Ethnic groups in Russia

An ethnic map of European Russia before World War I.

Russia is a multi-national state with over 185 ethnic groups designated as nationalities, population of these groups varying enormously, from millions in the case of e.g. Russians and Tatars to under 10,000 in the case of Samis and Kets.^[1]

Among the 85 subjects which constitute Russia, there are 21 national republics (meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority), 5 autonomous okrugs (usually with substantial or predominant ethnic minority) and an autonomous oblast.

Ethnic groups of Russia, 1926-2010^[2]

Ethnic group	Language family	Main area	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census
			Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%,	Number	%	Number	%
Russians	Indo-European	European Russia	71,374,283	78.1%	89,747,795	82.9%	97,863,579	83.3%	107,747,630	82.8%	113,521,881	82.6%	119,865,469	81.5%	115,889,107	80.6%	111,016,896	80.9%
Tatars	Turkic	European Russia	3,926,053	3.2%	3,682,956	3.4%	4,074,253	3.5%	4,577,061	3.5%	5,055,757	3.6%	5,522,096	3.8%	5,554,601	3.9%	5,310,649	3.9%
Ukrainians	Indo-European	European Russia	6,870,976	7.4%	3,205,061	3.0%	3,359,083	2.9%	3,345,885	2.6%	3,657,647	2.7%	4,362,872	3.0%	2,942,961	2.0%	1,927,888	1.4%
Bashkirs	Turkic	European Russia	738,861	0.80%	824,537	0.76%	953,801	0.81%	1,180,913	0.91%	1,290,994	0.94%	1,345,273	0.92%	1,673,389	1.16%	1,584,554	1.15%
Chuvashs	Turkic	European Russia	1,112,478	1.20%	1,346,232	1.24%	1,436,218	1.22%	1,637,028	1.26%	1,689,847	1.23%	1,773,645	1.21%	1,637,094	1.14%	1,435,872	1.05%
Chechens	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	318,361	0.34%	400,325	0.37%	261,311	0.22%	572,220	0.44%	712,161	0.52%	898,999	0.61%	1,360,253	0.95%	1,431,360	1.04%
Armenians	Indo-European	Caucasus	183,785	0.20%	205,233	0.19%	255,978	0.22%	298,718	0.23%	364,570	0.27%	532,390	0.36%	1,132,033	0.79%	1,182,388	0.86%
Avars	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	178,263	0.19%	235,715	0.22%	249,529	0.21%	361,613	0.28%	438,306	0.32%	544,016	0.37%	814,473	0.57%	912,090	0.66%
Mordvins	Uralic	European Russia	1,306,798	1.41%	1,375,558	1.27%	1,211,105	1.03%	1,177,492	0.91%	1,111,075	0.81%	1,072,939	0.73%	843,350	0.59%	744,237	0.54%
Kazakhs	Turkic	Central Asia	136,501	0.15%	356,500	0.33%	382,431	0.33%	477,820	0.37%	518,060	0.38%	635,865	0.43%	653,962	0.46%	647,732	0.47%
Azerbaijanis	Turkic	Caucasus	24,335	0.03%	43,014	0.04%	70,947	0.06%	95,689	0.07%	152,421	0.11%	335,889	0.23%	621,840	0.43%	603,070	0.44%
Dargins	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	125,759	0.14%	152,007	0.14%	152,563	0.13%	224,172	0.17%	280,444	0.20%	353,348	0.24%	510,156	0.35%	589,386	0.43%
Udmurts (incl. Besermyan 1939-1989)	Uralic	European Russia	503,970	0.54%	599,893	0.55%	615,640	0.52%	678,393	0.52%	685,718	0.50%	714,883	0.49%	636,906	0.45%	552,299	0.40%
Mari	Uralic	European Russia	427,874	0.46%	476,314	0.44%	498,066	0.42%	581,082	0.45%	599,637	0.44%	643,698	0.44%	604,298	0.42%	547,605	0.40%
