Ethnic groups in Indonesia

There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia.[1] 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry.[2]

The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese who make up about 40% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago because of the transmigration program.[3] The Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country.[3] Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Papua, speak Papuan languages. The Tionghoa population makes up a little less than 1% of the total Indonesian population according to the 2000 census.[3] Some of these Indonesians of Chinese descent speak various Chinese dialects, most notably Hokkien and Hakka.

The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, cultural and linguistic influences; for example some may consider Bantenese and Cirebonese to be members of Javanese people, however some others argue that they are different ethnic groups altogether since they have their own distinct dialects. This is the same case with Baduy people that share many cultural similarities with the Sundanese people. An example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, descended not only from marriages between different peoples in Indonesia but also with Arab, Chinese and Indian migrants since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta).

Numbers

2011

Number and percentage of population of ethnic groups according to a 2011 census.[4]

Ethnic groups Population (million) Percentage Main Regions
Javanese 95.217 40.22 Bengkulu, East Java, East Kalimantan, Central Java, Jambi, Lampung, North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, Yogyakarta
Sundanese 36.701 15.5 Banten, West Java
Batak 8.466 3.58 North Sumatra
Other Sulawesi ethnic groups 7.634 3.22 Sulawesi
Madurese 7.179 3.03 East Java
Betawi 6.807 2.88 Jakarta
Minangkabau 6.462 2.73 Riau, West Sumatra
Buginese 6.359 2.69 Central Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, West Sulawesi
Malay 5.365 2.27 Bangka-Belitung Islands, Jambi, Riau, Riau Islands, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan
Other South Sumatran ethnic groups 5.119 2.16 South Sumatra
Bantenese 4.657 1.97 Banten
Other East Nusa Tenggara ethnic groups 4.184 1.77 East Nusa Tenggara
Banjarese 4.127 1.74 East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan
Acehnese 4.091 1.73 Aceh
Balinese 3.946 1.67 Bali
Sasak 3.173 1.34 West Nusa Tenggara
Dayak 3.009 1.27 Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, West Kalimantan
Chinese 2.832 1.2 Bangka-Belitung Islands, Jakarta, Riau Islands, West Kalimantan
Papuan 2.693 1.14 Papua, West Papua
Makassarese 2.672 1.13 South Sulawesi
Other Sumatran ethnic groups 2.204 0.93 Sumatra
Moluccans 2.203 0.93 Maluku, North Maluku
Other Bornean ethnic groups 1.968 1.74 Borneo
Cirebonese 1.877 0.79 West Java
Other Jambi ethnic groups 1.415 0.6 Jambi
Other West Nusa Tenggara ethnic groups 1.280 0.54 West Nusa Tenggara
Gorontaloan 1.251 0.53 Gorontalo
Minahasan 1.237 0.52 North Sulawesi
Nias 1.041 0.44 North Sumatra
Foreign 0.162 0.07 Jakarta, other metropolitan centers

The proportions of Indonesian ethnic groups according to the (2000 census) are as follows:[5]

Ethnic groups Population (million) Percentage Main Regions
Javanese 95.217[6] 42.00 Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, Jakarta, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung
Sundanese 30.978 15.41 West Java, Banten, Jakarta, Lampung
Malay 6.946 3.45 North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, Jambi, South Sumatra, Bangka–Belitung Islands, West Kalimantan
Madurese 6.772 3.37 Madura island, East Java
Batak 6.076 3.02 North Sumatra, Riau, Jakarta
Minangkabau 5.475 2.72 West Sumatra, Riau
Betawi 5.042 2.51 Jakarta, Banten, West Java
Bugis 5.010 2.49 South Sulawesi, South East Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, East Kalimantan
Acehnese 4.419 2.05 Aceh
Bantenese 4.113 2.05 Banten
Banjarese 3.496 1.74 South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan
Balinese 3.028 1.51 Bali
Chinese 2.832 1.20 North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, West Kalimantan, Jakarta, Bangka–Belitung Islands
Sasak 2.611 1.17 West Nusa Tenggara
Makassarese 1.982 0.99 South Sulawesi
Minahasan 1.900 0.96 North Sulawesi
Cirebonese 1.890 0.94 West Java, Central Java
The map of native ethnic groups in Indonesia, foreign origin ethnic groups such as Chinese, Arab, and Indian are not shown, but usually inhabit urban areas.

Indigenous ethnicities

The regions of Indonesia have some of their indigenous ethnic groups. Due to migration within Indonesia (as part of government transmigration programs or otherwise), there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions.

Foreign ethnicities

Throughout Indonesian history, waves of migration of foreign origin ethnicities were spread throughout Indonesia, usually inhabiting urban centres and seldom reaching rural parts of Indonesia.

See also

References

  1. Kuoni - Far East, A world of difference. Page 99. Published 1999 by Kuoni Travel & JPM Publications
  2. "Pribumi". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  3. 1 2 3 Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2023. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan,%20Suku%20Bangsa,%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf
  5. Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta; Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape, 2003
  6. Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia - Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. ISBN 978-979-064417-5.

External links

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