Political parties in Russia
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This article lists political parties in Russia. Russia has a multi-party system. Currently there are four parties that make up the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia).
After Perestroika, in the 1990s there were over 100 registered parties in Russia, but people elected in State Duma only a small number of parties. Since 2000, during Vladimir Putin's presidency, the number of parties very quickly decreased. Last years from 2008 to 2012 there were only 7 parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new independent parties was blocked. The last registered party was government-organized Right Cause. Before 2011 parliamentary elections, about 10 opposition parties were refused in registration. But after a series of mass protests and thanks to a 2011 European Court decision on Case of the Republican Party of Russia, the law was changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 in December 2012. About 200 parties are in creation stage (as 2012) according to the Justice Ministry website.
History
Party of power
Main article: Party of power
In Russian politics, a "party of power" is a specially established party which unconditionally supports the current president or prime minister in the parliament.
These parties have been considered parties of power:
- Interregional Group of Deputies/Democratic Russia (1990-1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia)
- Choice of Russia (1993-1995) and Party of Russian Unity and Accord headed by Sergey Shakhray
- Our Home – Russia (1995-1999)
- Ivan Rybkin Bloc (considered as a potential left "party of power", during Russian legislative election, 1995)
- Unity (1999-2001/2003)
- A Just Russia (2006-2008/2010, the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia)
- United Russia (2001–present)
Legislation
Main article: Elections in Russia
Certificate of state registration of political parties in Russia, issued by the Ministry of Justice of Russia
Social composition of voters
Main article: Electoral geography of Russia
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[1] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. According to researchers, this could be because women place a great value on stability. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[2]
Registered parties
All parties registered by the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections all over the country. The list is placed on the Justice Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 4 of them are currently represented in the State Duma.
Currently represented in the State Duma
| Name | Abbr. | Ideology | Position | Leader | MPs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Russia Единая Россия |
ER ЕР |
Russian conservatism, National conservatism | Right-wing[3] | Vladimir Putin | 238 | |
| Communist Party of the Russian Federation Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации |
KPRF КПРФ |
Communism, Marxism–Leninism, left-wing nationalism | Far-left | Gennady Zyuganov | 92 | |
| Political party LDPR Политическая партия ЛДПР |
LDPR ЛДПР |
Russian nationalism, pan-Slavism, neo-imperialism, mixed economy | Far-right | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 56 | |
| A Just Russia Справедливая Россия |
SR СР |
Social democracy, democratic socialism | Center-left | Sergei Mironov | 64 | |
Currently represented in regional parliaments
- Patriots of Russia
- Yabloko
- Civic Platform (Russia)
- Communists of Russia
- Communist Party of Social Justice
- Right Cause (political party)
- Rodina (political party)
- Russian Party of Pensioners for Justice
- Green Alliance–The People's Party
- People's Party for the Women of Russia
- Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party
All currently registered parties
