Fitna (film)

This article is about the Dutch film Fitna. For the article about the Arabian word, see Fitna (word).
Fitna

Title card for Fitna
Directed by Scarlet Pimpernel
Produced by Scarlet Pimpernel
Written by Geert Wilders
Scarlet Pimpernel
Music by Edvard Grieg
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Edited by Scarlet Pimpernel
Distributed by LiveLeak
Release dates
  • 27 March 2008 (2008-03-27)
Running time
 17 minutes
Country Netherlands
Language Dutch
English
Arabic
Persian
Turkish

Fitna (Arabic: فِتْنَة‎) is a 2008 short film by Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders. Approximately 17 minutes in length, the film attempts to demonstrate that the Qur'an motivates its followers to hate all who violate Islamic teachings. The movie shows selected excerpts from Suras of the Qur'an, interspersed with media clips and newspaper cuttings showing or describing acts of violence and/or hatred by Muslims.

The film argues that Islam encourages – among other things – acts of terrorism, antisemitism, violence against women, violence and subjugation of infidels and against homosexuals and Islamic universalism. A large part of the film details the influence of Islam on the Netherlands. The film was published on the Internet in 2008.[1][2] Shortly before its release, its announcement was suspended from its website by the American provider because of the perceived controversy.[3][4] It stirred a still continuing debate in the Netherlands as well as abroad,[5] and a criminal prosecution for hate speech.

The Arabic title-word "fitna" means "disagreement and division among people" or a "test of faith in times of trial".[6] Wilders, a prominent critic of Islam, described the film as "a call to shake off the creeping tyranny of Islamisation".[7]

On 27 March 2008, Fitna was released to the Internet on the video sharing website LiveLeak in Dutch and English versions. The following day, LiveLeak removed the film from their servers, citing serious threats to their staff. On 30 March, Fitna was restored on LiveLeak following a security upgrade, only to be removed again shortly afterwards by Wilders himself because of copyright violations. A second edition was released later.

Production

The Friends of the Party for Freedom (PVV) foundation commissioned the film. It contracted a production company credited in the film as "Scarlet Pimpernel Productions", a pseudonym adopted out of fear of reprisal.[8] In fact large parts of the documentary Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West written by Wayne Kopping and Raphael Shore were copied.[9]

Release

The exact nature of Fitna's release was uncertain up until its official launch. This was due to concerns of the legality of its content and anticipated acts of terrorism. The Dutch press centre Nieuwspoort offered to release the film, on the condition that Wilders would pay for the increased security required during the press conference and the weeks after it. Wilders declined to do so, citing prohibitive costs.[10][11]

Having failed to successfully negotiate a transmission of the film with any Dutch television station,[12][13][14] Wilders created a website, www.fitnathemovie.com, on 5 March 2008 with the intention of releasing the film.[15][16][17] However, this was subsequently suspended (see below).

On 22 March, the Dutch Muslim Broadcasting Association (NMO) offered to air the film, on the proviso that it could be previewed for any possible illegal material and that Wilders would take part in a debate with proponents and opponents afterwards.[18][19] Wilders declined, quoted as saying "No way, NMO."[20]

Wilders released the film on 27 March 2008 on the video website LiveLeak.[21] The following day, LiveLeak removed the film from their servers after receiving threats that they described as being "of a very serious nature".[22][23][24] The film soon appeared on various BitTorrent and video sharing websites.[25]

LiveLeak reinstated Fitna on 30 March, after security upgrades offering increased protection to its staff had been implemented.[26] Soon after, Wilders withdrew the film[27] to make some minor edits, such as removing the copyrighted Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons[28] and the photograph of Salah Edin, a rapper wrongly identified as Mohammed Bouyeri, in response to lawsuits.[29] Kurt Westergaard, the cartoonist, was pleased with the news and believed the lawsuit would be dropped.[28] In September 2008, Wilders agreed to pay Westergaard 7500 euros for using his Jyllands-Posten cartoon without permission.[30]

A revised edition, containing a new cartoon in place of the contentious one, and a corrected picture of Bouyeri, was released on LiveLeak on 6 April.[31]

Distribution

On 14 December 2008, a conference entitled "Facing Jihad" was organized at the Menachem Begin Heritage Center in Jerusalem. Geert Wilders, Arieh Eldad, Robert Spencer, Itamar Marcus, Daniel Pipes, Shlomo Sharan, and John David Lewis were in attendance. During the conference, Fitna was put on view and distributed to all conference attendees; it was announced that it would be shown in several European parliaments. The Ruder Finn PR company organized the conference and set up the group's website,[32] and are also actively distributing the film. Finn distributed the film for free.

