Hizb ut-Tahrir

Hizb ut-Tahrir حزب التحرير
Leader	Ata Abu Rashta
Founder	Taqiuddin al-Nabhani
Founded	1953
Membership	Estimated 1 million
Ideology	Pan-Islamism Sunni Islam
Website
http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org/

Hizb ut-Tahrir (Arabic: حزب التحرير‎ Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is a radical,^[1] international, pan-Islamic political organisation, which describes its "ideology as Islam", and its aim as the re-establishment of "the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate)" or Islamic state. The new caliphate would unify the Muslim community (Ummah)^[2] in a unitary (not federal)^[3] "superstate" of unified Muslim-majority countries^[4] spanning from Morocco in West Africa to the southern Philippines in East Asia. The proposed state would enforce Islamic Shariah law,^[5] return to its "rightful place as the first state in the world",^[5] and carry "the Da'wah of Islam" to the rest of the world.^[6]

The organization was founded in 1953 as a Sunni Muslim organization in Jerusalem by Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, an Islamic scholar and appeals court judge (Qadi)^[7] from the Palestine. Since then Hizb ut-Tahrir has spread to more than 50 countries, and grown to a membership estimated to be between "tens of thousands"^[8] to "about one million".^[9] Hizb ut-Tahrir is very active in Western countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, and also in several Arab and Central Asian countries, despite being banned by some governments. Members typically meet in small private study circles but in countries where the group is not illegal (such as Europe), it also organises rallies and conferences and engages with the media.^[1]

The "basis" of the party's "ideological platform" has been described as the writings of its deceased founder al-Nabhani, "unchanged in the last 50 years" and unlikely to be, as "any major changes" might "undermine" party unity.^[10] The party itself claims its "ideology and its method of work" has been "meticulously thought out and published in many detailed books."^{[Note 1]}

Al-Nabhani also developed a program and "draft constitution" for the caliphate,^[6][13][14] which would be run by a caliph head of state elected by Muslims.^[15][16][17] Article of the constitution detail such points as metals to be used in currency (silver and gold), age at which Muslims males will begin military training (15), the "sole language of the state" (Arabic), and obedience of wives to their husbands.^{[Note 2]} Anti-Zionism and the belief that the State of Israel is an "illegal entity" to be "dismantled"^[21] or "destroyed" without compromise,^[22] is an important element of party doctrine.^[6]

Hizb ut-Tahrir has been described as "controversial",^[23] and as of mid 2015 it was banned in Germany, Russia, China, Egypt, Turkey,^[24] and all but 3 Arab countries.^[25] Some observers believe it is a victim of unjust and untrue allegations of connections to terrorism^[26] as the organization has never been "overtly involved" in terrorism or even any "violent actions";^[27] that its roll in radicalization of young Muslims has been "exaggerated",^[28] and/or that the re-establishment of its caliphate would provide stability and security.^[29][30][31] Critics and others argue that the party is engaged in "politics of hatred"^[32] and intolerance which is a "natural precursor" of and provides ideological justification for^[33] violence;^[32] that actions such as calling suicide bombers "martyrs",^[34] accusing western countries of waging war on Islam and Muslims,^[35][36] or calling for the destruction of Hindus in Kashmir, Russians in Chechnya and Jews in Israel—are extremist;^[37] or that it opposes violence and military expansion not in principle but only until its "Islamic state" has been established. ^[27]

Goals, methods, and organization

Year	Timeline of significant events[38]
1953	Founding by Taqiuddin al-Nabhani in Jerusalem.
1956	Party yet to decide how it would assume authority.[39]
1960	HT begins "Interaction Stage" in Jordan. Society is unresponsive. Party revises its method.[39]
1961	HT adopts the method of seeking support from the influential faction(s) to assume power,[40] specifically by gaining sympathy and protection from within the army to conduct a coup or nussrah.[41] The party also sent experienced members to seek support in Syria and Iraq.[41]
1964	Announcement that society in Jordan has responded positively to its call, forcing it to attempt to take power in that country.[42]
1968/69	HT allegedly involved in two (failed) coup attempts in Jordan and Syria.[43]
1970	Several coup attempts having failed, HT Party efforts "come to a standstill" until 1980.[44]
1974	HT allegedly involved in (failed) coup attempt in Egypt.[43]
1977	Founder and leader Taqiuddin al-Nabhani dies in Lebanon. Succeeded by Abdul Qadeem Zallum, also a Palestinian cleric.[45]
1978	HT declares that the Muslims had reached a state of total surrender and despair and are not responding to its call. Party acknowledges that this had caused the level of activity to decline almost to standstill, mainly due to misconceptions.[46]
1979	HT twice offers the post of Caliph to Ayatollah Khomeini, leader of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, but Khomeini ignored HT’s request. (The party later denounced him as an American agent.)[47][48]
1980	Party leadership states that though seeking nussrah is vital, members should remember that the attainment of power also depends on gaining popular support.[47][48]
1996-7	Internal dispute known as "the Redress". Dissident members accuse the leadership of Abdul Qadeem Zallum of deviating from party principles. Dissenters are led by Abu Rami, a veteran member from the party inner circle.[49] Four different "camps" develope.[50][51][52]
1998	HT declares that the Caliphate is now the wish of all the Muslims.[53]
2003	Leader Abdul Qadeem Zallum dies in Lebanon. Succeeded (earlier that year before his death) by Ata Khalil Abu-Rashta, a Palestinian civil engineer.
2010–2016	Party works to ignite the Syrian Revolution and heavily invests in it, hoping that the revolutionary fighters would unite under HT's Islamic umbrella and agree upon an Islamic Caliphate.[54][55]

Hizb ut-Tahrir political doctrine has been said to be founded on two principles:

1. the need for Islamic law, or shariah to regulate all aspects of human life — politics, economics, sciences, and ethics;
2. an authentic "Islamic state", to enforce that law.^[56]

Hizb ut-Tahrir states its aim as unification of all Muslim countries (or as it calls them "Islamic lands"^{[Note 3]}) over time in a unitary^[3] Islamic state or caliphate, headed by a caliph elected by Muslims.^[15][16][17] This, it holds, is an obligation decreed by God, warning that he will punish those Muslims "who neglect this duty."^[58] Once established, the caliphate will expand into non-Muslim areas, through "invitation" and through military jihad,^{[59][60][61][62][63]} so as to expand Dar al-Islam (land of Islam)" and diminish Dar al-Kufr (land of unbelief).^[17] To "achieve its objective" HT seeks "to gain the leadership of the Islamic Ummah [Islamic community]" so that the community will "accept it as her [the community's] leader, to implement Islam upon her and proceed with it in her struggle against the Kuffar (unbelievers) and in the work towards the return of the Islamic State ..."^[64]

The nature of the "Islamic state"/caliphate/khilafah is spelled out in a detailed program and "draft constitution" for the caliphate,^[6][13][14] which specifies such features as: "The currency of the State is to be restricted to gold and silver"—article 163; "every male Muslim, fifteen years and over, is obliged to undergo military training"—article 56; "Arabic is the language of Islam and the sole language of the State"—article 8; in marriage the wife is "obliged to obey her husband" and the husband "to provide"—article 116, in schools "the weekly lessons of Islamic disciplines and Arabic language must be equal to the lessons of all other sciences in terms of number and time"^[65]—article 173. Forbidden by the constitution are such things as copyrights on educational materials (article 175), military treaties (article 185), and memberships by the state in secular international organizations (article 186).^{[Note 4]} In addition to the constitution "many detailed books" expand on the HT ideology and "method of work"according to its 2010 Information pack.^[11]

Although hizb means party in Arabic, in the countries where Hizb ut-Tahrir is active it has not registered as a political party nor attempted to elect candidates to political office, according to Zeyno Baran of the Washington, D.C.-based Nixon Center think tank.^[66] However, this is not true in all countries and especially early in Hizb ut-Tahrir's history.^{[Note 5]} For example, Hizb ut-Tahrir put forward candidates for office in Jordan in the 1950s when it was first formed and before it was banned, according to Suha Taji-Farouki.^[68] Kyrgyz Hizb ut-Tahrir members campaigned unsuccessfully for an affiliated candidate in Kyrgyzstan's national presidential election in July 2005,^[69] and have participated in municipal elections where their followers have won in a number of regions.^[70]

One observer (Olivier Roy) describes the strategy as “global, grassroots revolution, culminating in a sudden, millenarian victory", as opposed to a slog through a political process "that risks debasing the Koran and perpetuating the ummah’s subjugation to the West".^[71]

According to an analyst of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kazakhstan,^[72] where the group is outlawed, Hizb ut-Tahrir plans its political progress in three stages: "First they convert new members. Secondly, they establish a network of secret cells, and finally, they try to infiltrate the government to work to legalize their party and its aims."^[69] A more sympathetic description of this strategy is that Hizb ut-Tahrir works to:

1. Establish group of elites as a community of Hizb ut-Tahrir members who carry the da'wah (invitation) to Muslim societies to support an Islamic state.^[73] Members should accept the goals and methods of the organization as their own and be ready to work to fulfill these goals.^[74]
2. Build public opinion among the Muslim masses for the caliphate and the other Islamic concepts that will lead to a revival of Islamic thought.^[74]
3. Once public opinion is achieved in a target country through debate and persuasion, the group hopes to obtain support from army generals, leaders, and other influential figures or bodies to facilitate the change of the government. The government would be replaced by one that implements Islam "generally and comprehensively", carrying Islamic thought to people throughout the world.^[74]

HT talks about a “bloodless” coup, aka nussrah, for the facilitation of "a change of the government". In one document (‘Our Method’), it states, "we consider that Islamic law forbids violence or armed struggle against the regime as a method to reestablish the Islamic State."^[75][76] A 2004 report by the Nixon Center states "credible reports" indicate that HT members have been "involved in coup attempts in Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and Iraq."^[77] Once one or more Muslim countries coming under the organization’s control (such as Pakistan, Indonesia or a country in Central Asia) this will create a base. Other Muslim countries will be convinced to join and a "domino effect" will be created to establish a new caliphate.^[78][79]

According to a BBC program on the group's activities in Indonesia, "unlike many other Islamist movements here, Hizb ut-Tahrir seems less interested in a broad mass following than a smaller more committed core of members, many of them drawn from Indonesia's educated middle classes."^[80] Zeyno Baran describes the party as a "vanguard party"^[81] because he states it is interested in achieving power through "hundreds of supporters in critical positions" rather than "thousands of foot soldiers."^[82] But once the caliphate has been established, HT "will never assume the role of a vanguard party," according to a former leader in the UK, Jalaluddin Patel.^[79]

In countries where the party is outlawed, Hizb ut-Tahrir's organisation is said to be strongly centralized, with its central leadership based in the Palestinian Territories.^[83] To avoid infiltration by security agents and maintain ideological coherence in a pyramid-like group, the party enforces internal discipline and obedience to the central leadership.^[56] A range of disciplinary measures are applied to members who break the rules, with expulsion being the most severe.^[56] The network of underground cells resembles that of the successful Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia.^[56] At the top is the central committee (lajnat al-qiyada) of the international party, and the supreme leader (Amir).^[56] Underneath its center are "national organisations or wilayas (which actually means "province" since HT believes nation states are un-Islamic, the only "nation" is the Islamic community^[56]), usually headed by a group of 12, control networks of local committees and cells."^[9] wilayas have an executive committee which is charged with executing the administrative affairs and elected every two years by the membership of the party in the wilaya.^[79] At the provincial level, there is a committee headed by a provincial representative (Mu’tamad) who oversees group activities. The Mu’tamad is appointed by the central committee.^[56]

The basic unit of the party is a cell of five members, the leader of which is called a mushrif. The mushrif leads a study-circle and supervises its members study the HT ideology,^[56] listening to readings from books by the party’s founder, Nabhani, particularly Nidham al-Islam, or the System of Islam, which "lays out Nabhani’s vision of an `Islamic` state" and "refutes" other Arab political ideologies.^[84] Where the party is not legal, only the mushrif knows the names of members of other cells.^[83] A candidate for membership swears an oath of loyalty (qasam^[79])