| №[4] | Name (Russian name) | Abbr. | Ideology | Affiliations | Position | Leader(s) | Created | Registration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United Russia (Единая Россия) |
ER (ЕР) | Conservatism | All-Russia People's Front | Centre | Dmitry Medvedev, Vladimir Putin, Sergey Neverov |
2001 | 2003 |
| 2 | Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации) |
CPRF, KPRF (КПРФ) | Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Socialist patriotism, Neo-Stalinism | Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union | Far-left | Gennady Zyuganov | 1990 | 2002 |
| 3 | Political party LDPR (Политическая партия ЛДПР) |
LDPR (ЛДПР) | Russian nationalism, Pan-Slavism, Neo–Imperialism, Mixed economy | Liberal Democratic Party (Belarus), Liberal Democratic Party of Pridnestrovie, National Front (France)[5] |
Far-right, syncretic | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 1992 | 2002 |
| 4 | Patriots of Russia (Патриоты России) |
Social democracy, Left-wing nationalism | All-Russia People's Front | Left | Gennady Semigin | 2005 | 2003 | |
| 5 | Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" (Российская объединенная демократическая партия «Яблоко») |
Social liberalism, Environmentalism | Liberal International, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party |
Centre-left | Sergey Mitrokhin, Grigory Yavlinsky |
1995 | 2003 | |
| 6 | A Just Russia (Справедливая Россия) |
СР | Social democracy, Democratic socialism | Socialist International | Centre-left | Nikolai Levichev, Sergey Mironov |
2006 | 2002 |
| 7 | Right Cause (Правое дело) |
ПД | Conservatism/Liberal conservatism, Russian nationalism and patriotism elements | International Democrat Union (suspended) | Right | Andrei Dunaev | 2008 | 2009 |
| 8 | Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party (Республиканская партия России — Партия народной свободы) |
RPR-PARNAS (РПР-ПАРНАС) | Liberalism, Liberal democratic, Federalism, Human rights | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (partly) | Centre-right | Vladimir Ryzhkov, Mikhail Kasyanov, Boris Nemtsov |
1990 | 2002 |
| 9 | Democratic Party of Russia (Демократическая партия России) |
ДПР | Conservatism | Centre-right | Andrei Bogdanov | 1990 | 2012 | |
| 10 | People's Party for the Women of Russia (Народная партия «За женщин России») |
Neoconservatism | Galina Khavrayeva | 2012 | ||||
| 11 | Alliance of Greens and Social Democrats (Альянс зелёных и социал-демократов) |
Green politics, Liberalism | European Green Party | Gleb Fetisov Oleg Mitvol |
2012 | |||
| 12 | Union Towns People (Союз Горожан) |
СГ | Dmitry Popkov | 2012 | ||||
| 13 | People's Party of Russia (Народная партия России) |
НПР | Centrism | Stanislav Aranovich | 2012 | |||
| 14 | Social Democratic Party of Russia (Социал-демократическая партия России) |
СДПР | Social democracy | Viktor Militaryov | 2012 | 2012 | ||
| 15 | Communist Party of Social Justice (Коммунистическая партия социальной справедливости) |
КПСС | Socialism | Yury Morozov | 2012 | |||
| 16 | Party of Pensioners' of Russia (Партия пенсионеров России) |
ППР | Nikolay Chebotaryov | 2012 | ||||
| 17 | Cities of Russia (Города России) |
ГРОСС | Yury Babak | 2012 | ||||
| 18 | Young Russia (Молодая Россия) |
МОЛРОСС | Nikolay Stolyarchuk | 2012 | ||||
| 19 | New Russia (Новая Россия) |
Social liberalism | Vyacheslav Grishin | 2012 | ||||
| 20 | Party of Free Citizens (Партия свободных граждан) |
ПСГ | Constitutionalism | Pavel Sklyanchuk | 2012 | |||
| 21 | Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" (Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные») |
РЭП Зелёные | Environmentalism, Centrism, Green politics | Anatoly Panfilov | 1993 | 2012 | ||
| 22 | Communists of Russia (Коммунисты России) |
КОМРОС | Marxism−Leninism | Maksim Suraykin | 2009 | 2012 | ||
| 23 | Agrarian Party of Russia (Аграрная партия России) |
АПР | Agrarian socialism, Social conservatism | Olga Bashmachnikova Vladimir Plotnikov |
1993 | 2012 | ||