During February 2009, Geert Wilders visited (or planned to visit) several European capitals to present the Fitna. He was barred from entering the UK, but his film was nonetheless shown in the House of Lords. Wilders also presented Fitna in Rome on 13 February 2009. The press releases to promote the showing in both cases was done by Ruder Finn.[33]

Plot

The film shows a selection of Suras from the Qur'an, interspersed with newspaper clippings and media clips with The Arabian Dance and Åses død as an underscore.[34][35][36]

Themes

Wilders said the 15-minute film shows how verses from the Qur'an are being used today to incite modern Muslims to behave violently and anti-democratically based on those verses.[37][38][39] He later described the film as "a call to shake off the creeping tyranny of Islamization",[7] and a push for a Leidcultuur, a culture that "draws on Christian, Jewish, humanistic traditions and that poses a challenge to the Islamic problem".[40]

The Qur'an and terrorism

Al-Anfal 60 is shown next to a video of the attacks of September 11.

The film starts with a warning to the viewer that the film contains "very shocking images".[41] A caricature of the Prophet Muhammad with a bomb on his head is shown next to a timer counting down from 15 minutes.[42]

Suras are juxtaposed to video clips of Imams stating Islamic teaching, and videos of violent atrocities committed in the name of Islam, including major terrorist attacks.[43]

The first Sura of the film, Al-Anfal verse 60,[8:60] is translated as:

Prepare for them whatever force and cavalry ye are able of gathering, to strike terror, to strike terror into the hearts of the enemies, of Allah and your enemies.

Footage of the September 11 attacks is shown, followed by the Madrid train bombings.[44] Imam Abu Hamza al-Masri rises above the smoke and declares "Allah is happy when non-muslims get killed." Stills taken from the 7 July 2005 London bombings show an exploded bus and the underground train.

The next Sura, An-Nisa verse 56,[4:56] is shown as a justification for Islamic antisemitism. Sheikh Bakr Al-Samarai is shown raising a sword while declaring: "If Allah permits us, O nation of Mohammed, even the stone will say O Muslim. A Jew is hiding behind me, come and cut off his head. And we shall cut off his head! By Allah, we shall cut it off! O Jews! Allahu Akbar! Jihad for the sake of Allah!"[45] An auditorium of several hundred people respond with approving chants and fist shaking.[46]

Following this, a three-year-old Muslim girl, says that Jews are "apes and pigs"[47] because "Allah" said so "in the Qur'an"[48] in an interview on Iqraa TV.[49] More antisemitism is shown by an unidentified Imam, who says: "The Jews are Jews. They are the ones who must be butchered and killed."[50] Child soldiers in uniform are shown holding guns.

Sura 47, verse 4[47:4] is shown in relation to the murder of Dutch film director Theo Van Gogh, committed by Mohammed Bouyeri. Bouyeri is reported as saying: "If I had the opportunity to get out of prison, and I had the opportunity to do it again, what I did on November 2nd, Allah I would have done exactly the same".[51] Protesters are shown supporting Van Gogh's murder, warning others to heed the lesson or "pay with your blood".

Dutch newspaper headlines are reproduced, outlining intimidating threats of murder to prominent critics of Islam,[52] followed by footage of Eugene Armstrong's beheading. Armstrong's disembodied head is shown held up by Al-Qaeda terrorists.[53][54][55]

The Qur'an as a means for Islamic universalism

Ayatollah 'Ali Meshkini speaks at a Friday sermon, declaring "Islam is a religion that wants to rule the world. It has done so before and eventually, will rule it again".[56]

Sura 4, verse 89[4:89] is heard, and translated here as:

They but wish that ye should reject faith, as they do, and thus be on the same footing as they, so take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah. But if they turn renegades, seize them and kill them wherever ye find them, and take no friends or helpers from their ranks.