Ossetians	Indo-European	Caucasus	157,280	0.17%	195,624	0.18%	247,834	0.21%	313,458	0.24%	352,080	0.26%	402,275	0.27%	514,875	0.36%	528,515	0.38%
Belarusians	Indo-European	European Russia	607,845	0.66%	451,933	0.42%	843,985	0.72%	964,082	0.74%	1,051,900	0.77%	1,206,222	0.82%	807,970	0.56%	521,443	0.38%
Kabardins	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	139,864	0.15%	161,216	0.15%	200,634	0.17%	277,435	0.21%	318,822	0.23%	386,055	0.26%	519,958	0.36%	516,826	0.38%
Kumyks	Turkic	Caucasus	94,509	0.10%	110,299	0.10%	132,896	0.11%	186,690	0.14%	225,800	0.16%	277,163	0.19%	422,409	0.29%	503,060	0.37%
Yakuts (icl. Dolgans 1939-1959)	Turkic	Siberia	240,682	0.26%	241,870	0.22%	236,125	0.20%	295,223	0.23%	326,531	0.24%	380,242	0.26%	443,852	0.31%	478,085	0.35%
Lezgians	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	92,937	0.10%	100,328	0.09%	114,210	0.10%	170,494	0.13%	202,854	0.15%	257,270	0.17%	411,535	0.29%	473,722	0.34%
Buryats (incl. Soyots 1939-1989)	Mongolic	Siberia	237,490	0.26%	220,618	0.20%	251,504	0.21%	312,847	0.24%	349,760	0.25%	417,425	0.28%	445,175	0.31%	461,389	0.34%
Ingush	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	72,137	0.08%	90,980	0.08%	55,799	0.05%	137,380	0.11%	165,997	0.12%	215,068	0.15%	413,016	0.29%	444,833	0.32%
Germans	Indo-European	European Russia	707,277	0.76%	811,205	0.75%	820,016	0.70%	761,888	0.59%	790,762	0.58%	842,295	0.57%	597,212	0.42%	394,138	0.29%
Uzbeks	Turkic	Central Asia	942	0.00%	16,166	0.01%	29,512	0.03%	61,588	0.05%	72,385	0.05%	126,899	0.09%	122,916	0.09%	289,862	0.21%
Tuvans	Turkic	Siberia	200	0.00%	794	0.00%	99,864	0.08%	139,013	0.11%	165,426	0.12%	206,160	0.14%	243,442	0.17%	263,934	0.19%
Komi (incl. Komi-Permyak 1939)	Uralic	European Russia	226,012	0.24%	415,009	0.38%	281,780	0.24%	315,347	0.24%	320,078	0.23%	336,309	0.23%	293,406	0.20%	228,235	0.17%
Karachays	Turkic	Caucasus	55,116	0.06%	74,488	0.07%	70,537	0.06%	106,831	0.08%	125,792	0.09%	150,332	0.10%	192,182	0.13%	218,403	0.16%
Roma	Indo-European	European Russia	39,089	0.04%	59,198	0.05%	72,488	0.06%	97,955	0.08%	120,672	0.09%	152,939	0.10%	183,252	0.13%	204,958	0.15%
Tajiks	Indo-European	Central Asia	52	0.00%	3,315	0.00%	7,027	0.01%	14,108	0.01%	17,863	0.01%	38,208	0.03%	120,136	0.08%	200,666	0.15%
Kalmyks	Mongolic	Caucasus	128,809	0.14%	129,786	0.12%	100,603	0.09%	131,318	0.10%	140,103	0.10%	165,103	0.11%	174,000	0.12%	183,372	0.13%
Laks	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	40,243	0.04%	54,348	0.05%	58,397	0.05%	78,625	0.06%	91,412	0.07%	106,245	0.07%	156,545	0.11%	178,630	0.13%
Georgians	South Caucasian	Caucasus	20,551	0.02%	43,585	0.04%	57,594	0.05%	68,971	0.05%	89,407	0.07%	130,688	0.09%	197,934	0.14%	157,803	0.11%
Jews	Semitic	European Russia	539,086	0.58%	891,147	0.82%	875,058	0.74%	807,526	0.62%	699,286	0.51%	550,709	0.37%	233,439	0.16%	156,801	0.11%