| 24 | Russian All-People's Union (Российский общенародный союз) |
РОС | Russian nationalism, Patriotism, Conservatism, partly socialism | Sergey Baburin | 1991 | 2012 | ||
| 25 | Party for Justice (Партия за справедливость) |
ПАРЗАС | 2012 | |||||
| 26 | Political Party of Social Protection (Политическая партия социальной защиты) |
2012 | ||||||
| 27 | Civilian Power (Гражданская сила) |
Liberalism, Green politics | Alexandr Ryavkin | 2007 | 2012 | |||
| 28 | Russian Party of Pensioners for Justice (Российская партия пенсионеров за справедливость) |
РППС | Social conservatism | Igor Zotov | 1997 | 2012 | ||
| 29 | Smart Russia (Умная Россия) |
РОСУМ | Civil nationalism | Nikita Borovikov, Vasily Yakemenko |
2012 | |||
| 30 | People's Alliance (Народный Альянс) |
Patriotism | 2012 | |||||
| 31 | Monarchist Party (Монархическая партия) |
Monarchism | Anton Bakov | 2012 | ||||
| 32 | Party of Peace and Unity (Российская политическая Партия Мира и Единства) |
ПМЕ | Democratic socialism | Sazhi Umalatova | 1996 | 2012 | ||
| 33 | Civic Platform (Гражданская платформа) |
Liberalism | Mikhail Prokhorov | 2012 | 2012 | |||
| 34 | («ЧЕСТНО» /Человек. Справедливость. Ответственность/) |
Sergey Zamuruev | 2012 | |||||
| 35 | (Партия налогоплательщиков России) |
ПНР | Yevgeny Sivkov | 2012 | ||||
| 36 | Democratic Choice (Демократический выбор) |
ДВ | National liberalism, Liberal conservatism, Civil nationalism | Vladimir Milov | 2010 | 2012 | ||
| 37 | Will (Партия Воля) |
Narodnik, Democratic socialism, Left conservatism | Svetlana Peunova | 2007 | 2012 | |||
| 38 | (Трудовая партия России) |
Liberalism, Social conservatism | Sergey Vostretsov | 2012 | 2012 | |||
| 39 | Against All (Партия ПРОТИВ ВСЕХ) |
Liberal conservatism | Pavel Mihalchenkov | 2012 | ||||
| 40 | Russian Socialist Party (Российская Социалистическая партия) |
Sergey Cherkashin | 2012 | 2012 | ||||
| 41 | Party of Spiritual Transfiguration of Russia (Партия Духовного Преображения России) |
ПДПР | Inna Bozhko | 2012 | 2012 | |||
| 42 | Party of Veterans of Russia (Партия ветеранов России) |
ПВР | Patriotism, Social conservatism | 2012 | ||||
| 43 | Russian United Labour Front (Российский Объединённый Трудовой Фронт) |
ROT Front (РОТ Фронт) | Marxism−Leninism, Socialism | Viktor Tyulkin | 2010 | 2012 | ||
| 44 | Party Action (Партия дела) |
Konstantin Babkin | 2012 | |||||
| 45 | Party of National Security of Russia (Партия Национальной безопасности России) |
ПНБР | Alexandr Fedulov | 2012 | ||||
| 46 | Rodina (Родина) |
All-Russia People's Front | Aleksey Zhuravlyov | 2012 | ||||
| 47 | Union of Labor (Союз Труда) |
Alexandr Shershukov | 2012 | |||||
| 48 | Russian Party of People's Administration (Российская партия народного управления) |
Albert Mukhamedyarov | 2012 | |||||
| 49 | Women's Dialogue (Женский Диалог) |
Yelena Semerikova | 2012 | |||||
| 50 | Born in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Рожденные в Союзе Советских Социалистических Республик) |
Communism | 2013 | |||||
| 51 | Party of Renaissance of selo (Партия Возрождения Села) |
2013 | ||||||
| 52 | Defenders of the Fatherland (Защитники Отечества) |
Nikolay Sobolev | 2013 | |||||
| 53 | Cossack's Party of the Russian Federation (Казачья партия Российской Федерации) |
КаПРФ | Sergey Bondaryov | 2013 | ||||
| 54 | Development of Russia (Развитие России) |
Aleksey Kaminskiy | 2013 | |||||
| 55 | United Agro-Industrial Party of Russia (Объединенная аграрно-промышленная партия России) |
2013 | ||||||
| 56 | Democratic Legal Russia (Демократическая правовая Россия) |
Igor Trunov | 2013 | |||||
| 57 | Party of Social Solidarity (Партия Социальной Солидарности) |
Alexandr Voznesenskiy | 2013 | |||||
| 58 | Dignity Party (Партия ДОСТОИНСТВО) |
Stanislav Bychinskiy | 2013 | |||||
| 59 | Great Fatherland (Великое Отечество) |
ПВО | Conservatism, Patriotism | Nikolai Starikov, Igor Ashmanov |
2012 | 2013 | ||
| 60 | Russian Party of Gardeners (Российская партия садоводов) |