“In the name of Allah, I swear to protect Islam and to maintain fidelity to it; I swear to accept and follow goals, ideas and principles of HT in words and deeds; I swear to recognize the rightness of the party leadership’s actions; I swear to carry out even those decisions of the party leaders that I find objectionable; I swear to direct all my energies for the realization of the party program. Allah is the Witness of my words”.^[85]

According to one study, "little is known" of how HT "funds its activities", thanks the party's "clandestine modus operandi". In the Western countries, members who have jobs contribute part of their income, "possibly as much as 10 percent". In Muslim countries funding may or may not come from "from Iran, the Gulf States and Saudi Arabia".^[86]

Because of it position of being banned in most Muslim-majority countries but legal throughout Western countries, the group differs from most Salafi organisations in being "more self-conscious, adaptive and sensitive to Western culture" despite its resolute opposition to that culture.^[87]

HT has been called "secretive and hierarchical" (by a former member).^[88] It uses "cover names for reserving venues, publishing propaganda and even carrying out political activity" even where it is legal.^[89] At least one former member has complained that the HT "party philosophy" and practice of referring to its study groups as halaqa—despite the fact they are studying leader Nabhani’s writings and not the Quran—makes Nabhani's work "synonymous with the Quran," and that "the cult-like structure of the organisation [makes] this difficult" for young recruits to see.^[88] While one media pack emphasizes that membership "is open to all Muslim men and women regardless of their nationality, race or school of thought",^[90] critics complain of the party's need for "absolute, unequivocal acceptance of the Movement’s dogma", its ignoring of spiritual aspects of Islam,^[91] and discouraging of free airing of views or "challenging statements".^[88]

The party principle of overthrowing existing Muslim governments has been questioned as a violation of the ayah

Obey God, obey His prophet, and obey those in authority over you. Quran 4:59

This is supported by "several notable scholars"—according to Mateen Siddiqui—such as Ibn Nujaym, Al-Bahjouri, and Abu Hanifa.^{[Note 6]}

Policies

Hizb ut-Tahrir positions are spelled out in their texts (members study the "core books" of HT before becoming members^[79]), websites, speeches, etc. The party has been described as being "centralised",^{[Note 7]} and having "one central leadership" that "sets the agenda and strategy internationally".^{[Note 8]} However party texts and other public statements are not always in agreement and HT has been accused of attempting to "soften" its public image (by deleting pamphlets from its website and other means), "as a defensive reaction to increased scrutiny,"^[94] or of "developing a variable message to suit different audiences", while "retaining its original strategy,"^[95] or ideology.^[94] HT itself claims there is "a lot of ... propaganda and disinformation" about the party^[79] and the caliphate^[29] being spread by enemies.

Khilafah/Caliphate

Hizb ut-Tahrir holds that it is not only the duty of Muslims to "re-establish the Khilafah state" or Caliphate, but the "most important obligation" of Muslims.^[96] The "Khilafah is the state which is the true leadership of the Muslims. It rules them by the Qur’an and the Sunnah."^[96][97] In article 3 of the HT Draft Constitution, we are told, "Once the Khaleefah (Caliph) has adopted a divine rule, that rule alone becomes the divine rule that must be enacted and then implemented. Every citizen must openly and secretly obey that adopted rule."

According to the Draft Constitution, the position should not be inherited through blood lines, or imposed on Muslims, but elected by them. Having elected him the Muslim community would give a pledge of loyalty (ba’iah) to him. It would have "no right to dismiss him after he has legitimately attained the ba’iah of contracting."^[98]

[The Caliph] is the head of state in the Khilafah. He is not a king or dictator but an elected leader whose authority to rule must be given willingly by the Muslims through a special ruling contact called baya. Without this baya he cannot be the head of state. This is completely opposite to a king or dictator who imposes his authority through coercion and force. It argues the tyrant kings and dictators in the Muslim world are examples of this, imprisoning and torturing their populations and stealing their wealth and resources.^[99]

The elected Caliph has considerable power, ruling a "unitary" (not federal) state where he appoints and dismisses the assistants (mu’aawineen) and the governors of the caliphate, the chief judge and most judges, as well the directors of departments, the heads of the armed forces and the generals; "who are all responsible to the Khaleefah and not to the Majlis al-Ummah".^[100] There is also no limitation on the Khaleefah’s period in office, "so as long as he abides by the shara’".^[101]

Also part of the Hizb ut-Tahrir proposed draft constitution is a Majlis al-Umma (Council for the Muslim community) for the Caliph, an institution for consultation and accountability of political rulers. The founder of Hizb ut-Tahrir, Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, is careful to note that Shura does not have the power that a parliament has in a Western representative democracy. While part of "the ruling structure" of the Islamic caliphate, it's "not one of its pillars." If the Caliph neglects the shura,

he would be negligent, but the ruling system would still remain Islamic. This is because the shura (consultation) in Islam is for seeking the opinion and not for ruling. This is contrary to the parliamentary system in democracy.^[102]

However, in another book Nabhani states that when the Majlis makes a decision after the Caliph consults them it is binding on the Caliph to accept the decision; the Caliph's powers outlined in the draft proposed constitution refer only to foreign affairs when in a state of war that he considered existent during his life.^[103]

HT see the Caliphate as eventually replacing not only Muslim states but Western ones. According to a HIzb ut-Tahrir pamphlet quoted by Dave Rich in the blog Left Foot Forward,

“In the forthcoming days the Muslims will conquer Rome and the dominion of the Ummah of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) will reach the whole world and the rule of the Muslims will reach as far as the day and night. And the Dīn of Muhammad (saw) will prevail over all other ways of life including Western Capitalism and the culture of Western Liberalism”.^[60]

Defence

Article 56 of the draft constitution of the proposed state describes conscription as a compulsory individual duty, for all citizens. "Every male Muslim, fifteen years and over, is obliged to undergo military training in readiness for jihad." Responsibility for defense in the state would go to the Amir al-Jihad. In Hizb ut-Tahrir's vision of the caliphate, the Amir al-Jihad "is the supervisor and director" of four departments comprising "the army, the police, equipment, tasks, armament supplies", internal security, foreign affairs, and finally industry — since "all factories of whatever type should be established on the basis of the military policy." However, the Khaleefah [Caliph], not the Amir al-Jihad, is the leader of the army, he appoints the commander-in-chief, a general for each brigade and a commander for each division."^[104]

Democracy

Hizb ut-Tahrir rejects democracy as a western system and un-Islamic despite aspects of it such as elections existing in the Islamic political system. Hizb ut-Tahrir argues democracy as a system is

the rule of people, for the people, by the people. The basis of the democratic system is that people possess the right of sovereignty, choice and implementation. ... it is a Kufr system because it is laid down by man and it is not from the Shari'ah Laws.

HT writings have warned that democracy may lead to moral laxity and sexual deviancy:

Such abnormal and strange sexual practices have come to fill these low democratic countries. So homosexuality has increased between men, and lesbianism has increased between women, as well as sex with all animals ...^[105][106]

Economy

The draft constitution also details an economic system that allows private enterprise, but reserves public ownership of utilities, public transport, health care, energy resources such as oil, and unused farm land (similar to communitarianism). However, it calls for use of the Gold Standard, gold and silver coinage. The draft constitution gives quite specific instructions for the gold and silver weight of the coins, arguing

... it is the duty of the Khilafah State to make its currency in gold and silver and to work on the basis of gold and silver as it was during the time of the Messenger of Allah and his Khulafa'a after him... to fix the weight of dinars equal to the Shari'ah dinar or 4.25 grams (of Gold) for one dinar... the dirham has the weight of 2.975 grams (of Silver). The basis of gold and silver as currency is the only way to solve currency related economic problems and the high inflation rates that are common in the world, and to produce currency stability for rates of exchange and progress in international trade.... Only by taking gold and silver as the standard, can the American control and the control of the dollar as an international currency, be demolished in international trade and world economies.^[107]

Non-Muslims

In Hizb ut-Tahrir's draft constitution for its unified Islamic state, any non-Muslims living in the state may not serve in any of the ruling offices, such as the position of caliph, nor vote for these officials, as these positions require those who fulfil them to believe in the system. Muslims also have "the right to participate in the election of the Khaleefah [head of state] and in giving him the pledge (ba'iah). Non-Muslims have no right in this regard." However non-Muslims may voice "complaints in respect to unjust acts performed by the rulers or the misapplication of Islam upon them."

Hizb ut-Tahrir claims that:

rights of Jews and other non-Muslims are enshrined within statuary Islamic Law (Sharia). These were laid down by the Prophet Muhammad when he established the first Islamic State in Medina in the 7th century. He said, "Whoever harms a dhimmi (non-Muslim citizen who has agreed to pay the Jizya tax and submit themselves as a second-class citizen) has harmed me.... Non-Muslims in the khilafah (caliphate) will have established channels to air any grievances or denial of their rights. All citizens will be empowered with the right to speak out where necessary."^[108]

In regards to foreign policy, Article 186 of the draft constitution states: "The State is forbidden to belong to any organisation that is based on something other than Islam or that applies non-Islamic rules". This includes organizations such as the UN, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund and the Arab League. Article 185 of the draft constitution states: "It is permitted to conclude good neighbouring, economic, commercial, financial, cultural and armistice treaties."

Rights or freedoms

Two areas in which Hizb ut-Tahrir rejects the notion of freedom are religion and economics. Article 7 of its Draft Constitution declares that Muslims who "have by themselves renounced Islam... are guilty of apostasy (ridda) from Islam [and] are to be executed." David Commins of Department of History at Dickinson College writes that, according to Hizb ut-Tahrir, "individuals do not have absolute freedom as in capitalism: Apostasy, adultery, alcohol, and certain economic practices are forbidden. But within well-recognized bounds, the Muslim enjoys much freedom."^[109]

Article 10 of the Draft Constitution states, "the State will prevent anything that indicates the existence of a clergy among Muslims".^[110] It is incumbent on Muslims to implement the hudud law, divinely ordained capital punishment for certain crimes. Hizb ut-Tahrir's constitution states that "every individual is innocent until proven guilty", "no person shall be punished without a court sentence" and that "torture is absolutely forbidden and whoever inflicts torture on anyone shall be punished." Article 7 of the constitution institutes capital punishment for ridda (see ridda article for various definitions). It maintains that under the caliphate, "Arabic is the language of Islam and the sole language of the state."

The only sources of legislation to be considered divine and statutory, and therefore to be accepted without debate, according to Article 12, are those based upon fair interpretations of the Qur'an, the Sunnah, consensus of the companions (Ijma al-Sahaba), and legitimate analogies (Qiyas) from the previous three.