Moldovans	Indo-European	European Russia	16,870	0.02%	21,974	0.02%	62,298	0.05%	87,538	0.07%	102,137	0.07%	172,671	0.12%	172,330	0.12%	156,400	0.11%
Koreans	Korean	Siberia	86,799	0.09 %	11,345	0.01 %	91,445	0.08 %	101,369	0.08 %	97,649	0.07 %	107,051	0.07 %	148,556	0.10 %	153,156	0.11 %
Tabasarans	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	31,983	0.03%	33,471	0.03%	34,288	0.03%	54,047	0.04%	73,433	0.05%	93,587	0.06%	131,785	0.09%	146,360	0.11%
Adyghe (incl. Shapsugs 1926-1989 and Cherkess 1926-1939)	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	64,959	0.07%	85,588	0.08%	78,561	0.07%	98,461	0.08%	107,239	0.08%	122,908	0.08%	128,528	0.09%	124,835	0.09%
Balkars	Turkic	Caucasus	33,298	0.04%	41,949	0.04%	35,249	0.03%	52,969	0.04%	61,828	0.04%	78,341	0.05%	108,426	0.08%	112,924	0.08%
Turks (incl. Meskhetian Turks 1926-1989)	Turkic	Caucasus	1,846	0.00%	2,668	0.00%	1,377	0.00%	1,568	0.00%	3,561	0.00%	9,890	0.01%	92,415	0.06%	105,058	0.08%
Nogais	Turkic	Caucasus	36,089	0.04%	36,088	0.03%	37,656	0.03%	51,159	0.04%	58,639	0.04%	73,703	0.05%	90,666	0.06%	103,660	0.08%
Kyrgyz	Turkic	Central Asia	285	0.00%	6,311	0.01%	4,701	0.00%	9,107	0.01%	15,011	0.01%	41,734	0.03%	31,808	0.02%	103,422	0.08%
Komi-Permyak (in Komi 1939)	Uralic	European Russia	149,275	0.16%			143,030	0.12%	150,244	0.12%	145,993	0.11%	147,269	0.10%	125,235	0.09%	94,456	0.07%
Altay	Turkic	Siberia	52,248	0.06%	46,489	0.04%	44,654	0.04%	54,614	0.04%	58,879	0.04%	69,409	0.05%	77,822	0.05%	89,773	0.06%
Pontic Greeks (including Caucasus Greeks)	Indo-European	Caucasus	34,439	0.04%	65,705	0.06%	47,024	0.04%	57,847	0.04%	69,816	0.05%	91,699	0.06%	97,827	0.07%	85,640	0.06%
Cherkess (in Adyghe 1926-1939)	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus					28,986	0.02%	38,356	0.03%	44,572	0.03%	50,572	0.03%	60,517	0.04%	73,184	0.05%
Khakas	Turkic	Siberia	45,607	0.05%	52,033	0.05%	56,032	0.05%	65,368	0.05%	69,247	0.05%	78,500	0.05%	76,278	0.05%	72,959	0.05%
Karelians	Uralic	European Russia	248,017	0.27%	249,778	0.23%	164,050	0.14%	141,148	0.11%	133,182	0.10%	124,921	0.08%	93,344	0.06%	60,815	0.04%
Poles	Indo-European	European Russia	189,269	0.20%	142,461	0.13%	118,422	0.10%	107,084	0.08%	99,733	0.07%	94,594	0.06%	73,001	0.05%	47,125	0.03%
Nenets (incl. Enets 1926-1979 and Nganasans 1926-1939)	Uralic	Siberia	17,560	0.02%	24,716	0.02%	22,845	0.02%	28,487	0.02%	29,487	0.02%	34,190	0.02%	41,302	0.03%	44,640	0.03%
Abazas	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	13,825	0.01%	14,739	0.01%	19,059	0.02%	24,892	0.02%	28,800	0.02%	32,983	0.02%	37,942	0.03%	43,341	0.03%
Yazidis (in Kurds 1939-1989)	Indo-European	Caucasus	1	0.00%											31,273	0.02%	40,586	0.03%
Evenks	Tungusic	Siberia	38,804	0.03%	29,599	0.02%	24,583	0.02%	25,051	0.02%	27,278	0.02%	29,901	0.02%	35,527	0.02%	37,843	0.03%
Turkmens	Turkic	Central Asia	7,849	0.01%	12,869	0.01%	11,631	0.01%	20,040	0.02%	22,979	0.02%	39,739	0.03%	33,053	0.02%	36,885	0.03%