Igor Kasyanov | 2013 | |||||
| 61 | Civil Position (Гражданская Позиция) |
Social liberalism | Dmitry Chirov | 2012 | ||||
| 62 | Civic Initiative (Гражданская инициатива) |
Democracy, Liberalism | Andrey Nechaev | 2013 | ||||
| 63 | Party of Russia's Rebirth (Партия Возрождения России) |
Socialism, Social state | Gennadiy Seleznyov Viktor Arkhipov |
2013 | ||||
| 64 | National Course (Национальный курс) |
Andrey Kovalenko | 2013 | |||||
| 65 | Automotive Russia (Автомобильная Россия) |
Elena Fanaeva | 2013 | |||||
| 66 | The People Against Corruption (Народ Против Коррупции) |
2013 | ||||||
| 67 | Native Party (Родная Партия) |
2013 | ||||||
| 68 | Party of Protection of Business and Entrepreneurship (Партия защиты бизнеса и предпринимательства) |
2013 | ||||||
| 69 | Sports Party Russian Healthy Forces (Спортивная партия России «ЗДОРОВЫЕ СИЛЫ») |
2013 | ||||||
| 70 | (Партия Человека Труда) |
2014 | ||||||
| 71 | Progress Party (Партия Прогресса) |
Alexei Navalny | 2014 | 2014 | ||||
| 72 | Party of Social Reform (Партия Социальных Реформ) |
2014 | ||||||
| 73 | (Интернациональная партия России) |
2014 | ||||||
| 74 | (Объединённая партия людей ограниченной трудоспособности России) |
2014 | ||||||
| 75 | (Добрых дел, защиты детей, женщин, свободы, природы и пенсионеров) |
2014 | ||||||
| 76 | Revival of Agrarian Russia (Возрождение аграрной России) |
2015 |
Parties without official registration
Parties currently in creation
According to the Ministry of Justice, there are currently 196 parties in the creation stages.
Active unregistered parties
- Pirate Party of Russia
- Russian People's Democratic Union (Российский народно-демократический союз, Rossiiskyi narodno-demokratichesky soyuz)
- The Other Russia
- Russian Communist Workers' Party – Revolutionary Party of Communists (Российская Коммунистическая Рабочая Партия – Революционная Партия Коммунистов, Rossiiskaja Kommunističeskaja Rabočaja Partija – Revolyutsionnaja Partija Kommunistov)
- All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks (Всесоюзная Коммунистическая партия большевиков, ВКПБ, Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya bol'shevikov, VKPb)
- Alliance of the Revolutionary Socialists (Союз революционных социалистов, СРС, Soyuz Revolutsionnykh Sotsialistov, SRS)
- Democratic Union (Демократический Союз, Demokraticheskiy soyuz)
- Great Russia (Великая Россия, Velikaya Rossiya)
Historical parties
- Merged into United Russia:
- Merged into A Just Russia:
- People's Party of the Russian Federation (Народная партия Российской Федерации, Narodnaya partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii)
- Rodina or Motherland-National Patriotic Union (Партия "РОДИНА", Rodina - Narodno-Patrioticheskiy Soyuz)
- Russian Party of Life (Российская партия жизни, Rossiyskaya Partiya Zhizni)
- Russian Pensioners' Party (Российская партия пенсионеров, Rossiyskaya Partiya Pensionerov)
- United Socialist Party of Russia (Социалистическая единая партия России, Sotsialisticheskaya yedinaya partiya Rossii)
- Party of Social Justice (Партия социальной справедливости, Partiya Sotsial'noy Spravedlivosti)
- Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" (Российская экологическая партия «Зеленые», Rossiiskaya ekologicheskaya partiya "Zyelyonyye")
- Merged to form Right Cause:
- Civilian Power (Гражданская Сила, Grazhdanskaya Sila)
- Democratic Party of Russia (Демократическая партия России, Demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii)
- Union of Rightist Forces (Союз Правых Сил, Soyuz Pravykh Sil)
- Merged into Communist Party of the Russian Federation:
- People's Union (Народный Союз, Narodnyi Soyuz)
- Merged into Patriots of Russia:
- Party of Peace and Unity (Российская политическая партия Мира и Единства, Rossiyskaya politicheskaya partiya Mira i Edinstva)
- Beer Lovers Party (Партия любителей пива, Partiâ lûbitelej piva)
- Conceptual Party Unity (Yedineniye)