This is shown through a vox populi: "If someone converts to Christianity, he deserves the death penalty", which refers to the punishment of death for apostasy in Islam. An unidentified Imam declares: "Islam is (more) superior than the Jews, than the Christians, than the Buddhists, than the Hindus. The only (law) Allah accepts is Islam." A short video clip shows ethnic Albanians attacking a Serbian Orthodox Church in Kosovo during the 2004 unrest.[57]

Headlines concerning assaults and death threats to former Muslims Ehsan Jami, Salman Rushdie and Ayaan Hirsi Ali are shown.

The final Sura used in the film is Sura 8, verse 39:[8:39]

Fight them until there is no dissension, and the religion is entirely Allah's.[52]

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran is quoted as saying:

The message of the [Iranian] Revolution is global, and is not restricted to a specific place or time. Have no doubt... Allah willing, Islam will conquer what? It will conquer all the mountain tops of the world.[58]

Ibrahim Mudeiris is seen speaking to a congregation. He says: "We have ruled the world before, and by Allah, the day will come when we will rule the entire world again! The day will come when we will rule America. The day will come when we rule Britain and the entire world!"[46] Abdul Rahman Saleem speaks in English: "You will take over the USA! You will take over the UK! You will take over Europe! You will defeat them all! You will get victory! You will take over Egypt! We trust in Allah!"[59] Demonstrators outside the Danish embassy to Britain are shown holding signs that read: "Islam will dominate the world" and "Freedom go to hell".[60][61]

Islam and the Netherlands

The film's depiction of a girl being strapped down in preparation for female genital cutting.

The final segment of the film deals with issues related to Islam in the Netherlands, under the heading: "The Netherlands under the spell of Islam".[62] These issues include opposition to democracy, Islamic views on homosexuality and women's treatment in Islam.[63]

An unidentified person claims that "The mosque will be part of the system of the government of Holland", in an apparent refusal to accept liberal democracy. Wilders juxtaposes a newspaper headline "Cabinet: no ban on burqa" against a Muslim woman fully covered up. A graph illustrating the number of Muslims in the Netherlands since 1909 is shown against a background of Muslim women.[64] Dutch police are shown removing their shoes before entering a mosque. A Dutch Muslim expresses his desire to enact an honour killing, if his mother or sister commits zina, the Islamic concept of extramarital sex. Another condemns homosexuality, saying "Islam considers something like that a crime".

A postcard is shown, ostensibly from the Netherlands, with pictures of mosques in place of visitor attractions, with the words "Groeten uit Nederland" ("Greetings from the Netherlands") superimposed.[65]

Audio recordings that are said to have been taken from mosques in the Netherlands show Imams denouncing political parties, "worldly concepts like liberalism [and] democracy". Another states that female adulterers must be "stoned" to death, even when the man commits the adultery. A graphic image of gays being hanged, under Sharia law is a depiction of a possible future dystopian Netherlands.[66] A series of clips show female genital cutting,[67][68] a woman's disembodied head lying on a floor,[69] and a burqa-clad woman being shot through the head by a man.[70]

Finally, a succession of newspaper headlines are shown, containing stories related to Islam in the Netherlands, their views, actions, ambitions and politics.[71] Some verified headlines are:

The film ends with a hand seen gripping a page of the Qur'an and a call to action from Wilders to defeat "Islamic ideology", likening it to Communism and Nazism.[71][76]

Suras

An-Nisa 56, translated here as: "Those who have disbelieved our signs, we shall roast them in fire. Whenever their skins are cooked to a turn, we shall substitute new skins for them, that they may feel the punishment; Verily Allah is sublime and wise."

The following Suras are mentioned in Fitna in order of appearance.[77] The translation is from Pickthall's The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. Only the passages marked as bold are included in the quotations in the film, while the related passages are omitted.