The West

Hizb ut-Tahrir opposes any Western influence in the Muslim world. Its founder, Nabhani, has been described as preaching that "British plots in particular and western imperialist conspiracies in general pervade the modern history of the Muslim world and ultimately explain its main lines of political evolution."^[6] In his book, The System of Islam, which is studied by all Hizb ut-Tahrir members, Nabhani states:

If not for the influence of the deceptive Western culture and the oppression of its agents that will soon vanish, then the return to the domain of Islam in its ideology and system would be quicker than the blink of an eye.^[111]

According to the same book, the Muslim world has not lagged behind the West, East Asia, the Hindu or any other non-Muslim society because it has failed to borrow some political, cultural or social concepts of the West, but rather:

Muslim stagnation commenced the day they abandoned this adherence to Islam and ... allowed the foreign culture to enter their lands and the Western concepts to occupy their minds.^[111]

In July 2013, Imam Ismat Al-Hammouri—a leader of the Jerusalem-based Hizb ut-Tahrir—called for the destruction of America, France, Britain, and Rome, during a gathering at the Al-Aqsa Mosque during Ramadan. He stated:

We warn you, oh America: Take your hands off the Muslims. You have wreaked havoc in Syria, and before that, in Afghanistan and in Iraq, and now in Egypt. Who do you think we are, America? We are the nation of Islam — a giant and mighty nation, which extends from east to west. Soon, we will teach you a political and military lesson, Allah willing. Allah Akbar. All glory to Allah.^[112]

Al-Hammouri also warned US president Barack Obama that there will be an impending rise of a united Muslim empire that will instill religious law on all of its subjects.^[112]

Women

The Hizb ut-Tahrir draft constitution states, "Women have the same rights and obligations as men, except for those specified by the shar’i evidences to be for him or her."^[113] These limitations include not being able to hold ruling positions such as caliph, Chief Justice,^[114] provincial governor, or mayor; being required to cover their body (except face and hands) in public, and not being allow to marry a non-Muslim, or when married to disobey her husband.^[115] However, Hizb ut-Tahrir forthrightly advocates women's (i.e. Muslim women's) suffrage or right to vote,^[15] the right of Muslim women to choose a Muslim partner freely, right to seek employment, serve in the military, have custody of children after divorce even if she is not Muslim,^[116] and run in (non-ruling position) elections.^[115]

The HT draft constitution states "the primary role of a woman is that of a mother and wife. She is an honour ('ird) that must be protected."^[116] Article 109 of the party's draft constitution prescribes segregation of the sexes in public activities such as school, sporting activities, etc. Muslim women would be required to hide "their charms"^[117] (i.e., their body, with the exception of hands and face), and so dress in accordance with khimar and jilbab,^[118] although not necessarily with the niqab favoured by more fundamentalist movements.^[119][120] Article 114 of the constitution specifies that women should not be allowed to be in private with men other than their husband or members of their immediate family (father, brother, son).

While opponents may consider this unequal status, Hizb ut-Tahrir maintains:

Women in the Khilafah are not regarded as inferior or second class citizens. Islam gave women the right to wealth, property rights, rights over marriage and divorce as well as a place in society. Very recently Islamists established a public dress code for women – the Khimar and Jilbab which promotes women to cover themselves up as "part of the well known attire of the dress code for Muslim women" based on "widely recognised Sunni sources".^[121]

Zionism

Hizb ut-Tahrir strongly opposes Zionism and the state of Israel. Hizb ut-Tahrir pledges support for a "one state solution" for Israel and the Palestinians ("Palestine – why only a one state solution will work"), the one state being not a united secular state with no official religion usually thought of in that context (see: Binational solution), but rather the united HT Islamic state/caliphate which would include Palestine and where everyone, Muslims and non-Muslims alike, would follow statutory shariah Islamic law.^[122]

Other statements by Hizb ut-Tahrir and officials have been less temperate. A 2001 statement removed from the Hizb ut-Tahrir website includes the statement, "In origin, no one likes the Jews except the Jews. Even they themselves rarely like each other".^[123] Global head of Hizb ut-Tahrir, Ata Abu-Rishta is reported (at the Hizb ut-Tahrir August 2007 annual conference in Jakarta, Indonesia) to have "(...) whipped the 100,000-strong crowd into a frenzy by calling for a war on Jews."^[37] Another source describes HT as supporting the "destruction of Israel", but seeing this as the job of the Caliphate, which must be founded first for this to take place.^[124]

Charges of anti-semitism

HT has been accused of anti-semitism. In 1994, for example, a British MP declared the group ‘homophobic, anti-Semitic and anti-Hindu’ and called on the party to be prosecuted "by the forces of law and order".^[33][125] A 2009 report by the Centre for Social Cohesion called HT ideology "inherently antisemitic".^[126] Author Michael Whine has stated that a "substantial part" of the writings of HT founder Nabhani are "devoted to anti-Semitism."^[127] HT in return has complained that "politicians and media in the west, ... frequently throwing accusations of anti-Semitism against anti-Zionists".^[128] In its Australian media pack, HT included a 2007 reply to UK Prime Minister David Cameron Hizb ut-Tahrir denied any anti-semitism, stating Hizb ut-Tahrir, was "utterly and unashamedly opposed to Israel, is similarly utterly and unashamedly opposed to racism, tribalism, nationalism and any other form of race-based discrimination or hatred."^[129] Another statement declared the charge of anti-Semitism against it "ludicrous" since "there is a blood relation between Jews and Arabs".^[94][130]

Accusers cite a number of HT statements about the innate (negative) characteristics of Jews and the need and duty to eradicate the group.2000 article entitled "The Muslim Ummah will never submit to the Jews", Hizb ut-Tahrir lamented what it saw as the innate behavior of Jews:

... In origin, no one likes the Jews except the Jews. Even they themselves rarely like each other.... The American people do not like the Jews nor do the Europeans, because the Jews by their very nature do not like anyone else. Rather they look at other people as wild animals that have to be tamed to serve them. So, how can we imagine it being possible for any Arab or Muslim to like the Jews whose character is such?... Know that the Jews and their usurping state in Palestine will, by the Help and Mercy of Allah, be destroyed "until the stones and trees will say: O Muslim, O Slave of Allah. Here is a Jew behind me, so come and kill him."^[123]

A 2001 leaflet posted on HT website Khilafa.com and since removed, condemns Arab and Muslim rulers for "obstructing" Muslims from their "obligation" of "eradication of the Jews".

O Muslims: Your brothers in Palestine are calling you, and you feel the pain to help them. But the treacherous rulers stand in the way of your help. They obstruct you from undertaking the obligation Allah has obliged upon you, the Jihaad and the eradication of the Jews.^[131]

Another 2001 statement removed from the Hizb ut-Tahrir website includes the statement, "In origin, no one likes the Jews except the Jews. Even they themselves rarely like each other".^[123] Global head of Hizb ut-Tahrir, Ata Abu-Rishta is reported (at the Hizb ut-Tahrir August 2007 annual conference in Jakarta, Indonesia) to have "(...) whipped the 100,000-strong crowd into a frenzy by calling for a war on Jews."^[37]

In October 2002, Fadi Abdelatif, Hizb ut-Tahrir's spokesman in Denmark, was found guilty of distributing racist propaganda for distributing a leaflet containing a quote from the Quran: "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out," followed by a passage stating: "the Jews are a people of slander... a treacherous people."^[132]

In January 2003, Hizb ut-Tahrir was barred from public activity in Germany—though membership was not banned—with German Interior Minister Otto Schily stating that the group was spreading violence and hate and called for the killing of Jews.^[133] The furor originated in a conference organized by a student group thought to be affiliated with the party, attended by members of the neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which reportedly sparked fears of an alliance between neo-Nazi groups and Islamists. The group's representative in Germany denied that the group was anti-Semitic or called for the killing of Jews. "Our call is addressed to the Muslim people to defend themselves against the Zionist aggression in Palestine. And they have the right to do so."^[133]

In July 2005 Dilpazier Aslam, a 27-year-old British member of Hizb ut-Tahrir and trainee journalist with The Guardian, lost his position with the newspaper in part because antisemitic statements were discovered on the party's website (which stated among other things that "the Jews are a people of slander ... a treacherous people ... they fabricate lies and twist words from their right places").^[134] Aslam refused to leave the group, saying he personally repudiated anti-semitism, and did not consider the website material to be promoting violence or to be anti-semitic.^[134] (He later sued for unfair dismissal and obtained an out-of-court settlement.^[134])

After allegations that party members had spread antisemitic propaganda, in 2004 the British National Union of Students imposed a No Platform order (denying HT platforms to speak, and forbidding union officers from sharing a platform with them).^[135] The party then resumed recruiting at British universities under the name "Stop Islamophobia,"^[136] and "the Ideological Society".^[137]

According to HT critic, Michael Whine, anti-Semitic statements by HT are scarce in the UK, Denmark, and Germany, following threats and prosecutions but not in countries like Indonesia or Uzbekistan. According to HT critics, the practice of the party of labelling Muslims who "do not adhere" to HT positions Jewish is "not uncommon".^[138] Self-intentified Muslims alleged to be Jews by the party include Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, (the founder of the modern Turkish state who disbanded the Ottoman caliphate)^[139] and Islam Karimov, the authoritarian ruler of Uzbekistan^[139] who has reportedly detained HT members without charge or trial for lengthy periods, and tortured and subjected them to unfair trials.^[140][141] Karimov is referred to as the “Jewish Kafir” and “the Jew Karimov.”^[127]

Position on violence

Hizb ut-Tahrir "has never been overtly involved in any violent actions", and has "long claimed it wants to achieve its objectives through nonviolent means", according to one unsympathetic source (Globalsecurity.org).^[142] However, opposition to violence has been questioned.

Hizb ut-Tahrir states on its British website that it adopts the methods "employed by the Prophet Muhammad [who] limited his struggle for the establishment of the Islamic State to intellectual and political work. He established this Islamic state without resorting to violence."^[143] In addition, seven days after the September 11, 2001 attacks Hizb ut-Tahrir issued a statement that "The rules of this Message forbids any aggression against civilian non-combatants. They forbid killing of children, the elderly and non-combatant women even in the battlefield. They forbid the hijacking of civilian aeroplanes carrying innocent civilians and forbid the destruction of homes and offices that contain innocent civilians. All of these actions are types of aggression that Islam forbids and Muslims should not undertake such actions."^[144][145] The U.S. government, according to the Global Security thinktank, "has found no clear ties between Hizb ut-Tahrir and terrorist activity. Hizb ut-Tahrir has not been proven to have involvement in or direct links to any recent acts of violence or terrorism. Nor has it been proven to give financial support to other groups engaged in terrorism."^[7]

The British branch of Hizb ut-Tahrir immediately condemned the 7 July 2005 London bombings.^[146] Imran Waheed, the group's spokesperson in Great Britain, however, stated just after the bombings that "When Westerners get killed, the world cries. But if Muslims get killed in Iraq or Afghanistan, it's the smallest of news. I will condemn what happened in London only after there is the promise from Western leaders to condemn what they have done in Falluja and other parts of Iraq and in Afghanistan."^[147] Waheed later stated that "The entire Muslim community has made its position on the London bombings clear — these actions have no justification as far as Islam is concerned."^[148] The spokesperson of the Danish branch of Hizb-ut-Tahrir echoed Waheed's comments, calling the attacks un-Islamic but refraining from directly condemning them as long as the occupation of Iraq continued.^[146]

Among those who question the group's opposition to violence in principle include the think tank Globalsecurity.org, which states that Hizb ut-Tahrir "is not against violence as such. It is just against the use of violence now."^[142] Political scientist Emmanuel Karagiannis notes that Hizb ut-Tahrir's "justification" for non-violence lies in following the example of Islamic prophet Muhammad in Mecca, before the establishment of an Islamic state in Medina. Only after an Islamic state is established can jihad be lawfully declared and violence and military force used (according to HT). Karagiannis quotes HT: `when the Messenger of Allah waged wars, they were not fought by individual ... rather they were fought by individuals who belonged to a state. Therefore, the army was an army that belonged to a state.'^[149]

On the issue of whether fighting non-Muslim perceived attackers/occupiers in Muslim majority lands ("defensive jihad") should wait for a caliphate, HT sources have offered differing approaches. A Hizb ut-Tahrir speaker in Palestine (Sheikh Abu Abdullah) declared in 2007 that the sending of poorly armed Palestinians today against the Israeli army was "fruitless." Instead Israel and its occupation of Palestinian lands should be dealt with later by the combined armies of Islam.^[150] Karagiannis, however, quotes an HT pamphlet as saying `the martyrdom operations that are taking place against [the Jews] are legitimate. The whole of Palestine is a battlefield whether it is the parts usurped by the Jews in 1948, or afterwards.`^[151] In 1991, on the eve of the first Gulf war, Omar Bakri Muhammad, who was instrumental in developing HT in the UK but later left it, was quoted in the Daily Star as calling on Muslims to assassinate Prim Minister John Major -- "We will celebrate his death"^[9]—and calling Major a "legitimate target".^[152] (Bakri "later claimed that this only meant" that Major "would be seen as such if he went to a Muslim country".)^[152]