- Russian Section of the Committee for a Workers' International (Социалистическое Сопротивление)
- Social Democratic Party of Russia (Социал-демократическая партия России, Social-Demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii)
- Christian Democratic Party of Russia (Российская Христианско-Демократическая партия)
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза, KPSS '92)
- Conservative Party of Russia (Консервативная партия России)
- Eurasia Party (Евразия, Yevraziya)
- Green Alternative (Зелёная Альтернатива)
- Green Russia (Зеленая Россия)
Banned parties in Russia
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- National Bolshevik Party (Национал-большевистская партия, Natsional-bol'shevitskaya partiya)
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (Хизб ут-Тахрир)
Soviet parties
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Soujuza). Factions:
- Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
Parties of the Russian Empire
- Constitutional Democratic Party (Российская Конституционно-демократическая партия, Rossiyskaya Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya)
- Union of October 17
- Party of Democratic Reform
- Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Партия Социалистов-революционеров, Partija Socialistov-revoljucionerov)
- Popular Socialists
- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая Па́ртия, Rossijskaja Social-demokrastičeskaja Rabočaja Partija). Factions:
- Polish Socialist Party
- Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
- General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
- Jewish Socialist Workers Party
- Union of the Russian People
Other historical parties
- For Holy Russia (За Русь Святую, Za Rus’ Svyatuyu)
- Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion), a 1906-1928 Zionist socialist political party in Russia
- Pamyat (Память, Pamyat')
- People's National Party (Народная национальная партия, Narodnaya natsional'naya partiya)
- Russian Maoist Party (Российская маоистская партия, Rossiyskaya maoistskaya partiya)
- Russian Movement
- Russian National Socialist Party (previously Russian National Union) (Русская Национальная Социалистическая Партия, Russkaya Natsional'naya Socialisticheskaya partiya)
- Russian National Unity (Русское Национальное Единство, Russkoye Natsional'noye Yedinstvo)
- Union of Social Democrats (Союз социал-демократов)
- Communists of Russia (Коммунисты России)
- Russian Section of the Committee for a Workers' International (Социалистическое Сопротивление)
See also
Further reading
- Gel′man, Vladimir (2013). Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy. Politics In Russia: A Reader (CQ Press). pp. 273–289.
- Hale, Henry E. (2006). Why Not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge University Press.
- Smyth, Regina (2012). Political parties. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (Routledge). pp. 115–128.
- White, Stephen (2013). Russia's Client Party System. Politics In Russia: A Reader (CQ Press). pp. 306–330.
References
- ↑ "Russia Analytical Digest" (PDF) (102). University of Basel, Center for Security Studies Zürich, Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen. 26 November 2011: 2–6.
- ↑ Yevgeny Utkin. Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2011-11-23)
- ↑ "ROAR: United Russia "determined itself as a right-wing party"". Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ↑ http://minjust.ru/nko/gosreg/partii/spisok
- ↑ Владимир Жириновский: "Марин Ле Пен <...> мы поздравили. Это Национальный Фронт нам наиболее близок. Мы сотрудничаем, встречаемся. Они к нам приезжали. Мы к ним. Нельзя сказать, что теплые отношения, но с другими у нас просто нет..."
External links
- Justice Ministry webpage about Russian political parties
- Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation webpage about Russian political parties
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