Rutuls	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	10,333	0.01%	SDP	SDP	6,703	0.01%	11,904	0.01%	14,835	0.01%	19,503	0.01%	29,929	0.02%	35,240	0.03%
Aghuls	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	7,653	0.01%	SDP	SDP	6,460	0.01%	8,751	0.01%	11,752	0.01%	17,728	0.01%	28,297	0.02%	34,160	0.02%
Lithuanians	Indo-European	European Russia	26,128	0.03%	20,795	0.02%	108,579	0.09%	76,718	0.06%	66,783	0.05%	70,427	0.05%	45,569	0.03%	31,377	0.02%
Khanty	Uralic	Siberia	22,301	0.02%	18,447	0.02%	19,246	0.02%	21,007	0.02%	20,743	0.02%	22,283	0.02%	28,678	0.02%	30,943	0.02%
Chinese	Sino-Tibetan	Siberia	8,739	0.01 %	22,491	0.02 %	19,097	0.02 %	7,987	0.01 %	5,743	0.00 %	5,197	0.00 %	34,577	0.02 %	28,943	0.02 %
Bulgarians	Indo-European	European Russia	4,087	0.00%	8,338	0.01%	24,899	0.02%	27,321	0.02%	24,943	0.02%	32,785	0.02%	31,965	0.02%	24,038	0.02%
Kurds (incl. Yazidis 1939-1989)	Indo-European	Caucasus	164	0.00%	387	0.00%	855	0.00%	1,015	0.00%	1,634	0.00%	4,724	0.00%	19,607	0.01%	23,232	0.01%
Evens	Tungusic	Siberia	2,044	0.00%	9,674	0.01%	9,023	0.01%	11,819	0.01%	12,215	0.01%	17,055	0.01%	19,071	0.01%	22,383	0.02%
Finns	Uralic	European Russia	134,089	0.14%	138,962	0.13%	72,356	0.06%	62,307	0.05%	55,687	0.04%	47,102	0.03%	34,050	0.02%	20,267	0.01%
Latvians	Indo-European	European Russia	124,312	0.13%	104,877	0.10%	74,932	0.06%	59,695	0.05%	67,267	0.05%	46,829	0.03%	28,520	0.02%	18,979	0.01%
Estonians	Uralic	European Russia	146,051	0.16%	130,494	0.12%	78,556	0.07%	62,980	0.05%	55,539	0.04%	46,390	0.03%	28,113	0.02%	17,875	0.01%
Chukchi (incl. Kereks 1926-1989 and Chuvans 1939-1979)	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Siberia	12,331	0.01%	13,830	0.01%	11,680	0.01%	13,500	0.01%	13,937	0.01%	15,107	0.01%	15,767	0.01%	15,908	0.01%
Vietnamese	Vietnamese	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	781	0.00 %	6,287	0.00 %	661	0.00 %	2,142	0.00 %	26,206	0.02 %	13,954	0.01 %
Gagauz	Turkic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	3,012	0.00%	3,704	0.00%	4,176	0.00%	10,051	0.01%	12,210	0.01%	13,690	0.01%
Shors	Turkic	Siberia	13,000	0.01%	16,042	0.01%	14,938	0.01%	15,950	0.01%	15,182	0.01%	15,745	0.01%	13,975	0.01%	12,888	0.01%
Tsakhurs	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	3,533	0.00%	SDP	SDP	4,437	0.00%	4,730	0.00%	4,774	0.00%	6,492	0.00%	10,366	0.01%	12,769	0.01%
Mansi	Uralic	Siberia	5,754	0.01%	6,295	0.01%	6,318	0.01%	7,609	0.01%	7,434	0.01%	8,279	0.01%	11,432	0.01%	12,269	0.01%
Nanais	Tungusic	Siberia	5,860	0.01%	8,411	0.01%	7,919	0.01%	9,911	0.01%	10,357	0.01%	11,883	0.01%	12,160	0.01%	12,003	0.01%
Abkhaz	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	97	0.00%	647	0.00%	1,400	0.00%	2,427	0.00%	4,058	0.00%	7,239	0.00%	11,366	0.01%	11,249	0.01%
Assyrians	Semitic	Caucasus	2,791	0.00%	7,446	0.01%	7,612	0.01%	8,098	0.01%	8,708	0.01%	9,622	0.01%	13,649	0.01%	11,084	0.01%
Arabs	Semitic	European Russia	466	0.00 %	94	0.00 %	649	0.00 %	2,555	0.00 %	2,339	0.00 %	2,704	0.00 %	10,811	0.01 %	9,583	0.01 %