According to writer and broadcaster Ziauddin Sardar while "strictly speaking" HT has not advocated violence, its "politics of hatred" towards Jews and others, its intolerant beliefs—that "the idea of compromise does not exist in Islam," that only the HT political interpretation of Islam is valid and legitimate, and all must submit to it whether or not they agree with it—is a "natural precursor of, and invitation to, violence".^[32]

Zeyno Baran of the Nixon Center and Ariel Cohen of the Heritage Foundation^[9] argue that Hizb ut-Tahrir does not promote or engage in violence, not because it is waiting for the establishment of a Caliphate, but because it would endanger its legal status. According to them, HT acts as a "conveyor belt" for young Muslims, using its legality to more freely indoctrinate/radicalize them in "true" Islam, while other organizations handle the planning and execution of terrorist attacks.^[150][153] An investigative journalist specialising in British terrorism, Shiv Malik sympathizes with the position, stating that it "is not without foundation.".^[9][154] In support of this perspective, Malik quotes unnamed intelligence sources stating that Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed are both former members of Hizb ut-Tahrir.^[9] Omar Sharif, who attempted a suicide bombing in Israel in 2003, is also alleged to have been affililated with Hizb ut-Tahrir, but the group denies this, stating that "despite extensive investigations by the police and security services, including legal proceedings against members of the Sharif family, no link to Hizb ut-Tahrir has ever been proven."^[155] The British government, in a classified report, discounted the conveyor belt theory, stating "We do not believe that it is accurate to regard radicalisation in this country as a linear 'conveyor belt' moving from grievance, through radicalisation, to violence … This thesis seems to both misread the radicalisation process and to give undue weight to ideological factors."^[156]

Britain's National Union of Students has asked universities to ban Hizb ut-Tahrir from campuses, accusing the group of "supporting terrorism and publishing material that incites racial hatred."^[157]

The Panorama programme on the BBC showed an August 2006 speech by Ata Abu-Rishta, the global leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir, in which he called for the "destruction" of Hindus living in Kashmir, Russians in Chechnya and Jews in Israel.^[37]

The Terrorism Research Centre complained that the initial response to the London 7/7 bombings by the website HT 1924.org was not to condemn the killing of civilians, "but to urge British Muslims to be strong in the face of an anticipated backlash. The letter [on 1924.org] accuses [G-8] world leaders of taking advantage of the London attacks "to justify their ‘war on terror.'"^[158] The full statement however does show a condemnation of the terrorist attacks.

Activity by region

The Heritage Foundation in the US reports the organization is active in 40 countries, with 5,000 to 10,000 "hardcore" members and tens of thousands of followers.^[159] Shiv Malik in the New Statesmen magazine estimates Hizb ut-Tahrir has about one million members.^[9] It is proscribed in Russia,^[160] Kazakhstan,^[161] Turkey, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan^[162] and in all but 3 Arab countries.^[163] It had a ban lifted on it by the Lahore High Court in Pakistan,^[164] and it survived proposed bans in Australia and the UK after clearance from the intelligence services and police."^{[134] [165]}

Africa and the Arab world

Hizb ut-Tahrir is proscribed in most Arab countries, but as of 2006 was permitted to operate in the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon and Yemen.^[25]

In 2006 there were a spate of Hizb ut-Tahrir campaigns and related arrests throughout the Arab world, demonstrating a growth in its popularity. There were arrests in Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia, and visible public activities in the Palestinian territories, Zanzibar, and Lebanon, enjoying growing support among senior army staff, government officials, and the intelligentsia.^[25]

Egypt

HT expanded to Egypt in the mid-1950s, but according to Jamestown Foundation it has not shown "significant traction" since Egyptians are "reluctant to see their distinctive historical, ethnic and cultural identities submerged within a caliphate".^[25]

It was banned after its alleged involvement in Saleh Sirriyah's precoup attack in 1974 on Egypt’s Military Technical Academy. The attack was to be followed by the overthrow of Anwar el-Sadat's regime to help HT establish its state. Sirriyah believed that sudden political revolt was necessary for HT to establish its state, differing with the party’s strategy of engendering popular support and seeking nussrah.^{[166] [Note 9]}

The assassins, who were taught and radicalised by Salim al-Rahhal, a member of HT, believed that they were seeking nussrah for HT to assume power.216^[170] The assassins were later responsible for the murder of el-Sadat in 1981.217^[171] In 1983, the government arrested and charged 60 HT members with ‘working to overthrow the regime with the aim of establishing the Caliphate.’^[172] In 2002, 26 men including three British nationals were arrested and convicted in 2004 for being members of HT and for ‘attempting to revive’ the party in Egypt.219^[173] In general, however, party support in Egypt remains weak when compared to competing Islamist groups, such as the MB.220^[174][175]

According to Amnesty, four Muslim Britons and several Egyptians were tortured in Egypt for suspected affiliation with Hizb ut-Tahrir.^[176] Eventually 26 were put on trial for what observers in Egypt considered "contradictory" and "weak" charges.^[177]

The Egyptian government banned Hizb ut-Tahrir in 1974 after an alleged coup attempt. Since the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Hizb ut-Tahrir has been increasingly active due to the lifting of the ban upon it. Hizb ut Tahrir has held demonstrations in Tahrir Square and has held conferences calling for the return of the Caliphate. Furthermore, Hizb ut Tahrir in Egypt appear on a weekly television show on the Khaleejia satellite TV channel called 'Thuma Ta Kuna Khilafah.'

Iraq

In 1969 when the son of Iraq's highest Shia Ayatollah Muhsin al-Hakim was arrested and allegedly tortured, during widespread persecution of Shia, 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Badri, a Sunni Islamic lawyer (Alim) and local Hizb ut-Tahrir leader, criticised the regime, and was killed under torture. A Sunni member of Hizb ut-Tahrir is thus seen as the first martyr for the rights of Shia in Iraq, against the old Baathist regime.^[178]

Saddam Hussein repressing HT members in Iraq in 1990, but when his army invaded Kuwait in 1990, like many Islamist and grassroots Muslim groups HT saw the annexation as an act of unifying ‘Islamic lands’ and was enthusiastic. Farid Kassim, HTB’s first deputy leader and spokesperson at the time stated, "From the Islam point of view, it is correct that any border should be removed, we are described in the Koran as one nation. The borders were not put there by Muslims, but by Europeans."^[179] British HT members gathered outside London Central Mosque in Regent’s Park in an attempt to persuade others to join what they termed as Saddam’s jihad. Party representatives also went to the Iraqi Embassy in London to ask Saddam to announce himself as Caliph.^[180] Not withstanding this support, 11 HT members were executed in Iraq in 1990 for calling on Saddam to abandon Ba’thism and to adopt an Islamist state.^[181]

After Saddam’s removal in 2003, HT announced it would be opening an Iraqi branch.^[182] One HT member in Iraq, Abu Abdullah Al-Kurdi, claimed in a 2008 interview that the party has two offices in Baghdad, which American forces allegedly bombed, killing one HT activist.^[183]

In the civil war that followed the US invasion, HT has called for Sunni, Shia, Arab and Kurdish citizens to unite.^[184] Two prominent HT members (Adel Al-Rammah and Ahmad Sadoon Al-Ubayde) were reportedly murdered there in 2006, their bodies showing signs of torture.^[185] Regarding the hanging of former president of Iraq Saddam Hussain, Ismail Yusanto, spokesman of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Indonesia, said: "The punishment should have been given to Saddam, because Saddam killed many Iraqi people and also members of Hizb ut-Tahrir there," and that President Bush and Tony Blair "deserved no better."^[186]

Lebanon

After fifty years of covert activity in Lebanon, the Lebanese government approved the registration of HT as a political party. (This may have happened because the government wanted to offset other influences such as those of Syria and Hezbollah, both of which are opposed by HT’s leadership. HT called a press conference on 19 May 2006, where its local spokesman, Dr Ayman al-Kadree, stated that HT would be transformed into a political party, after the Lebanese government arrested some of its members on terrorism-related charges. The head of the HT media office stated that “the party will concentrate on an ideological and political call (da’wah) using argument and persuasion and conducting lectures, philosophical and political conferences, campaigns, forming and sending political delegations, etc.”^[89][187]

Jordan

As of 2006, senior members of the party in Jordan claimed to have gained numerous recruits in senior positions in the army and government and have support among the Amman intelligentsia. Numerous arrests took place and around 40 HT members were believed to be in prison ^[188] As of 2014, Sheik Ahmad Abu Quddum was a spokesman for the Jordanian Tahrir party and called for the establishment of a worldwide caliphate and destruction of all Jews.^[189][190]

Palestine

Most of the founding members of HT were Palestinians, the three leaders it has had since found have been Palestinians, and Palestinians have "dominated the Hizb ut-Tahrir’s leadership".^[56] According to a 2007 report by Globe and Mail reporter Mark MacKinnon, Hizb ut-Tahrir has been "capitalizing on public unhappiness with the recent bloodshed between the mainstream Hamas and Fatah movements that has split the Palestinian cause in two. A recent rally in the West Bank drew a crowd estimated in the tens of thousands." He quotes Hizb ut-Tahrir Sheik Abu Abdullah as preaching to Muslims

Why are we watching infidels prosper in this world and not stopping them? ... Muslims in China, Indonesia, Pakistan and everywhere in their thousands are asking for God's government through the Caliphate. They demand the return of God's rule on Earth.^[150]

According to HT, in July 2009, “100s” of its activists were arrested and authorities stopped the HT 2009 annual conference from being held.^[191] In September 2009, HT along with al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya (the Lebanese branch of the MB), Hizbollah and Hamas, met in Lebanon to oppose US President Barack Obama’s Arab-Israeli peace plan. The leaders issued a statement concluding that the plan ‘poses one of the most dangerous American plans in the region.’ They also said that the plan: ‘… needs to be opposed in all possible forms, in particular by increasing acts of resistance […] and opposing Israeli efforts towards a normalisation of their relations with Arab countries….’ The leaders further added that the “monopolisation” of Palestinian leadership by President Abbas must be challenged, and the choice of resistance against US plans should be encouraged. The Islamist groups agreed to keep in touch to discuss further issues of mutual interest.^[192]

Libya

Under the regime of Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, thirteen HT members were murdered according to the organization.^[193] Mohammed M. Ramadan, a Libyan journalist and announcer at the BBC's Arabic section in London, was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir and opposed to the regime of Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi. He was assassinated on 11 April 1980 by Libyan operatives outside London's Regent's Park Mosque. Several other members were killed in extrajudicial detention in Libya during the 1980s.^[194] Hizb ut-Tahrir described its organization along with the Muslim Brotherhood as the "important organizations causing anxiety" for the Libyan regime with Hizb ut-Tahrir endorsing "armed resistance" and successfully recruiting "students from the universities and military academies."^[195]

Syria

Prior to the civil war, in Syria, party members, along with their relatives and acquaintances, were subject to repeated extrajudicial arrest. Representatives of HT claimed that "1,200" of its members were arrested by Syrian security forces "in December 1999 and January 2000", according to the December 2000 issue of Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Members of HT were among the political activists arrested in Syria in 2005 and tried before military courts, according to a 2006 report by Amnesty International.^[196] HT reports that it is engaged in dawah in Syria as of 2013.^[197]

Islamic State

While HT has been compared to Daesh and both groups share the goal of re-establishing a caliphate that unites the Muslim world, the groups have acted as competitors rather than allies.^[198] In late 2014, HT reported that a "senior member" of its group had been executed by Daesh in Aleppo for “questioning Baghdadi’s self-proclaimed Caliphate”.^[198][199] William Scates Frances argues that the groups are "embroiled in a bitter and ongoing feud" and are quite different in organizational structure, and—at least in Australia—in their supporters culture and demographics.^[198]

