 325
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 354
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 362
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), pp. 379–380
- ↑ Ceballos-Escalera (2000), p. 442–443
Bibliography
- "AER (Archivos Españoles en Red)".
- Álvarez y Baena, Joseph Antonio (1790). Hijos de Madrid, Ilustres Santidades, Dignidades, Armas, Ciencias y Artes. Tomos I al III. Madrid: Benito Cano, Editor.
- Arco y Molinero, Ángel del (1899). Glorias de la Nobleza Española. Madrid: Impr. F. Arias e hijo.
- Atienza, Julio (1959). Nobiliario Español. Madrid: Editorial Aguilar.
- Ballesteros Robles, Luis (1912). Diccionario Biográfico Matritense. Madrid: Ayuntamiento de Madrid.
- Carrillo, Alonso (1657). Origen de la Dignidad de Grande de Castilla. Madrid: Imprenta Real.
- Cátedra, Pedro M. (2003). La "Historia de la Casa de Zúñiga" otrora atribuida a Mosén Diego de Valera (Seminario de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas ed.). Salamanca: Gráficas Cervantes. ISBN 84-932346-9-9.
- Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, Marqués de la Floresta, Alfonso de (2000). La Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro (Fundación Carlos III ed.). Madrid: Palafox & Pezuela. ISBN 84-930310-2-X.
- Clavería, Carlos (1971). Historia del Reino de Navarra. Pamplona: Editorial Gómez.
- Jover Zamora, José María (1998). Historia de España, Tomo IX. La Reconquista (1035 - 1217) y el Proceso de Diferenciación Política. Madrid: Editorial Espasa-Calpe SA. ISBN 84-239-8908-9.
- Larios Martín, Jesús (1986). Dinastías Reales de España (Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro ed.). Madrid: Gráficas Arias Montano.
- Matute y Gaviria, Justino (1887). Hijos de Sevilla señalados en Santidad, Letras, Armas, Artes o Dignidad. Vol. 1 y 2. Sevilla: Sociedad del Archivo Hispalense, Editor.
- Menéndez y Pidal, Ramón (1999). Historia de España, Tomo VII, Vol. 2, La España Cristiana de los Siglos VIII al IX (718 - 1035). Los Núcleos Pireneicos, Navarra, Aragón, Cataluña. Madrid: Editorial Espasa-Calpe SA. ISBN 84-239-8913-5.
- Piferrer, Francisco (1857). Nobiliario de los Reinos y Señoríos de España, ilustrado con un Diccionario de Heráldica, Tomo I. Madrid.
- Piferrer, Francisco (1859). Nobiliario de los Reinos y Señoríos de España, ilustrado con un Diccionario de Heráldica, Tomo III. Madrid.
- Pinedo y Salazar, Julián de (1787). Historia de la Insigne Orden del Toysón de Oro. Vol. I al III. Madrid.
- Vilar y Pascual, Luis (1864). Diccionario Histórico Genealógico y Heráldico de las Familias Ilustres de la Monarquía Española, Tomo VII. Madrid: Miguel Guijarro, Editor.
External links
- http://www.castillosnet.org
- http://www.ibercastillos.org
- http://www.monumentalnet.org
Media related to Duchy of Béjar in heraldry at Wikimedia Commons