Nağaybäk	Turkic	Siberia	11196	0.01 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	9,600	0.01 %	8,148	0.01 %
Koryaks	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Siberia	7,437	0.01%	7,337	0.01%	6,168	0.01%	7,367	0.01%	7,637	0.01%	8,942	0.01%	8,743	0.01%	7,953	0.01%
Dolgans (in Yakuts 1939-1959)	Turkic	Siberia	656	0.00%					4,718	0.00%	4,911	0.00%	6,584	0.00%	7,261	0.01%	7,885	0.01%
Veps	Uralic	European Russia	32,783	0.04%	31,442	0.03%	16,170	0.01%	8,057	0.01%	7,550	0.01%	12,142	0.01%	8,240	0.01%	5,936	0.00%
Afghans	Indo-European	European Russia	38	0.00 %	190	0.00 %	175	0.00 %	561	0.00 %	184	0.00 %	858	0.00 %	9,800	0.01 %	5,350	0.00 %
Meskhetian Turks (in Turks 1926-1989)	Turkic	Caucasus													3,527	0.00%	4,825	0.00%
Nivkh	Nivkh	Siberia	4,076	0.00%	3,857	0.00%	3,690	0.00%	4,356	0.00%	4,366	0.00%	4,631	0.00%	5,162	0.00%	4,652	0.00%
Udis	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	2	0.00%	SDP	SDP	35	0.00%	94	0.00%	216	0.00%	1,102	0.00%	3,721	0.00%	4,267	0.00%
Indians	Indo-European	European Russia	17	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	216	0.00 %	1,378	0.00 %	181	0.00 %	535	0.00 %	4,980	0.00 %	4,058	0.00 %
Shapsugs (in Adyghe 1926-1989)	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus													3,231	0.00%	3,882	0.00%
Persians	Indo-European	Caucasus	8,626	0.01%	6,041	0.01%	2,490	0.00%	2,548	0.00%	1,747	0.00%	2,572	0.00%	3,821	0.00%	3,696	0.00%
Uygurs	Turkic	Central Asia	26	0.00%	642	0.00%	720	0.00%	1,513	0.00%	1,707	0.00%	2,577	0.00%	2,867	0.00%	3,696	0.00%
Selkups	Uralic	Siberia	1,630	0.00%	2,604	0.00%	3,704	0.00%	4,249	0.00%	3,518	0.00%	3,564	0.00%	4,249	0.00%	3,649	0.00%
Soyots (in Buryats 1939-1989)	Mongolic	Siberia	229	0.00%											2,769	0.00%	3,608	0.00%
Serbs	Indo-European	European Russia	1,278	0.00 %	2,373	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	1,431	0.00 %	815	0.00 %	1,580	0.00 %	4,156	0.00 %	3,510	0.00 %
Romanians	Indo-European	European Russia	2,881	0.00 %	2,682	0.00 %	3,316	0.00 %	4,093	0.00 %	3,837	0.00 %	5,996	0.00 %	5,308	0.00 %	3,201	0.00 %
Itelmeni	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Siberia	803	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,096	0.00%	1,255	0.00%	1,335	0.00%	2,429	0.00%	3,180	0.00%	3,193	0.00%
Mongols	Mongolic	Siberia	548	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	1,511	0.00 %	3,759	0.00 %	1,812	0.00 %	2,117	0.00 %	2,656	0.00 %	2,986	0.00 %
Kumandins	Turkic	Siberia	6,335	0.01 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	3,114	0.00 %	2,892	0.00 %
Hungarians	Uralic	European Russia	3,882	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	4,175	0.00 %	6,681	0.01 %	4,313	0.00 %	5,742	0.00 %	3,768	0.00 %	2,781	0.00 %
Ulchs	Tungusic	Siberia	723	0.00%	SSP	SSP	2,049	0.00%	2,410	0.00%	2,494	0.00%	3,173	0.00%	2,913	0.00%	2,765	0.00%
Teleuts	Turkic	Siberia	1,898	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	2,650	0.00 %	2,643	0.00 %