Surat Al-Anfal (The Spoils of War) 8:60–61

Make ready for them all thou canst of (armed) force and of horses tethered, that thereby ye may dismay the enemy of Allah and your enemy, and others beside them whom ye know not. Allah knoweth them. Whatsoever ye spend in the way of Allah it will be repaid to you in full, and ye will not be wronged. And if they incline to peace, incline thou also to it, and trust in Allah. Lo! He, even He, is the Hearer, the Knower.[78]

Surat An-Nisa (The Women) 4:56–57

Lo! Those who disbelieve Our revelations, We shall expose them to the Fire. As often as their skins are consumed We shall exchange them for fresh skins that they may taste the torment. Lo! Allah is ever Mighty, Wise. And as for those who believe and do good works, We shall make them enter Gardens underneath which rivers flow - to dwell therein for ever; there for them are pure companions—and We shall make them enter plenteous shade.[79]

Surat Muhammad (Muhammad) 47:4

Now when ye meet in battle those who disbelieve, then it is smiting of the necks until, when ye have routed them, then making fast of bonds; and afterward either grace or ransom till the war lay down its burdens. That (is the ordinance). And if Allah willed He could have punished them (without you) but (thus it is ordained) that He may try some of you by means of others. And those who are slain in the way of Allah, He rendereth not their actions vain.[80]

Surat An-Nisa (The Women) 4:89–90

They long that ye should disbelieve even as they disbelieve, that ye may be upon a level (with them). So choose not friends from them till they forsake their homes in the way of Allah; if they turn back (to enmity) then take them and kill them wherever ye find them, and choose no friend nor helper from among them, Except those who seek refuge with a people between whom and you there is a covenant, or (those who) come unto you because their hearts forbid them to make war on you or make war on their own folk. Had Allah willed He could have given them power over you so that assuredly they would have fought you. So, if they hold aloof from you and wage not war against you and offer you peace, Allah alloweth you no way against them.[81]

Surat Al-Anfal (The Spoils of War) 8:38–39

Tell those who disbelieve that if they cease (from persecution of believers) that which is past will be forgiven them; but if they return (thereto) then the example of the men of old hath already gone (before them, for a warning). And fight them until persecution is no more, and religion is all for Allah. But if they cease, then lo! Allah is Seer of what they do[82]

Differences between first and second release

The first edition used copyrighted Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons without permission. These were removed from the second edition.

Also in the first edition of the film, and removed from the second edition,[31] when referring to the murder of Theo van Gogh a picture of the Dutch rapper Salah Edin is displayed instead of the murderer Mohammed Bouyeri.[83][84][85] The picture was shot for the rapper's album 'Nederlands Grootste Nachtmerrie' (Netherlands' Worst Nightmare), which according to the singer's website, was shot to be 'exactly like the mugshot of convicted killer Mohamed B'.[86] A 2007 article by Dutch newspaper De Dag had captioned an article about the killer with the shot. On that occasion, Salah Edin's received an out-of-court libel settlement for the publication.[87] The photo was said by the rapper to be intended to depict "the way the average white Dutch citizen sees me, as a young Moroccan Muslim radical. That's why I chose to do this picture and use it for the front cover of my album. It is in no way supporting the deeds of Mohamed B."[87] Edin has accepted a settlement of €25,000 for copyright infringement.[88]

Reaction

International reaction to Fitna consisted of condemnation in the Muslim community, a Fatwā by Al-Qaeda against Geert Wilders, and "attempts" by Southeast Asian countries to censor the film.[75][89][90] The Dutch government allegedly "distanced itself from the film".[91] Several Muslim organizations and political parties have organized boycotts against Dutch products.

Indonesia, the most populous Muslim country and itself a Dutch colony until 1949, has conducted a ban on several web sites, such as YouTube, MySpace, Rapidshare and Metacafe, as directed by the Ministry of Communications and Informations.[92] On April 11, the Indonesian government lifted the ban. Indonesian communications minister Muhammad Nuh apologised to the public for the inconvenience.[93][94] Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia spokesperson, Ismail Yusanto said to Nikolas van Dam, the Dutch ambassador for Indonesia that the Dutch government is responsible for the actions of Geert Wilders Fitna (film) and said aslim taslam.[95]

Geert Wilders' film failed to generate much "controversy" in Iran although the government did express its outrage on the day of its release and conservative websites complained about it for a while. By and large, Fitna elicited indifference among the general public. There was an anti-Fitna demonstration, but just 30 people turned up and they were carrying signs that had "nothing to do with the film".[96]