Tunisia

HT was established in Tunisia in the 1970s. In 1983, 30 men, including the head of the Tunisian HT branch, were arrested, charged with membership of an illegal organisation and attempting to overthrow the government in order to replace it with a Caliphate. Of the 30 arrested, 19 were military personnel, and the remaining 11 were said to have incited army officers to join the party.^[200] A May 2008 press statement issued by HT’s media office in North Africa reports that 20 activists were imprisoned in that month on charges of ‘participating in reestablishing an “illegitimate” organisation (Hizb ut-Tahrir), holding unauthorised meetings, preparing a place for holding un-authorised meetings and in possession of leaflets deemed as disturbing public order.’^[201]

Following the Tunisian Revolution and the fall the Zine El Abidine Ben Ali regime, HT has been called the "main hard line Islamist group to emerge".^[202] It organized a female conference in Tunisia in March 2012.^[203]

Central Asia

Most Hizb ut-Tahrir in the former Soviet Union are ethnic Uzbeks.^[7] Hizb ut-Tahrir has been accused by the governments of Central Asia of terrorist activity or illegal importation of arms into their countries. According to globalsecurity.org, the group "is believed by some to clandestinely fund and provide logistical support to a wide range of terrorist operations in Central Asia, and elsewhere, although attacks may be carried out in the names of local groups."^[7] Human rights organizations and a former British Ambassador have accused central Asian governments of torturing Hizb ut-Tahrir members and violating international law in their campaigns against the group.^[204]

"Rough estimates" of HT's strength in Central Asia range from 20,000 to 100,000 people.^[205] Uzbekistan is thought to be "the hub" of Hizb ut-Tahrir’s activities in Central Asia.^[205] According to the Jamestown Foundation |Terrorism Monitor, in Central Asia, HT targets for recruitment, "socially vulnerable people" such as unemployed, pensioners, students and single mothers; "representatives of local power structures", who can protect party cells from surveillance and prosecution; and "law enforcement personnel" who can "facilitate access to sensitive information".^[85]

Full HT members (known as khizbi) receive a second stage of education and training (in Central Asia this includes comparing the sociopolitical conditions in the republics of Central Asia with other Islamic countries by referring to the publications of the party) and the most promising new members are promoted to the post of Mushrif. Mushrif are trained to organize practical actions and provide training to rank and file members.^[85] At the beginning of the third stage of training the "most active, prolific and brilliant" new members — who have "proved their loyalty in real actions" — are promoted to the rank of Naquib. The Naquib manage the general party work at a district level as well as organizing training, propaganda work and the distribution of leaflets.^[85] Above the Naquib are the Musaid - the assistant to the head of the regional organization. Above that is the position of Mas’ul - the head of the regional organization who is subordinated to the Muta’amad - leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir in a Central Asian republic. A Muta’amad is responsible for maintaining and strengthening the national branch of the party according to "the unique social, economic and political circumstances" of that Republic. All national Muta’amads submit to one Amir.The next position in the party ranks is the Musaid - the assistant to the head of the regional organization.^[85] Above that is the position of Mas’ul - the head of the regional organization who is subordinated to the Muta’amad - leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir in a Central Asian republic. A Muta’amad is responsible for maintaining and strengthening the national branch of the party according to the unique social, economic and political circumstances of that particular Republic. All national Muta’amads submit to one Amir.^[85]

The rise of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia, particularly Uzbekistan, coincided after 2001 with the decline of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, a salafist jihadist group and the other important radical Islamic group in Uzbekistan.^[205]

Afghanistan

Hizb-ut-Tahrir views Afghanistan as an Muslim country invaded by the US and its allies and believes Taliban’s fight against the Afghan government and international supporters is a defense against invaders (according to Who is Who in Afghanistan? website).^[206] Following the 9/11 attacks and the US attack against the Taliban, HT issued a "communique" stating: "The two enemies of Islam and the Muslims, America and Britain, waged an unjust war against the poor and defenceless Afghan people ..."^[207])

In November 2015 the CEO of Afghanistan, Abdullah Abdullah stated that HT was "operating in the academic environment and at community level particularly among the youth".^[208] The group was "increasing its influence" over the youth in Afghanistan and "actively encouraging young people to join insurgent groups" in Afghanistan's civil war. The Afghan Ministry of Justice acknowledged that the group was active in numerous provinces despite not being licensed to carry out activities.^[208]

Azerbaijan

Hizb ut-Tahrir is though to have several hundred members in Azerbaijan as of 2002. Dozens of its members have been arrested.^[209]

Kazakhstan

Hizb ut-Tahrir is banned by court in 2005 and is included in the national list of the terrorist and extremist organizations, which activity is forbidden in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.^[210]

Kyrgyzstan

Hizb ut-Tahrir is banned in Kyrgyzstan.^[211][212]

Until sometime before 2004 the Kyrgyz government was "the most tolerant" of all Central Asian regimes towards HT, according to the Jamestown Foundation. In an interview with a government official in mid 2004, (Zakirov Shamshibek Shakir, the Counselor of the Kyrgyzstan State commission on religious affairs in the Southern region), the Jamestown Foundation was told that HT members were active distributing leaflets in the Fergana Valley (the most densely-populated area of Central Asia), but were not generally detained by authorities because there was no law against this, but as the party increased in "confidence and audacity" the government revised its attitude. On October 23, 2004 Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev, told the country's Security Council that Hizb ut-Tahrir was one of the "most significant extremist forces" in Kyrgyzstan and it’s aim was to clearly establish an Islamic state in the Fergana Valley and thus "declare an ideological jihad against the whole of Central Asia".^[85][213]

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

HT emerged in Uzbekistan in "the early to mid-1990s".^[214]

In 1999, it "was blamed for a series of bomb attacks in the Uzbekistan capital, Tashkent."^[27] The Uzbek government reportedly withdrew its accusation of terrorism and blamed the IMU for terrorist attacks. According to Amnesty International, HT members may have been detained without charge or trial for lengthy periods, tortured and subject to unfair trials in connection with the killings of a pro-government imam and a high-ranking police officer in the capital Tashkent in July 2009.^[140][141]

HT has vigorously attacked the Uzbek political system and president Islam Karimov, as illegitimate and corrupted. One HT pamphlet states, "Only one thing can explain Karimov’s shamelessness and hypocrisy, and that is not only that he is a Jew but that he is an insolent and evil Jew, who hates you and your Deen [i.e. religion]."^[215][216]

Among the claims made against President Karimov by Craig Murray, former British ambassador to Uzbekistan, have been that Hizb ut-Tahrir members were tortured into signing renunciations of their faith, to stop praying the five daily prayers of Islam (salat), and that two members who refused to do so were

... plunged into a vat of boiling water and ... died ... as a result. I didn't know that at the time, I just saw the photographs of this body in this appalling state; I couldn't work out what could account for it. I sent it to the pathology department of the University of Glasgow; there were a lot of photographs. The chief pathologist of the University of Glasgow, who is now chief pathologist of the United Kingdom, wrote that the only explanation for this was "immersion in boiling water".^[217]

Uzbek officials "endeavored assiduously to tie" HT to four days of bombings from March 28 to April 1, 2004 that reportedly killed 47 people. A previously unknown group calling itself Islamic Jihad claimed to have committed the bombings.^[218]

The 2006 killing of Imam Rafiq Qori Kamoluddin's by Kyrgyz and Uzbek security services, allegedly while he was on his way to fight jihad, was condemned by Hizb ut Tahrir.^[219]

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom estimated that as of 2007 at least 4,500 suspected HT members and loose associates were serving prison sentences for up to 20 years in Uzbekistan for distributing leaflets and other minor activities.^[220]

On December 10, 2014, in Zeytinburnu in Istanbul, an assassin killed the anti-Uzbekistan government Islamist Uzbek Imam Shaykh Abdullah Bukhoroy.^{[221][222][223][224][225][226][227]} Hizb ut-Tahrir released statements on Islamist websites which attacked the Uzbek government of Islam Karimov and blamed them for the assassination.^[228][229]

Russia

In February 2003, the Russian Supreme Court put Hizb ut-Tahrir and 14 other groups (Al-Kaida, Taliban, Muslim Brotherhood etc.) on a list of banned terrorist organizations.^[7][230] The Russian government banned Hizb ut-Tahrir not for any terrorist activity, but because the government's definition of terrorism includes anyone who supports Chechen rebels in their cause for independence from Russia. In June 2003 Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) arrested 121 illegal immigrants suspected of having ties with Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami. "Moscow media reports said hand grenades, explosives, and ammunition ... as well as Islamic propaganda leaflets" were found on two of immigrants, Alisher Musayev of Kyrgyzstan and Akram Jalolov of Tajikistan.^[7]

In 2005 nine people accused of links to HT, a "banned organization", were put on trial in Russia, just one of several trials on charges of association with the group around that time. Human rights groups have complained that authorities were increasingly becoming repressive and planting evidence on Muslims to justify charges.^[231]

In 2010, three people were killed in Staroye Almetyevo, Tatarstan, reportedly in a shootout with Russian security forces. They were accused for recent bombing against a law enforcement facility. According to an Interior Ministry spokeswoman, there was "a 90 percent chance the liquidated terrorists belong to a banned Islamist organization, which could be Hizb ut-Tahrir."^[232]

In October 2015, 20 supporters of Hizb ut-Tahrir, were detained in and around Moscow, and "up to 100 others" were under investigation, according to a "source in Moscow’s security services."^[233]

Crimea

Hizb ut-Tahrir operates in Crimea among the Crimean Tatars.^{[234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241][242][242][243][244][245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259]}

Turkey

The Hizb ut-Tahrir is outlawed in Turkey. However, it is still in operation as a clandestine organization.^[260] As early as 1967, leaders of HT Turkey were arrested, and have been frequently since then.^[261] According to Today's Zaman, lieutenant Mehmet Ali Çelebi, detained in the Ergenekon investigations in 2008, allegedly had links with Hizb ut-Tahrir.^[262] Çelebi was allegedly the key that made possible the arrest of five Hizb ut-Tahrir members in September 2008.^[262] Despite the charges, Çelebi was found innocent. Although his cell phone was claimed to have sent signals for one minute and 22 seconds to the Fatih base station,^[263] police officials (widely considered to be members of the Islamist Gülen movement) admitted that they had entered the group's phone numbers in Çelebi's phone by accident during the investigation.^[264]

On 24 July 2009, Turkish police arrested almost 200 people suspected of being members of Hizb ut-Tahrir. ^[265]

On 3 March 2016 which is anniversary of abolishing the caliphate, Hizb ut-Tahrir organized "International Khilafah Symposium" in Istanbul. The symposium was themed "What Kind of Khilafah?"^[266]

On 6 March 2016 Hizb ut-Tahrir organized "International Khilafah Conference" at Atatürk Sports Hall in Ankara. The conference was themed "Khilafah: A Fiction or Near Future?" and approximately 5000 people attended.^[267] During the conference, Australian Hizb ut-Tahrir leader Al-Wahwah called on (as translated by MEMRI) the audience, "to lead the armies of jihad that will conquer Europe and America".^[268]

After the 13 March 2016 bombing in Ankara that killed 37 and for which the Kurdistan Freedom Falcons took responsibility,^[269] the HT Central Media Office issued a press release stating:

"Without doubt it is the Western imperialist nations who were behind this attack, just like at the other prior bomb attacks too. Because generating chaos and taking advantage of the chaos, supporting terrorists and utilising them for their own purposes, killing innocent people and afterwards shamelessly stating condemning messages, is what they are best at. Then one must be vigilant against these terrorist nations like America, England, Russia, France, and the Jewish entity must never trust their deceitful friendship."^[270]

South and Southeast Asia

Indonesia and Malaysia

Indonesia has been called the party's "strongest base", where in August 2007 tens of thousands of people demonstrated in support of the caliphate in a stadium in Jakarta.^[8] Hizb ut-Tahrir use to work openly in Malaysia and Indonesia and has never been banned in these two countries with dominantly Muslim population. It held an International Khilafah Conference in Indonesia on 12 August 2007 at the Bung Karno Stadium, which has a capacity of 100,000 people and thus has the joint 10th largest capacity for any stadium worldwide. The event was attended by around 100,000 people from international participants. On September 17, 2015 the Selangor (Malaysia) Fatwa Committee has declared Hizbut Tahrir a deviant group and said followers of the pro-Caliphate movement who continue to spread their ideologies and teachings in the state will face legal action. http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/selangor-fatwa-outlaws-hizbut-tahrir-declares-group-deviant#sthash.oUy906sm.dpuf