Talysh	Indo-European	Caucasus	0	0.00%	47	0.00%	33	0.00%			2	0.00%	202	0.00%	2,548	0.00%	2,529	0.00%
Crimean Tatars	Turkic	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	416	0.00 %	2,852	0.00 %	5,165	0.00 %	21,275	0.01 %	4,131	0.00 %	2,449	0.00 %
Besermyan (in Udmurts 1939-1989)	Uralic	European Russia	10,035	0.01%											3,122	0.00%	2,201	0.00%
Hemshins	Indo-European	Caucasus	2	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	1,542	0.00 %	2,047	0.00 %
Kamchadals	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Siberia	4216	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	2,293	0.00 %	1,927	0.00 %
Czechs	Indo-European	European Russia	7,996	0.01 %	7,526	0.01 %	7,174	0.01 %	6,073	0.00 %	4,491	0.00 %	4,375	0.00 %	2,904	0.00 %	1,898	0.00 %
Sami	Uralic	European Russia	1,715	0.00%	1,828	0.00%	1,760	0.00%	1,836	0.00%	1,775	0.00%	1,835	0.00%	1,991	0.00%	1,771	0.00%
Dungans	Sino-Tibetan	Siberia	6,009	0.01 %	48	0.00 %	169	0.00 %	304	0.00 %	1,159	0.00 %	635	0.00 %	801	0.00 %	1,651	0.00 %
Eskimo	Eskimo-Aleut	Siberia	1,292	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,111	0.00%	1,265	0.00%	1,460	0.00%	1,704	0.00%	1,750	0.00%	1,738	0.00%
Yukaghir	Yukaghir	Siberia	443	0.00%	SSP	SSP	440	0.00%	593	0.00%	801	0.00%	1,112	0.00%	1,509	0.00%	1,603	0.00%
Tats	Indo-European	Caucasus	223	0.00%			5,136	0.00%	8,753	0.01%	12,748	0.01%	19,420	0.01%	2,303	0.00%	1,585	0.00%
Americans	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	457	0.00 %	273	0.00 %	785	0.00 %	81	0.00 %	185	0.00 %	1,275	0.00 %	1,572	0.00 %
Udege (incl. Taz 1926-1989)	Tungusic	Siberia	1,357	0.00%	1,701	0.00%	1,395	0.00%	1,396	0.00%	1,431	0.00%	1,902	0.00%	1,657	0.00%	1,496	0.00%
French	Indo-European	European Russia	1,338	0.00 %	991	0.00 %	535	0.00 %	1,243	0.00 %	305	0.00 %	352	0.00 %	819	0.00 %	1,475	0.00 %
Karakalpaks	Turkic	Central Asia	14	0.00%	306	0.00%	988	0.00%	2,267	0.00%	1,743	0.00%	6,155	0.00%	1,609	0.00%	1,466	0.00%
Italians	Indo-European	European Russia	749	0.00 %	713	0.00 %	525	0.00 %	889	0.00 %	356	0.00 %	627	0.00 %	862	0.00 %	1,370	0.00 %
Ket	Yeniseian	Siberia	1,428	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,017	0.00%	1,161	0.00%	1,072	0.00%	1,084	0.00%	1,494	0.00%	1,219	0.00%
Spanish	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	2,290	0.00 %	1,615	0.00 %	2,631	0.00 %	1,961	0.00 %	2,054	0.00 %	1,547	0.00 %	1,162	0.00 %
Slovenes	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	1,008	0.00 %
Chuvans (in Chukchi 1939-1979)	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Siberia	704	0.00%	1,384	0.00%									1,087	0.00%	1,002	0.00%
British	Indo-European	European Russia	517	0.00 %	416	0.00 %	312	0.00 %	542	0.00 %	115	0.00 %	223	0.00 %	529	0.00 %	950	0.00 %
Japanese	Japanese	Siberia	79	0.00 %	922	0.00 %	888	0.00 %	1,141	0.00 %	655	0.00 %	591	0.00 %	835	0.00 %	888	0.00 %
Nganasans (in Nenets 1926-1939)	Uralic	Siberia					721	0.00%	823	0.00%	842	0.00%	1,262	0.00%	834	0.00%	862	0.00%