In response to the film, Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Maxime Verhagen published an op-ed in the Arabic-language newspaper Asharq al Awsat on March 30. In the article, he asks of the readers to "keep the head cool and the relations warm" and urged dialogue, not provocation, as a means to bridge the cultural differences.[97]

On 1 April, a debate was held about the film in the Dutch parliament. In this debate, the government and Geert Wilders accused each other of lying about facts of their previous communication. According to various members of the government, Wilders had told in previous conversations about his intentions to tear parts out of the Qur'an and setting them on fire. Wilders denied this.[98]

Legal actions

One of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons was included in the film without the permission of the artist, Kurt Westergaard. Westergaard has asserted that this infringes his copyright and is considering taking legal action against Wilders.[99] The Danish Union of Journalists has said it will file a lawsuit on Westergaard's behalf.[100] Similarly Dutch director Rob Muntz announced to file a lawsuit because of the uncredited use of his interview with Theo van Gogh.[101]

Various Dutch people filed an official complaint against the film, after it was released. According to some experts, prosecution was unlikely to succeed, because Wilders took great care to stay within the law.[102]

In January 2009 the Amsterdam appeals court ordered prosecutors to try him for "inciting hatred and discrimination, based on comments by him in various media on Muslims and their beliefs". "In a democratic system, hate speech is considered so serious that it is in the general interest to... draw a clear line," the court in Amsterdam said. Wilders said the judgement was an "attack on the freedom of expression". Prosecutors said that they could not appeal against the judgement and would open an investigation immediately.[103]

Jordan is preparing a criminal case against Wilders, noting that it might be a considerable time before an indictment is issued.[104] Meanwhile, the groups making the complaint (The Messenger of Allah Unites Us)[104] have urged the boycotting of Dutch products, and blame The Hague for not indicting Wilders themselves for inciting hatred of Islam. Less than a month later, the chief prosecutors in Amsterdam issued statements to the effect that Wilders will not be indicted on incitement to hatred charges within the Netherlands. Chief prosecutor Leo De Wit further noted that the content was "offensive to Muslims, but that they had to be taken in the context of the political debate around Islam in the Netherlands". De Wit concluded, "we find Wilders' remarks were limited to Islam as a religious movement".[105] Dutch foreign affairs minister Maxime Verhagen has ordered an analysis of the risks faced by the MP, noting the possibility that Wilders, while abroad, could be arrested and deported to Jordan at the latter's request.

On 12 February 2009, Wilders was denied entry to the United Kingdom after being invited by the Lord Pearson of the United Kingdom Independence Party to show his film in the House of Lords.[106] He has declared this "a sad day for the United Kingdom" and accused the government of cowardice. Wilders appealed the ban, and on 13 October 2009, it was overturned by the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal.[107] The UK Home Office then stated its intention not to appeal the tribunal decision; and Wilders' planned visit to the UK went ahead, with his arriving in the country on 16 October 2009. Wilders described the decision to overturn the ban as a "victory for freedom of speech".[108]

Films made in response

On 28 March, a film was released by the Arab European League, named Al Mouftinoun.[109] There was also a call to submit a response film to a special Geert Wilders Film festival.[110] The film Ashkar[111] was declared the winner on 3 May 2008.[112] A Saudi blogger made a contra-film in April called Schism.[113] It was also released on LiveLeak.

Sequel

Wilders has stated that he plans to release a sequel to Fitna.[114] In March 2010 Wilders announced that he plans to release a second movie about the spread of Islam, but not until after Dutch elections in June. He said the sequel to his 2008 film would focus on the consequences of mass migration from Muslim countries, freedom of expression, and Sharia or Muslim law. He indicated that he received help from professionals in the US to make his film.[115]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Anti-Koran film post on Internet"
  3. ↑ "Web site of Dutch anti-Islam film is suspended"
  4. ↑ "The Netherlands: U.S. Company Shuts Anti-Koran Web Site "
  5. ↑ "Defend the right to say it"
  6. ↑ "Hold your breath: 'Fitna' spreading seeds of hatred". Today's Zaman. 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  7. 1 2 Park, Michael (2008-01-21). "Iran Warns Netherlands Not to Air Controversial 'Anti-Muslim' Film". Fox News. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
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  33. ↑ This is an announcement for the Rome event. announcement (13 Feb 2009) NB: After the event the registration details were removed. The original can still be seen in the Google cache.
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  72. ↑ "Bijna helft jonge Marokkanen antiwesters". De Volkskrant, Nederland. 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  73. ↑ "Marokkanen gooien homo in het water". De Telegraaf, Nederland. 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
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  75. 1 2 "Wilders death threats confirmed". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 2008-02-27. Archived from the original on 2008-03-02. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  76. ↑ Steen, Michael (2008-03-28). "Dutch MP releases anti-Koran film". Financial Times. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  77. ↑ El-Buri, Rehab (2008-03-28). "Uproar Over Anti-Islam Film Falls Flat". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
  78. ↑ Pickthall 8:60–61
  79. ↑ Pickthall 4:56–57
  80. ↑ Pickthall 47:4
  81. ↑ "YaQuB: Yet Another Quran Browser". quranbrowser.com.
  82. ↑ "YaQuB: Yet Another Quran Browser". quranbrowser.com.
  83. ↑ "Bieslog - DE film (2)". VPRO (in Dutch). 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  84. ↑ Traufetter, Gerald (2008-03-27). "Koranfeindliches Video veröffentlicht - Protest gegen Rechtspopulist Wilders". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  85. ↑ Al-Tahawy, Amira; Sandels, Alexandra; Barotta, Rita; Van Langendonck, Gert (2008-03-28). "Fitna, Much ado about nothing?". Menassat. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  86. ↑ Lagendijk, Robert (2007-05-10). "Salah Edin legt toch eed af in treinkrant DAG". VPRO (in Dutch). Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  87. 1 2 "News" - page on Salah Edin's website.
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  91. ↑ "(Dutch) Government's reaction to Wilders' film". Ministry of General Affairs. 2008-03-27. Archived from the original on 2008-04-04. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  92. ↑ "Indonesian Internet providers start blocking Dutch film: report". ANTARA. 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  93. ↑ Putra, Budi (2008-04-14). "The end of the YouTube drama in Indonesia". CNET Networks. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
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  95. ↑ "Dutch government must be held accountable over Fitna". Hizb ut-Tahrir. Retrieved March 4, 2009.April 4, 2008
  96. ↑ Iran's anti-Wilders film lacks controversy
  97. ↑ Verhagen schrijft opiniestuk in Arabische krant Volkskrant, 30 maart 2008
  98. ↑ "Den Haag Vandaag: debat Fitna" NOS/VARA/NPS
  99. ↑ "JP-tegner klar til sag mod Wilders", Jyllands-Posten, 27 maart 2008
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  101. ↑ Tran, Can (2008-03-28). "After The Release of Fitna, Wilders Faces Numerous Lawsuits". Digital Journal. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  102. ↑ Direct na uitkomen aangifte tegen film, De Volkskrant, 28 March 2008
  103. ↑ "Islam film Dutch MP to be charged". BBC News. 2009-01-21.
  104. 1 2 Wilders faces arrest by Jordan over Fitna
  105. ↑ "Jordan to prosecute Wilders on Fitna". expatica.com.
  106. ↑ "Dutch MP refused entry to Britain". BBC News. 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  107. ↑ "Dutch MP overturns UK entry ban". BBC News. 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  108. ↑ "Dutch MP hails UK visit "victory"". BBC News. 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  109. ↑ AEL Nederland: De Arabisch-Europese Liga lanceert film
  110. ↑ "Geert Wilders Filmfestival". geertwildersfilmfestival.nl.
  111. ↑ Ashkar (in Dutch) on YouTube
  112. ↑ "NOS op 3". nos.nl.
  113. ↑ "Schism counters Fitna". Kuwait Times. 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  114. ↑ "Dutch MP plans sequel to anti-Islam film Fitna". CBC News. 2009-04-16. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009.
  115. ↑ "Dutch politician, Muslim critic plans new film, but after elections". earthtimes.org.

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