Bangladesh

The party was officially launched in Bangladesh in 2000,^[271] and was banned by the government in 2009 "for its involvement in militant activities".^[272] Despite that the group has "members and sympathisers in the administration, different security agencies, higher educational institutes, mosques and madrasas", and is active in "online and offline activities" such as websites and Facebook according to Mohammad Jamil Khan.^[272]

As of 2008, the leader of HT’s branch in Bangladesh was thought to be British national Zituzzaman Hoque, who HT admits to be a member of the party.^[273] Hoque lectures at an independent university in Bangladesh.^[274]

On 19 January 2012, Bangladesh Army pointed to Hizb ut-Tahrir's involvement in a foiled coup plotted in December 2011 to topple the government. On 23 January 2012 Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) arrested Dr. Golam Haider Rasul, a physician of United Hospital of Dhaka for his connection with the organization.^[275]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, Hizb ut-Tahrir was proscribed by Pakistani President General Musharraf in 2004. In October 2004, HT led a march of thousands to the Pakistani high commission in London, calling for the removal of Musharraf, declaring: "Pakistan Army: why are you silent?"^[137] The ban was lifted in 2005.^[276]

According to "a senior Obama Administration official" interviewed by journalist Seymour Hersh in 2009, "HT has penetrated the Pakistani military and now have cells in the Army." Hersh reports that the Pakistan Army denies this.^[277]

About Hizb ut-Tahrir's activities in Pakistan and subsequent political crackdown Multan Bench of the Lahore High Court said in March 2005 : "Hizb ut-Tahrir has shown dissatisfaction on the policies of the [Pakistan] government that is the right of each and every citizen ... I am unable to understand as to how distribution of these pamphlets in the general public was termed as terrorism or sectarianism."^[276] On 17 October 2009, for example, 35 HT members and supporters, including key leaders and a nuclear scientist, were arrested in Islamabad under anti-terrorism legislation.^[278]

Pakistani author Ahmed Rashid writes in Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, that there are "strong links and cooperation between the rank and file" of Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan especially when they are from the same village or town. However, according to Jean-François Mayer of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, the insinuation "that the party will turn violent and has links with the IMU" is inaccurate; the comments attributed to a member "contradicted the party's ideas". Representatives of Hizb ut-Tahrir report that they have repeatedly attempted to contact Ahmed Rashid in order to make their views known, but say they have not succeeded. They are even considering writing a rebuttal of his book.^[279]

In August 2012, a Brigadier and three majors in the Pakistan Army were convicted of being members of Hizb-ut-Tahrir (technically a "banned organisation"), the first time that senior army officers in Pakistan had been convicted and jailed over associations with banned organisations.^[280] The officers had allegedly attempted to recruit officers to their group "including the commander of the army’s 111 Brigade, which covers the capital and has been historically linked to army coups."^[281] One critic (Michael Kugelman) quoted an Oct. 21 2011 appeal posted on the HT Pakistani Web site “To the Generals, Air Marshals and Navy Admirals and officers of the Pakistan armed forces: Being the real rulers of this country, only through you can the ummah be liberated from the current crises, hardship and calamities that she faces at the hands of the Western capitalist states,” as an example of HT's targeting of the military in hopes of formenting a coup.^[282] Shahzad Sheikh, HT Pakistan’s Deputy Spokesman, stated in 2009: ‘It is the military who hold the power (in Pakistan) and we are asking them to give their allegiance to Hizb ut-Tahrir".^[283][284]

Western countries

In Germany and Denmark, HT’s "hostility to democratic institutions and its refusal to recognise Israel’s right to exist has caused legal problems" according to Jean-Pierre Filiu.^[8] In France and Spain, as of 2008, HTs cells were illegal and the authorities were keeping the party under close surveillance.^[8]

While HT’s ideology and strategy are centralised, localities have different strategic action plans, so that for example when it comes to international situations, the Danish branch focuses on the Arab-Israeli issue because in Denmark the Muslim population is primarily of Arab descent while the British branches focus on South Asian issues because in the UK Muslims are primarily of South Asian descent.^[93]

Australia

Hizb ut-Tahrir (Australia) has been involved in a number of controversies but has been "clever at knowing how to be outrageous enough to get media attention but not get arrested", according to one observer (Greg Barton).^[285] Another observer (Irfan Yusuf) claims HT and anti-immigrant politicians "feed off each other’s hysteria", but also commended the group for issuing a booklet explaining counterterrorism laws and deradicalisation policies and procedures for Muslims.^[286]

In 2005, Australia’s intelligence service investigated the possibility of banning HT but "concluded new legislation would be needed". In 2007, the premier of New South Wales state attempted to outlaw Hizb ut-Tahrir but was blocked by Australia’s attorney general.^[285]

HT Media representative Uthman Badar talk ‘Honour killings are morally justified’ was canceled from a June 2014 Festival of Dangerous Ideas.^[87][285] Man Haron Monis, the gunman who took hostages in a siege at the Lindt Chocolate Café in Sydney, was found to have talked to members of Hizb ut-Tahrir and attended several of their events.^[287] At a July 2014 speech in Sydney, Australian party leader Ismail al-Wahwah called for a jihad against the Jewish people, prompting a complaint to the NSW Anti-discrimination Board.^[288] In another Sydney sermon, circa February 2015, Ismail al-Wahwah said regarding Jews that, "There is only one solution for that cancerous tumor: It must be uprooted and thrown back to where it came".^[289] At a January 19, 2015 meeting in Sydney, HT leader Bilal Merhi called for a "Muslim army in Australia" to impose Sharia law in Australia,^[290] pointedly refusing to condemn acts of violence by the Islamic State.^[285][291] At a November 2015 meeting in Sydney hundreds of Muslims were told that their children should not be forced to sing the Australian anthem and that "deradicalisation" was an agenda of forced assimilation.^[292]

According to the Daily Telegraph, Hizb ut-Tahrir has more than 300 members in Australia.^[293] According to journalist Alison Bevege, (who after great difficulty successfully sued HT for discrimination after being told sit at the back section of the room or leave an HT meeting in 2015), HT in Australia is not a legally registered organisation. Since the organization will not reveal its leadership, the "only public face" of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Australia is its “media spokesmen”.^[294]

Denmark

Hizb ut-Tahrir demonstrating in Copenhagen.

HT opened a branch in Denmark in 2000 with the help of British HT members.^[295] Hizb ut-Tahrir is legal in Denmark but ran into controversy in 2002, when it distributed leaflets in Copenhagen that a Danish court determined were racist propaganda. Imran Khan of the BBC program "Newsnight" described the leaflet as follows:

In March and April 2002, Hizb Ut Tahrir handed out leaflets in a square in Copenhagen, and at a mosque. The leaflet also said, 'The Jews are a people of slander... a treacherous people... they fabricate lies and twist words from their right context.' And the leaflet describes suicide bombings in Israel as "legitimate" acts of "Martyrdom".^[296]

In August 2006, Fadi Abdelatif, Hizb ut-Tahrir's spokesperson in Denmark, was given a suspended 60-day jail sentence for distributing the leaflet.^[297] Abdelatif was also found guilty of threats against the Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen.^[298] The court rejected his claims that he was just quoting from the Koran, that it was an act of free speech and that it was aimed only at the Israeli state and not Jews.^[296]

In 2007 Berlingske Tidende reported that a kindergarten in Copenhagen was being run in line with the ideology of Hizb ut-Tahrir.^[299] Also that year, several well known imams in Copenhagen attended a convention of Hizb ut-Tahrir and announced that they were willing to work together towards mutual goals. This move attracted criticism from a variety of Muslim and non-Muslim voices.^[300]

Germany

The first national branch in a non Muslim majority country was established in West Germany in the 1960s.^[301][302]

German police expelled a member of the party from Germany for alleged ties to one of the hijackers involved in the 11 September 2001 attacks. However, German police said the raids and searches in offices and homes revealed little.^[133]

In January 2003, Hizb ut-Tahrir was barred from public activity in Germany, German Interior Minister Otto Schily stating that the group was spreading violence and hate and had called for the killing of Jews.^[133] Membership in the party is still permitted. The charges originate from a conference at the Technical University of Berlin, organized by a student society allegedly affiliated with Hizb ut-Tahrir. The furor was caused because the conference was attended by members of the neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which allegedly sparked fears of an alliance between neo-Nazi groups and Islamists. Schily banned Hizb ut-Tahrir three months later, for going "against the concept of international understanding" contained in the German constitution, a charge that has been used in the past against neo-Nazi groups. The group's representative in Germany Assem Shaker responded that the group was not anti-Semitic. He added, "We do not call to kill Jews. Our call is addressed to the Muslim people to defend themselves against the Zionist aggression in Palestine. And they have the right to do so."^[133]

The anti-semitism charges were not upheld in German courts, but the ban was continued based on the state's finding that the group's activity opposed the idea of understanding among nations and endorsed force as a means towards its political aims. A lawsuit against the ban was rejected on 23 January 2006 by the Federal Administrative Court in Germany. The organization appealed the ban to the European Court, stating in 2008:^[303]

"We note that the German courts did not uphold any of the German Interior Ministries accusations of anti-Semitism against HT, however, they have now relied on an obscure principle of the 'idea of international understanding' to ban all of our activities (speeches, study circles, articles, vigils, political meetings, books, magazines, and debates)."

Netherlands

Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia spokesperson, Ismail Yusanto said to Nikolaos van Dam, the Dutch ambassador for Indonesia that the Dutch government is responsible for the Fitna (film) of Geert Wilders and declared aslim taslam (submit to Islam).^[304]

United Kingdom

The HT group in the UK was founded in 1986 by Syrian-born Omar Bakri Muhammad, who led it until 1996. Under his leadership Hizb ut-Tahrir grew from a very small organization to one of the most active Islamic organizations in the country. The group is or was known for holding meetings following a format where the "speaker from the group expand[s] on a subject for around 40 minutes. The audience, almost always students and professionals in their 20s and 30s, listen and then pepper the speaker with questions".^[137] As in other countries the group urged Muslims to boycott elections, as participation in "the secular politics" of the country would lead to assimilation.^[305]

According to Faisal al Yafai, in the mid-1990s, Hizb was "a fixture on university campuses, organising societies and debates. Its rhetoric was fierce and angry. Then it went silent."^[137] According to ex-Hizb ut-Tahrir associate Maajid Nawaz, Omar Bakri encouraged its members to engage in vigilantism against non Muslims and Muslim women:

"We were encouraged by Omar Bakri to operate like street gangs and we did, prowling London, fighting Indian Sikhs in the west and African Christians in the east. We intimidated Muslim women until they wore the hijab and we thought we were invincible."^[306]

In 1996 Bakri split with Hizb ut-Tahrir over disagreements on policy, style and methods, and focused on another organization Al-Muhajiroun.^[307]

A 2007 report in Foreign Affairs Journal claims that Hizb ut-Tahrir "dominates" the British Islamist "scene" with some 8,500 members in the United Kingdom, compared to only 1,000 for a rival, Muslim Association of Britain.^[308]

According to another ex-Hizb ut-Tahrir associate Ed Husain, "Britain remains vital to the Hizb, for it gives the group access to the global media and provides a fertile recruiting ground at mosques and universities."^[309]

Hizb ut-Tahrir in Britain emphasized the importance of Muslims choosing loyalty to their religion above loyalty to Britain or any other country.^[310] In Hizb ut-Tahrir's view, Islam is anti-nationalist, transnational and pan-Islamic in nature. In a promotional video shown on BBC News a group representative asked:

I think Muslims in this country need to take a long, hard look at themselves and decide what is their identity. Are they British or are they Muslim? I am a Muslim. Where I live, is irrelevant.^[296]

Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings the British government announced its intention to ban the organization^[311] but abandoned its plans. According to The Independent Blair "shelved the ban after warnings from police, intelligence chiefs, and civil liberties groups that it is a non-violent group, and driving it underground could backfire."^[165][312] and according to the Observer because the Home Office believed a legal ban would not stick.^[313]

In July 2007, Leader of the Opposition David Cameron asked the new Prime Minister Gordon Brown why the organisation had not been banned from the United Kingdom, arguing it was an extremist group. Gordon Brown responded that more evidence would be needed before banning a group and, when pressed further, John Reid the previous home secretary stepped in arguing that there had already been two reviews of the group with insufficient evidence to justify a ban.^[314][315]

In November 2009, Cameron again questioned the Government over Hizb ut-Tahrir, claiming that government Pathfinder fund aimed at combating violent extremism was being used to fund schools run by an organisation with links to extremism.^[316] He later acknowledged that this statement was an error as another government fund was perceived.^[317]

In November 2006, the BBC reported that a street gang in South London, which claimed to be Hizb ut-Tahrir, encouraged an undercover reporter to rob another gang to "prove his loyalty". The short documentary ended with the reporter claiming that the gang may be a lone out-of-control group simply influenced by Hizb ut-Tahrir's notoriety. Abdul Wahid when questioned on the program condemned the behaviour, asked the BBC to hand over all material to the police, said he would be extremely surprised if any of the gang were members of his organisation, and that if they were, he would have them removed.^[318]

In Luton in 2006, Shabina Begum who won a landmark court battle allowing her to wear a jilbab to school. Local Labour MPs accused her older brother (Shuweb Rahman) of engineering the case because of his alleged support for HT.^[319]

United States

Hizb ut-Tahrir America, based in Chicago, was reportedly founded by Dr. Mohammed Malkawi, who is an adjunct professor at Argosy University-Chicago.^[320] The group held its first conference in the United States in 2009. However, a subsequent attempt to hold a conference in 2010 at the Chicago Marriott Oak Brook hotel was cancelled after the hotel dropped the group's reservation. In 2012, the group attempted to hold its annual conference entitled "Revolution: Liberation by Revelation – Muslims Marching Toward Victory" conference at the Meadows Club, but this was also cancelled after the club pulled out due to criticism.^[321]

Reza Iman, who is a spokesperson for the group, claimed that the group has been active in the United States for almost 30 years, and defended Hizb ut-Tahrir's activities, stating in an interview that "The call is not to bring that [an Islamic caliphate] here to this country or anything of that sort. The message is for Muslim countries to return to Islamic values." DePaul University history professor Thomas Mockaitis stated that "I have not seen any evidence they have engaged in violent activity in the U.S." and that the group's views and goals, while controversial, did not warrant its labeling as a terrorist group.^[322]

Zaher Sahloul, who is the chairman of the Council of Islamic Organizations of Greater Chicago and president of the Mosque Foundation of Bridgeview, stated that "[Hizb ut-Tahrir's is] on the fringes of the political Islamic groups. They are very vocal and they target young Muslims in college (who) are attracted to their ideologies. They tend to disrupt lectures, Friday prayers. Most of the time they are kicked out from mosques." Sahloul added that "We cannot deny people of speaking freely, but we believe that these kind of radical ideologies are not helpful."^[322]

At a conference in Jordon in June 2013, Dr. Malkawi stated (as translated by MEMRI) "Let Britain, America, and the entire West go to hell, because the Caliphate is coming, Allah willing." Regarding US President Barack Obama, Malkawi stated "Obama says to you, in Syria, Egypt, and elsewhere: 'I have chosen heresy as a religion for you.' Will you accept heresy as your religion, oh Muslims? Say: 'Allah Akbar." ^[323]

Prominent members

Hizb ut-Tahrir was founded and led by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani from 1953 to 1977. He was succeeded by Shaykh Abdul Qadeem Zallum who led HT until his death in 2003. He was succeeded by Ata Abu Rashta who is currently HT's leader.^[324]

• Shaykh Taqiuddin al-Nabhani (founder, deceased)
• Shaykh Ahmed Dauor (Jordanian parliamentarian 1955–1957, deceased)
• Shaykh Abdul Qadeem Zallum (second leader, deceased)
• Shaykh Ata Abu Rashta (current global leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir)
• Sheikh Ahmad Abu Quddum tahrir party Jordan^[325][326]
• Osman Bakhach (Central Media Office Spokesman)
• Jamal Harwood (Former Chairman of UK Executive Committee)
• Taji Mustafa (UK spokesman)
• Dr Imran Waheed (former UK spokesman 2001–2006)
• Dr Nazreen Nawaz (UK women's media representative)^[327]
• Dr Abdul Wahid (Chairman of UK Executive Committee)^[328]
• Shaykh Ali Syed Abul-Hassan (Imam of Masjid as-Sahaba, Khartoum, Sudan spokesman, deceased)
• Mohammad Nafi Abdul-Karim Salih (Jordanian member, deceased)
• Shaykh Mahmoud Abdul-Latif Uweidah — Abu Iyas (prominent Jordanian Member)
• Shaykh Taleb Awadallah (Palestinian member from al-Khalil, Hebron)
• Shaykh Yusuf Ba'darani (Lebanese member)
• Shaykh Abdul-Aziz Badri (Iraqi member, deceased)
• Ashraf Doureihi (a prominent Australia member)
• Wassim Doureihi (former Australia spokesperson)
• Soadad Doureihi (a prominent Australia member)
• Mohammed AbdulWahhab (a prominent Australia member)
• Uthman Badar (Australian spokesperson)
• Hamzah Qureshi (a prominent Australia member)
• Naveed Butt (Pakistan spokesperson)
• Imran Yousufzai (Pakistan spokesperson)
• Yilmaz Celik (Turkey spokesperson)
• Ridha Belhaj (Tunisia spokesman)
• Hassan Al-Dahi (Kuwait spokesman)
• Mahmood Tarshooby (Egypt spokesman)
• Maher Al-Jabari (Palestine spokesman)
• Shaker Assem (Germany spokesman)
• Muhammad Ismail Yusanto (Indonesia spokesman)
• Abdul Hakim Othman (Malaysia spokesperson)
• Shaykh Ibrahim Othman — Abu Khalil (Sudan spokesman)
• Mohiuddin Ahmed (Bangladesh Chief Coordinator and Spokesperson)
• Farhad Usmanov (Uzbekistan, deceased in prison)
• Okay Pala (Netherlands spokesperson)
• Abdul Salam (USA member)
• Hafidz Abdurrahman, (prominent leading member of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia)
• Shaykh Ahmad al-Qasas (Lebanon Spokesperson)
• Behzaad Domun (Mauritius representative)

Books

The book The Islamist by Ed Husain, reveals the inner workings of the political organisation. It follows the path of a young man coming to terms with his extremist/Islamist mindset. He describes how violence and the increasing radicalisation of the group eventually lead to him cutting all ties and resigning from the head of the local group at Tower Hamlets University.^[329] The author, now a moderate Muslim, is opposed to the ideology of Hizb ut-Tahrir and critical of the consequences of political Islam poisoning young minds.

Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism is Maajid Nawaz's autobiography. It partly recounts his time as a recruiter for Hizb ut-Tahrir, his imprisonment in Egypt from 2002 to 2006, and his release after being cited as a "prisoner of conscience" by Amnesty International. In 2007, he left HT and co-founded the Quilliam Foundation with Ed Husain, an organization focused on countering extremism in the Muslim World. Radical was released in the UK in 2012; a US edition was published by Lyons Press in October 2013 with a preface for US readers and an updated epilogue.

See also

• Islam in Indonesia
• Islam in Uzbekistan
  • May 2005 unrest in Uzbekistan
• Islamic democracy
• List of political parties in the Palestinian National Authority
• Taqiuddin al-Nabhani
• Muslim Brotherhood
• Maajid Nawaz – former member, current founder of Quilliam Foundation

Notes

1. "Hizb ut-Tahrir's ideology and its method of work has been meticulously thought out and published in many detailed books; including one on the subject of thinking itself. We have published a draft constitution for the coming Khilafah State, and this along with many of our books is available in the English language."^[11] The party quotes Oxford Analytica 2008 in the Information Pack: "Hizb ut-Tahrir has remained remarkably consistent in ideology and strategy."^[12]
2. The draft constitution can be found in the book The System of Islam by Hizbut Tahrir founder al-Nabhani, where it takes up a chapter of the book,^[18] or in a download The Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State Hizb ut-Tahrir.^[19] A slightly different version of the constitution can be found at Khilafah.com (published in 2013 and described as a "translation of the revised Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State published by Hizb ut-Tahrir in 2010".)^[20] The two constitutions are different in that the newer version has more articles (191 v. 186) and some changes in the location and substance of the articles (13 instead of just eight "institutions" in the "State systems", more detailed process for appointing the Khaleefah, including a new article 33 added about appointing a temporary ameer). In this article the numbers of the articles of the constitution refer to the original/earlier version of the constitution.
3. By HT definition, ‘Islamic lands’ include Muslim-majority countries, ‘even if it had not been ruled by Muslims’, and non-Muslim majority countries that were once ‘ruled by Muslims under the authority of Islam.’ "… [L]ands that were ruled by Muslims under the authority of Islam and the rules of Islam were applied on them. […] This means the rules regarding the lands of such countries remain as they were when they were under the authority of Islam. […] Also any land, in which there is a Muslim majority, even if it had not been ruled by Muslims, it will be considered as Islamic land because its people have embraced Islam over it."^[57]
4. The draft constitution can be found in the book "The System of Islam" by Hizbut Tahrir founder al-Nabhani,^[18] or in a download "The Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State Hizb ut-Tahrir".^[19] A slightly different version of the constitution can be found at Khilafah.com (published in 2013 and described as a "translation of the revised Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State published by Hizb ut-Tahrir in 2010".)^[20] (see earlier note) In this article the numbers of the articles of the constitution refer to the original/earlier version of the constitution.
5. According to J.P. Filiu, HT abandoned elections after being expelled from Syria in late 50s or 60s.^[67]
6. Excerpted from a judicial ruling (fatwa) issued by Sheikh Hisham Kabbani, Chairman, Islamic Supreme Council of America; and by Sheikh Seraj Hendricks, Mufti, Cape Town, South Africa.^[92]
7. HT’s ideology and strategy are centralised. HT global leadership issues strategy communiqués to the executive committees of national branches^[93]
8. former HT Britain leader Jalaluddin Patel.^[79]
9. Sirriyah and al-Tamimi were not the only HT members to have moved on to terrorist movements. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, was also a former member of HT in Jordan. This has been verified by both The Nixon Center and Quilliam Foundation.^{[167][168][169]}