Mountain Jews	Indo-European	Caucasus	15,612	0.02 %	0	0.00 %	19,352	0.02 %	15,434	0.01 %	6,509	0.00 %	11,282	0.01 %	3,394	0.00 %	762	0.00 %
Tofalars	Turkic	Siberia	2,828	0.00%	SSP	SSP	476	0.00%	570	0.00%	576	0.00%	722	0.00%	837	0.00%	762	0.00%
Cubans	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	1,175	0.00 %	1,566	0.00 %	707	0.00 %	676	0.00 %
Orochs (incl. Oroks 1970-1979)	Tungusic	Siberia	646	0.00%	SSP	SSP	779	0.00%	1,037	0.00%	1,040	0.00%	883	0.00%	686	0.00%	596	0.00%
Negidals	Tungusic	Siberia	683	0.00%	SSP	SSP			495	0.00%	477	0.00%	587	0.00%	567	0.00%	513	0.00%
Pakistani	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	507	0.00 %
Aleut	Eskimo-Aleut	Siberia	353	0.00%	SSP	SSP	399	0.00%	410	0.00%	489	0.00%	644	0.00%	540	0.00%	482	0.00%
Pamiris	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	363	0.00 %
Chulyms	Turkic	Siberia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	656	0.00 %	355	0.00 %
Macedonians	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	325	0.00 %
Slovaks	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	513	0.00 %	497	0.00 %	758	0.00 %	439	0.00 %	711	0.00 %	568	0.00 %	324	0.00 %
Croats	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	174	0.00 %	115	0.00 %	479	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	304	0.00 %
Oroks (in Orochs 1970-1979)	Tungusic	Siberia	162	0.00%	SSP	SSP	2	0.00%					179	0.00%	346	0.00%	295	0.00%
Taz (in Udege 1926-1989)	Sino-Tibetan	Siberia													276	0.00%	274	0.00%
Izhorians	Uralic	European Russia	16,136	0.02%	7,720	0.01%	564	0.00%	561	0.00%	449	0.00%	449	0.00%	327	0.00%	266	0.00%
Bosnians	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	256	0.00 %
Enets (in Nenets 1926-1979)	Uralic	Siberia											198	0.00%	237	0.00%	227	0.00%
Ruthenians	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	97	0.00 %	225	0.00 %
Karaites	Turkic	European Russia	1,608	0.00%			1,608	0.00%	1,236	0.00%	939	0.00%	680	0.00%	366	0.00%	205	0.00%
Montenegrins	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	181	0.00 %
Krymchaks	Turkic	European Russia	6,185	0.01 %	0	0.00 %	249	0.00 %	389	0.00 %	1,365	0.00 %	338	0.00 %	157	0.00 %	90	0.00 %
Georgian Jews	South Caucasian	Caucasus	82	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	109	0.00 %	109	0.00 %	130	0.00 %	1,172	0.00 %	53	0.00 %	78	0.00 %
Votes	Uralic	European Russia	705	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	73	0.00 %	64	0.00 %
Central Asian Rroma	Indo-European	European Russia	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	486	0.00 %	49	0.00 %
Central Asian Jews	Indo-European	European Russia	93	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	99	0.00 %	91	0.00 %	336	0.00 %	1,407	0.00 %	54	0.00 %	32	0.00 %
Kereks (in Chukchi 1926-1989)	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Siberia													8	0.00%	4	0.00%
Small Dagestan Peoples (SDP)		Caucasus			20,962	0.02%
Small Siberian Peoples (SSP)		Siberia			11,824	0.01%

Language and culture

Although the constitution of Russia recognizes Russian as the official language, the individual republics may declare one or more official languages. Most of subjects have at least two — Russian and the language of the "eponymous" nationality.^[1] There is a lively minority language scene in most subjects of the country, with more than 1,350 newspapers and magazines, 300 TV channels and 250 radio stations in over 50 minority languages. Moreover, new legislation allows usage of minority languages in federal radio and TV broadcasting.^[3]

In 2007, there were 6,260 schools which provided teaching in altogether 38 minority languages, and over 75 minority languages were taught as a discipline in 10,404 schools. Ministers of Council of Europe has noted efforts to improve the supply of minority language textbooks and teachers, as well as greater availability of minority language teaching. However, as Ministers has noted, there remain shortcomings in the access to education of persons belonging to certain minorities.^[3]

There are more than 2,000 national minorities' public associations and 560 national cultural autonomies, however the Committee of Ministers has noted that in many regions amount of state support for the preservation and development of minority cultures is still inadequate.^[3] There's a significant difference between "eponymous" ethnic groups and nationalities without their own national territory, as resources of the last are relatively limited.^[1]

Indigenous peoples

Russia is also home of a particular category of minority peoples, i.e. small indigenous peoples of the North and Far East, who maintain very traditional lifestyles, often in a hazardous climatic environment, while adapting to the modern world.^[1] After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia passed legislation to protect rights of small northern indigenous peoples.^[1]

Gil-Robles has noted agreements between indigenous representatives and oil companies, which are to compensate potential damages on peoples habitats due to oil exploration.^[1] As Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe noted in 2007, despite some initiatives for development, the social and economic situation of numerically small indigenous peoples was affected by recent legislative amendments at the federal level, removing some positive measures as regards their access to land and other natural resources.^[3]

Maps

• 

  Ethnic map of Russia, 1989

• 

  Ethnic map of Russia, 2010

• 

  Largest ethnic group apart from Russians: yellow - Ukrainians, lawn green - Tatars, green - Kazakhs, orange - Armenians, blue - Buryats, gray-blue - Germans, pink - Koreans

• 

  The largest two nations regions of excluding Russians (Census 2010)

• 

  Distribution of Russians, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Tatars, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Ukrainians, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Bashkirs, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Chuvashs, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Chechens, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Armenians, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Mordvins, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Kazakhs, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Azerbaijanis, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Belarusians, 2010

• 

  Distribution of Germans, 2010

See also

• List of ethnic groups in Russia
• Demographics of Russia

Indigenous peoples:

• List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia
• List of small-numbered indigenous peoples of Russia
• List of extinct indigenous peoples of Russia
• Indigenous peoples of Siberia
• List of endangered languages in Russia

References

1. "Report by Mr. Alvaro Gil-Robles on his Visits to the Russian Federation". Council of Europe, Commissioner for Human Rights. 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
2. Demoskop Weekly No 543-544
3. Resolution on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe, May 2, 2007

External links

• Population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia in 1897
• Human Rights problems in Russia: The situation of non-Russian Peoples