References

1. "Q&A: Hizb ut-Tahrir". BBC News. 10 August 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
2. "Can the Muslim world really unite?". hizb.org.uk. March 4, 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
3. Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 16
4. Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.3
5. "Media Office of Hizb-ut-Tahrir. About Hizb ut-Tahrir". Hizb-ut-Tahrir. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
6. Commins, David (1991). "Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani and the Islamic Liberation Party" (PDF). The Muslim World 81 (3–4): 194–211. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
7. "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (Islamic Party of Liberation)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
8. Filiu, Jean-Pierre (June 2008). "Hizb ut-Tahrir and the fantasy of the caliphate". Retrieved 7 March 2016.
9. Malik, Shiv (13 September 2004). "For Allah and the caliphate". New Statesman. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
10. KARAGIANNIS, EMMANUEL; MCCAULEY, CLARK (2006). "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence 18: 317. doi:10.1080/09546550600570168. Retrieved 28 January 2016. The doctrine of Hizb ut-Tahrir has not changed in the last fifty years, although its leadership has occasionally attempted to provide an alternative Islamic view on contemporary issues such as space exploration. In fact, an-Nabhani’s writings constitute the basis for Hizb ut-Tahrir’s ideological platform and any major changes would undermine the essence of the party
11. HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.17
12. HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.5
13. "The Re-establishment of the Khilafah is an obligation upon all Muslims". Khilafah.com. 24 June 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
14. Mahmoud, Sheikh Ahmad (1995). The Da'wah to Islam. Khilafah.com. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
15. Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 26
16. an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1998). The Islamic State (PDF). London: De-Luxe Printers. pp. 240–276. ISBN 1-89957-400-X.
17. an-Nabhani, The Islamic State, 1998: p.240–276
18. an-Nabhani, The System of Islam, 2002: p.115-164
19. Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011
20. Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State,. 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
21. "The Zionist Hatred". Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain. 22 July 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010.
22. Sebastian, Tim (20 November 2003). "What price for an Islamic state?". BBC News. Retrieved 28 January 2016. "Your goal is the destruction of Israel ... You are happy with that?" "We are," says Dr Waheed.
23. ""Hizb ut-Tahrir controversial" (google search, About 179,000 results)". google. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
24. "Islamist groups urge Muslim Danes to boycott election, saying democracy ‘incompatible’ with Islam". rt.com. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
25. Brandon, James (December 27, 2006). "Hizb-ut-Tahrir's Growing Appeal in the Arab World". Terrorism Monitor (The Jamestown Foundation) 4 (24). Retrieved 29 January 2015.
26. HANIF, NOMAN (July 24, 2007). "Pakistan’s Tableeghi Jamaat and Hizb-ut-Tahrir in Central Asia". ICSSA. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007.
27. Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami on Global Security.org| last update 11-07-2011
28. Hamid, "Islamic Political Radicalism in Britain", 2007: p.145
29. "Challenging the Demonisation of the Caliphate". Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain. 28 JUNE 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
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168. see also Rohan Gunaratna, ‘Links with Islamic Groups’, p.112, pp.112-114 in The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir: Deciphering and Combating Radical Islamist Ideology, ed. by Baran
169. see also Steven Brooke, ‘Jihadist Strategic Debates before 9/11’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 2008, Vol. 31, No.3, pp.201-226, p.204
170. Sirriyah and al-Tamimi were not the only HT members to have moved on to terrorist movements. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, was also a former member of HT in Jordan. This has been verified by both The Nixon Center and Quilliam Foundation. See ‘Islamic Supremacist Group Holds First U.S. Conference’, Fox News, 17 July 2009; see also Rohan Gunaratna, ‘Links with Islamic Groups’, p.112, pp.112-114 in The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir: Deciphering and Combating Radical Islamist Ideology, ed. by Baran; see also Steven Brooke, ‘Jihadist Strategic Debates before 9/11’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 2008, Vol. 31, No.3, pp.201-226, p.204
171. See Adnan A. Musallam, From secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the foundations of radical Islamism (United States of America: Praeger Publishers, 2005), pp.183-198 for more information about the assassins forming jihadist groups before al-Sadat’s assassination.
172. Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest, 1996: p.166
173. Current HTB members Reza Pankhurst, Ian Nisbet and former HTB member Maajid Nawaz were jailed in Egypt 2002 and were released in 2006. See ‘Egypt jails Islamic group members’, BBC News, 25 March 2004, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ middle_east/3567961.stm [accessed 31.08.2009]; see also ‘Freed UK three return to families’, BBC News, 1 March 2006, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4763056.stm [accessed 31.08.2009]
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278. ‘35 held activists of banned outfit booked under ATA’, The News (Pakistan), 18 October 2009, available at http://www.thenews. com.pk/updates.asp?id=89380 [accessed 19.10.2009]; see also ‘VIDEO: HT activists arrested for mobilising against American Raj & Waziristan Ops’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain Press Release, 18 October 2009, available at http://www.hizb.org.uk/hizb/press-centre/press-release/pr-over-30-hizb-ut-tahrir-activists-arrested-for-mobilizing-against-american-raj-&-waziristan-ops.html [accessed 19.10.2009]; see also ‘Nuclear scientist among held Hizbut Tahrir activists’, Daily Times (Pakistan), 20 October 2009, available at http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\10\20\story_20-10-2009_pg7_12 [accessed 20.10.2009]
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282. KUGELMAN, MICHAEL (3 August 2012). "Another Threat in Pakistan, in Sheep’s Clothing". New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
283. "Hizbut Tahrir and the armed forces". Express Tribune. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
284. ‘British Islamists plot against Pakistan’, Nicola Smith, Sunday Times, 4 July 2009
285. STACEY, DANIEL (17 November 2014). "Australia Struggles Over Role of Hizb ut-Tahrir Islamic Group". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
286. Yusuf, Irfan (2015-11-05). "Disagree with Hizb ut-Tahrir but don't be blind to why they earn respect". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
287. Auerbach, Taylor (2 January 2015). "Martin Place terrorist Man Haron Monis’s links with extremist group Hizb ut-Tahrir revealed". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
288. "Hizb ut-Tahrir leader Ismail Alwahwah calls for jihad against Jews in inflammatory video". Dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
289. "Nocookies". The Australian. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
290. "Call for Muslim army in Australia". yahoo.com.
291. McClellan, Ben (February 19, 2015). "Hizb ut-Tahrir won’t condemn Islamic State death cult". The Daily Telegraph.
292. Howden, Saffron. "Muslim children should not be forced to sing national anthem, says Hizb ut-Tahrir". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
293. Hizb ut-Tahrir won’t condemn Islamic State death cult The Daily Telegraph (Australia), 19 February 2015
294. Bevege, Alison (6 March 2016). "I took on Hizb ut-Tahrir. And I won". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
295. Maajid Nawaz helped establish HT Denmark. See ‘Defectors from Hizb ut-Tahrir’, Tidende Berlingske (Denmark), 28 October
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300. "Den ny muslimske alliance - Nationalt | www.b.dk". Berlingske.dk. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
301. Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest, 1996: pp.170
302. See also Hizb ut-Tahrir Germany website, available at www.kalifaat.org [accessed 20.10.2009].
303. Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
304. "Dutch Government must be held accountable over FITNA". Hisb ut-Tahrir Indonesia. 4 April 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
305. "Elections 2015 – Message to the Muslim Community: Neither Assimilate nor Isolate,". Hizb ut-Tahrir. April 5, 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
306. "I was a radical Islamist who hated all of you". NewsComAu. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
307. Brandon, James. "Terrorism Monitor | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
308. Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke "The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood" Foreign Affairs Journal, p. 120, 86 (2), March / April 2007
309. Husain, Ed, The Islamist, Penguin, 2007, p. 272
310. "The roots of nationalism in the Muslim World" Chepter title by Shabir Ahmed and Abid Karim
311. Full text: The Prime Minister's statement on anti-terror measures The Guardian
312. Mark Townsend "Islamic radicals warn of city riots", The Observer, 7 August 2005
313. Jamie Doward (24 December 2006). "PM shelves Islamic group ban". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 4 May 2010.
314. "Brown and Cameron clash over ID". BBC News. 4 July 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
315. Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
316. "Cameron defends 'extremism' row". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
317. "Cameron says sorry to MPs over Hizb ut-Tahrir claim". Bbc.co.uk. 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
318. "Newsnights False allegations Against Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain". YouTube. 31 December 1969. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
319. Randhawa, Kiran; Mendick, Robert (4 March 2005). "Muslim girl's brother linked to Islam radicals". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 21 April 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
320. Dr. Mohammed Malkawi is also an associate professor of Computer Engineering at Middle East University and the Dean of Engineering at Jadara University, both located in Jordon. He is the author of the 2010 book The Fall of Capitalism and Rise of Islam.
321. American club refuses to host Hizb ut-Tahrir conference in U.S. after protests, Al Arabiya 12 June 2012.
322. Islamic conference won't be in Rolling Meadows by Madhu Krishnamurthy, Daily Herald, 13 June 2012.
323. Dr. Mohammed Malkawi, U.S. Professor And Founder of Hizb Al-Tahrir in Chicago: 'Let Britain, America, And The Entire West Go To Hell, Because The Caliphate Is Coming, Allah Willing', MEMRI, Special Dispatch No. 5364, 16 July 2013.
324. KARAGIANNIS, EMMANUEL; MCCAULEY, CLARK (2006). "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence 18: 315–334. doi:10.1080/09546550600570168. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
325. "Ahmad Abu Quddum, Head Of Tahrir Party In Jordan, Speaks His Mind To Fellow Muslims >". Newenglishreview.org. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
326. "Gmail". Mail.google.com. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
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Books and journals

• Abdul Qadeem Zallum (1421 AH / 2000 CE). How the Khilafah was Destroyed (PDF). London: Al-Khilafa Publications. Retrieved 12 February 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Ahmed, Houriya; Stuart, Hannah (2009). HIZB UT-TAHRIR IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY (PDF). Henry Jackson Society. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
• Zeyno Baran, ed. (September 2004). The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir: Deciphering and Combating Radical Islamist Ideology. CONFERENCE REPORT (PDF). The Nixon Center.
• Baran, Zeyno (December 2004). "Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency" (PDF). Nixon Center. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
• Gross, Ariela (2012). Reaching wa'y. Mobilization and Recruitment in Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami. A Case Study conducted in Beirut. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz. ISBN 3-87997-405-5.
• Hamid, Sadek (2007). "Islamic Political Radicalism in Britain: the case of Hizb-ut-Tahrir". In Tahir Abbas. Islamic Political Radicalism: A European Perspective. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 145–59. ISBN 0-74863-086-4.
• Hizb ut-Tahrir (1997). Dangerous Concepts, to Attack Islam and Consolidate the Western Culture (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2016.
• Hizb ut-Tahrir (February 2011). The Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State (PDF). Khilafah. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
• Hizb ut-Tahrir (2005). The Institutions of State in the Khilafah: In Ruling and Administration (PDF). London:: Hizb ut-Tahrir. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
• Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... Macmillan. pp. 274–7. ISBN 9780099523277.
• Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2010). Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. Routledge. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
• KARAGIANNIS, EMMANUEL; MCCAULEY, CLARK (2006). "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence 18: 315–334. doi:10.1080/09546550600570168. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
• Hizb ut-Tahrir (circa October 2010). The American Campaign to Suppress Islam (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
• an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1997). The Economic System of Islam (PDF) (4th ed.). London: Al-Khilafah Publications. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
• an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1998). The Islamic State (PDF). London: De-Luxe Printers. ISBN 1-89957-400-X.
• an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1423 AH – 2002 CE). The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam) (PDF). Al-Khilafa Publications. Retrieved 15 January 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Taji-Farouki, Suha (1996). A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate. London: Grey Seal. ISBN 1-85640-039-5. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
• Valentine, S. R. (13 May 2010). "Monitoring Islamic Militancy: Hizb-ut-Tahrir: "The Party of Liberation"". Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 4 (4): 411–420. doi:10.1093/police/paq015.
• Valentine, Simon Ross (12 February 2010). "Fighting Kufr and the American Raj: Hizb-ut-Tahrir in Pakistan" (PDF). Brief Number 56. Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) at the University of Bradford. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
• Valentine, S. R. (December 2009). "Hizb-ut-Tahrir in Pakistan". American Chronicle.

External links

• Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism by Maajid Nawaz (Lyons Press, 2013)
• "PM shelves Islamic group ban" by The Guardian Newspaper
• "Tony Blair and Hizb-ut-Tahrir: 'Muslims under the bed'" Abdul Wahid, openDemocracy.net, 9 August 2005
• "The Prime Minister's statement on anti-terror measures" The Guardian, 5 August 2005
• "Cartoons ignite cultural combat in Denmark" International Herald Tribune, 31 December 2005
• "Hizb ut-Tahrir", BBC Newsnight, 27 August 2003
• Inside "Islam's political insurgency" in Europe
• BBC Hardtalk's Tim Sebastian interview with Hizb ut-Tahrir spokesman
• BBC Hardtalk's Sarah Montague interview with Maajid Nawaz, who was imprisoned in Egypt for belonging to the political party
• Kyrgyzstan: a clash of civilisations Channel 4 News — Video about Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
• Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain