Examples of yellowface

In Hollywood, many times, Asian characters have been portrayed predominantly by white actors, often changing their looks with makeup in order to approximate East Asian facial characteristics, a practice known as yellowface. Media portrayals of East Asians in the American media's history have predominantly reflected a dominant Americentric perception rather than realistic and authentic depictions of true cultures, customs and behaviors.^[1]

Fu Manchu, Charlie Chan, and Madame Butterfly

• Fu Manchu and Charlie Chan were the most common East Asian characters in film and television of the mid-20th century, and they were almost always played by white actors in yellowface. An updated film version of Charlie Chan was planned in the 1990s by Miramax; this new Charlie Chan was to be "hip, slim, cerebral, sexy and ... a martial-arts master",^[2] but the film did not come to fruition.^[2]
• Madama Butterfly, an opera about Japanese woman who falls in love with an American sailor who leaves her, and when he returns with an American wife, the devastated Cio-Cio San commits suicide. This immensely popular opera is often performed with a non-Asian singer playing the role of Cio-Cio San in yellowface.

Pre Civil Rights Movement

Year	Title	Actor(s)	Director	Notes
1915	Madame Butterfly	Mary Pickford as Cio-Cio San Many of the film's leading roles are white actors donning yellowface to play Asian roles	Sidney Olcott
1918	The Forbidden City	Norma Talmadge as San San Toy E. Alyn Warren as Wong Li Michael Rayle as The Mandarin L. Rogers Lytton as Chinese Emperor	Sidney Franklin
1919	Broken Blossoms	Richard Barthelmess as Cheng Huan	D.W. Griffith
1919	Mr. Wu	Matheson Lang as Mr. Wu Meggie Albanesi as Nang Ping	Maurice Elvey	British version
1923	The Purple Dawn	Bessie Love as Mui Far Edward Peil, Sr. as Wong Chong, the Tong leader	Charles R. Seeling
1927	Mr. Wu	Lon Chaney as Mr. Wu Renée Adorée as Wu Nang Ping	William Nigh	American version
1932	The Hatchet Man	Edward G. Robinson and Loretta Young	William A. Wellman	Makeup artists had noticed that audiences were more likely to reject Western actors in Asian disguise if the faces of actual Asians were in near proximity. Rather than cast the film with all Asian actors, which would have then meant no star names to attract American audiences, studios simply eliminated most of the Asian actors from the cast.[3]
1932	Frisco Jenny	Helen Jerome Eddy	William A. Wellman	Helen Jerome Eddy, portrays Frisco Jenny's loyal servant Amah. Although not a success on the original release, in recent years, Frisco Jenny has been among the pre-Code films rediscovered and re-evaluated thanks to theatrical revivals and cable television screenings.[4]
1932	Thirteen Women	Myrna Loy	George Archainbaud	Ursula Georgi (Myrna Loy), a half-Javanese Eurasian woman who was subjected to harsh bigotry from the other women during her school days due to her mixed-race heritage. Georgi exacts revenge by using a suborned swami to manipulate the women into killing themselves or each other. Not a popular success either critically or financially, Thirteen Women has achieved a "cult classic" status in recent years. A pre-code era film, modern critics have stated that its theme was ahead of its time and out of step with the tastes of 1930s cinema patrons.[5]
1933	The Bitter Tea of General Yen	Nils Asther	Frank Capra	General Yen was a box office failure upon its release and has since been overshadowed by Capra's later efforts. In recent years, the film has grown in critical acclaim. In 2000, the film was chosen by British film critic Derek Malcolm as one of the hundred best films in The Century of Films. According to a New York Times Review, Mr. Asther's make-up is impressive, with slanting eyes and dark skin. He talks with a foreign accent.[6] Toshia Mori who in 1932 became the only Asian actress to be selected as a WAMPAS Baby Star, an annual list of young and promising film actresses, was billed third in the film's credits, behind Barbara Stanwyck and Nils Asther. This was her most significant film role; she returned to minor characters in her subsequent films.
1934	The Mysterious Mr. Wong	Bela Lugosi	William Nigh	Bela Lugosi stars as Mr. Wong, a "harmless" Chinatown shopkeeper by day and relentless blood-thirsty pursuer of the Twelve Coins of Confucius by night. They did not even bother to disguise Lugosi's thick Hungarian accent. It was directed by William Nigh, who three years later directed Boris Karloff in the Mr. Wong detective films.
1937	The Good Earth	Paul Muni as Wang Lung Luise Rainer as O-Lan All of the Lead Roles	Sidney Franklin	All of the lead roles were played by actors in Yellowface while all the extras and minor roles were played by Asians.
1937	Lost Horizon	H.B. Warner	Frank Capra	H.B. Warner as Chang, an ancient Chinese man who rescues the plane crash survivors and takes them to Shangri-La. H.B. Warner lost the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor to Joseph Schildkraut for the same film.[7]
1937–1939	Mr. Moto film series	Peter Lorre as Mr. Moto film series		Between 1937 and 1939 eight motion pictures were produced by 20th Century Fox starring Peter Lorre[8] as Mr. Kentaro Moto.[9] Unlike in the novels, Moto is the central character, wears glasses, and no longer has gold teeth. He is still impeccably dressed in primarily Western suits, only wearing a yukata when he is relaxing at home. The stories are action-oriented due to Moto's liberal use of judo (only hinted at in the novels) and due to his tendency to wear disguises.
1939	Island of Lost Men	Anthony Quinn	Kurt Neumann	Anthony Quinn is in yellowface and portrays Chang Tai, a "Chinese" agent.
1939	The Mystery of Mr. Wong	Boris Karloff	William Nigh	Boris Karloff was in yellowface as the detective. Amongst the Asians in the background: Chester Gan, Lotus Long as the maid, Lee Tung Foo as Mr. Wong's Butler and door opener.
1940	The Letter	Gale Sondergaard	William Wyler	Sondergaard plays a Eurasian, a trope of the Dragonlady. Variety said, "Sondergaard is the perfect mask-like threat".[10]
1942	Little Tokyo, U.S.A.	Harold Huber as Takimura, American-born spy for Tokyo, June Duprez as Teru	Otto Brower	While other works had used Asian make-up to ridicule or vilify Asian features, this B movie used yellowface directly to deny a group of Asian Americans their civil rights.[11] Twentieth Century-Fox seized on one of the most controversial aspects of the homefront, the roundup and internment of people of Japanese descent on the West Coast. Little Tokyo basically developed the theme that anyone of Japanese descent, including American citizens, was loyal to the emperor of Japan and a potential traitor to America.[12][13] The movie employed a quasi-documentary style of filming. Twentieth Century sent its cameramen to the Japanese quarter of Los Angeles to shoot the actual evacuation. However, after the evacuation, night shots were difficult in the deserted "Little Tokyo". Night scenes were filmed in Chinatown instead. Chinese actor Richard Loo played one of the lead Japanese roles in the film.
1944	Dragon Seed	Katharine Hepburn, Walter Huston, Aline MacMahon, Turhan Bey, Agnes Moorehead, J. Carrol Naish, and Hurd Hatfield	Harold S. Bucquet and Jack Conway	Based on a best-selling book by Pearl S. Buck, the film portrays a peaceful village in China that has been invaded by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese war. The men in the village choose to adopt a peaceful attitude toward their conquerors, but Jade (played by Hepburn), a headstrong woman, stands up to the Japanese. Aline MacMahon was nominated for an Academy Award for best supporting actress. In Lion of Hollywood author Scott Eyman wrote that this was one of the worst of all MGM pictures (p. 364).[14]
1946	Anna and the King of Siam	Rex Harrison, Linda Darnell, and Gale Sondergaard	John Cromwell	At the 19th Academy Awards ceremony, the film received two Oscars; for Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction (Lyle R. Wheeler, William S. Darling, Thomas Little, Frank E. Hughes)[15]
1946	Ziegfeld Follies	Fred Astaire and Lucille Bremer	Lemuel Ayers, Roy Del Ruth, Robert Lewis, Vincente Minnelli, Merrill Pye, George Sidney, Charles Walters	Limehouse Blues: Conceived as a "dramatic pantomime" with Astaire as a proud but poverty-stricken Chinese labourer whose infatuation with the unattainable Bremer leads to tragedy. The story serves as bookends for a dream ballet inspired by Chinese dance motifs.
1955	Blood Alley	Anita Ekberg, Berry Kroeger, Paul Fix, and Mike Mazurki	William A. Wellman	Despite the star power of its lead actors and director, Blood Alley received a lukewarm reception from critics.[16] The New York Times proclaimed, "Blood Alley, despite its exotic, oriental setting, is a standard chase melodrama patterned on a familiar blueprint."[17] Far better were Paul Fix, Berry Kroeger, and Anita Ekberg, who weren't the most convincing "Chinese" in the world but who seem to fit right in with the blood-and-thunder proceedings.[18]
1955	Love is a Many Splendored Thing	Jennifer Jones	Henry King	Set in 1949-50 Hong Kong, it tells the story of a married, but separated, American reporter (played by William Holden), who falls in love with a Eurasian doctor originally from Mainland China (played by Jennifer Jones), only to encounter prejudice from her family and from Hong Kong society. Apart from Jennifer Jones, the rest of the family were cast with East Asian actors. The film won Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, Color, Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture and Best Music, Song (for Sammy Fain and Paul Francis Webster for "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing"). It was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Jennifer Jones), Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Color (Lyle Wheeler, George Davis, Walter M. Scott, Jack Stubbs), Best Cinematography, Color, Best Picture and Best Sound, Recording.[15]
1956	The Conqueror	John Wayne	Dick Powell	The picture was a critical and commercial failure (often ranked as one of the worst films of the 1950s). Wayne, who was at the height of his career, had lobbied for the role after seeing the script and was widely believed to have been grossly miscast. (He was so "honored" by The Golden Turkey Awards.)
1956	The King and I	Yul Brynner and Rita Moreno	Walter Lang	Brynner, Russian born (although of part Buryat descent), reprised his role as King Mongut of Siam from the original Broadway production; Moreno, who is of Puerto-Rican heritage, played Tuptim. The film was banned in Thailand (formerly Siam in King Mongkut's days).
1956	The Teahouse of the August Moon	Marlon Brando	Daniel Mann	Brando spent two hours a day for the standard prosthetic eyepieces and makeup. His role was made all the more noticeable because he is the only actor in yellowface in a sea of Asian extras and secondary characters.[19] Brando actually attempted an "authentic" Japanese accent and he even has some Japanese dialogue.
1957	Sayonara	Ricardo Montalbán as Nakamura	Joshua Logan	A movie dealing with racism, prejudice, and interracial marriage in post war Japan
1958	The Quiet American (1958 version)	Giorgia Moll (an Italian) as Phuong	Joseph L. Mankiewicz	Adaptation of Graham Green's novel.
1958	The Inn of the Sixth Happiness	Curd Jürgens and Robert Donat	Mark Robson	The two leads, British actor Robert Donat and German actor Curt Juergens, portrayed Chinese characters. The filmmakers have also been criticised for casting Ingrid Bergman, a tall woman with a Swedish accent, as Gladys Aylward who was in fact short and had a cockney accent.
1961	Breakfast at Tiffany's	Mickey Rooney	Blake Edwards	His performance of Japanese character Mr. Yunioshi was later criticized in subsequent years as an offensive stereotype.[20][21] The 2009 DVD re-release of the film included "a brief and necessary featurette on the character of Mr. Yunioshi, offering an Asian perspective on yellowface".[22]
1961	Flower Drum Song	Juanita Hall	Henry Koster	The film and stage play were based on the 1957 novel of the same name by the Chinese-American author C.Y. Lee. In 1960 producer Ross Hunter cast Anna May Wong, in Flower Drum Song. However, Wong became ill in December 1960 and was replaced by Juanita Hall. This movie was unusual (for its time) in featuring nearly all Asian-American cast members (one of the few speaking Caucasian parts being that of a mugger), including dancers, though two of the singing voices were not by Asian ones. Starring in this movie were Nancy Kwan, James Shigeta, Benson Fong, James Hong, Reiko Sato and the original Broadway cast members Jack Soo, Miyoshi Umeki and Juanita Hall (an African-American actress who previously played the Pacific Islander Bloody Mary in the Broadway and film productions of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific). In 2008, Flower Drum Song was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[23]
1962	The Manchurian Candidate	Henry Silva	John Frankenheimer
1962	A Majority of One	Alec Guinness	Mervyn LeRoy
1963	55 Days at Peking	Flora Robson	Nicholas Ray
1964	7 Faces of Dr. Lao	Tony Randall	George Pal
1965	Pierrot le fou	Anna Karina	Jean-Luc Godard	Lead actress Anna Karina donned yellowface makeup during a mid-film skit satirizing the American involvement in the Vietnam War.
1965	Genghis Khan	Robert Morley, James Mason and others	Henry Levin
1965	Gilligan's Island	Vito Scotti
1965	Get Smart	Leonard Strong		As "The Claw", in the episode: "Diplomat's Daughter". "Not Craw, Craw!"
1965	The Return of Mr. Moto	Henry Silva	Ernest Morris	In 1965 Mr. Moto's character was revived in a low-budget Robert Lippert production filmed in England starring Henry Silva.[24] In Mr. Moto Returns, a.k.a. The Return of Mr. Moto, Mr. I.A. Moto is now a member of Interpol. The extremely tall Silva conveyed an almost James Bond-like playboy character; in the fight scenes he is clearly not proficient in martial arts. He speaks in a lazy 'Beatnik' manner. Nowhere in the film is it even mentioned that Moto is Japanese. He is referred to as an "oriental" and, oddly, in the trailer, Moto is referred to as a "swinging Chinese cat". It is only when he is disguised as a Japanese oil representative, Mr. Takura, that a more stereotypical portrayal of a Japanese businessman is given.
1966	7 Women	Woody Strode and Mike Mazurki	John Ford

After Civil Rights Movement

Note: This is also after the anti-miscegenation laws were repealed in the United States of America that prevented East Asian actors from playing opposite white actors as love interests.

Year	Title	Actor(s)	Director	Notes
1970	The Yin and the Yang of Mr. Go	James Mason as Y.Y. Go	Burgess Meredith
1972-1975	Kung Fu	David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine		David Carradine wore Yellowface makeup/prosthetics to look more East Asian
1973	Lost Horizon	John Gielgud as Chang	Charles Jarrott
1975	One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing	Peter Ustinov and others	Robert Stevenson
1976	Murder by Death	Peter Sellers	Robert Moore	Peter Sellers plays Inspector Sidney Wang, based on Charlie Chan and appropriately accompanied by his adopted, Japanese son Willie (Richard Narita). Wang wears elaborate Chinese costumes, and his grammar is frequently criticized by the annoyed host much the same way that Inspector Clouseau. It could be argued that Sellers' role is in itself a parody of yellowface casting in earlier films.
1980	The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu	Peter Sellers	Piers Haggard Peter Sellers Richard Quine	This is the last Fu Manchu created.
1980	Flash Gordon	Max von Sydow as Emperor Ming	Mike Hodges	Ming the Merciless is the sci fi version of Fu Manchu.
1981	Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen	Peter Ustinov as Charlie Chan		In 1980, Jerry Shylock proposed a multimillion-dollar comedy film, to be called Charlie Chan and the Dragon Lady. A group calling itself C.A.N. (Coalition of Asians to Nix) was formed, protesting the fact that two white actors, Peter Ustinov and Angie Dickinson, had been cast in the primary roles. Others protested that the film itself contained a number of stereotypes; Shylock responded that the film was not a documentary.[25] The film was released the following year as Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen and was an "abysmal failure".[26] More successful was Wayne Wang's Chan is Missing (1982), which was a spoof of the older Chan films.[2]
1982	Conan the Barbarian	Gerry Lopez as Subotai	John Milius	The character Subotai is a 'Hyrkanian' who in the mythos of Conan the Barbarian are the ancestors of Asians and further the character is named after Subotai one of the general so Genghis Khan, but the character however is played by the white actor Gerry Lopez.
1982	The Year of Living Dangerously	Linda Hunt as Billy Kwan	Peter Weir	Actress Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of an Asian man.[27]
1982	Marco Polo (TV miniseries)	Leonard Nimoy as Achmet	Giuliano Montaldo	Italian and American television mini-series
1984	The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai	Peter Weller as Buckaroo Banzai	W.D. Richter	Buckaroo Banzai is supposed to be half-Japanese, with a Japanese father played by James Saito and American mother played by Jamie Lee Curtis.
1985	Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins	Joel Grey as Chiun	Guy Hamilton	Film based on the Destroyer book series. Joel Grey garnered a Saturn Award and a second Golden Globe nomination for "Best Supporting Actor" for his Yellowface portrayal.
1993-1997	Kung Fu: The Legend Continues	David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine		David Carradine once again wore Yellowface makeup/prosthetics to make him look East Asian
1994	Sabotage	Adam Yauch	Spike Jonze	Beastie Boys music video.
1996-1999	Tracey Takes On...	Tracey Ullman as Mrs. Noh Nang Ning		Ullman wore prosthetics to make her look East Asian.

21st century

Year	Title	Actor(s)	Director	Notes
2005	We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year	Chris Lilley as Ricky Wong		We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year is an Australian Television series, Ricky Wong is a 23-year-old Chinese physics student who lives in the suburb of Wheelers Hill, Melbourne, Victoria. He is often exuberant and tells his colleagues that "Physics is Phun" and that they are in the "Wong" laboratory. This character is largely a vehicle for parodying the stereotypical "Chinese overachiever", or model migrant.
2006	Cloud 9	Paul Rodriguez as Mr. Wong		Cloud 9[28]
2007	Balls of Fury	Christopher Walken as Feng	Ben Garant	Feng is a parody of the yellow peril and Fu Manchu stereotype.
2007	Norbit	Eddie Murphy as Mr. Wong	Brian Robbins	For his portrayal Eddie Murphy received a Golden Raspberry Award. Worst Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy; as Mr. Wong)[29]
2007	Grindhouse	Nicolas Cage as Dr. Fu Manchu	Rob Zombie	Fake Trailer: Werewolf Women of the SS[30]
2007	I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry	Rob Schneider as the Asian minister and photographer	Dennis Dugan	Schneider is in fact half Filipino by descent, but wore prosthetics for the role which were criticised as an offensive stereotype. Nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor but lost to Eddie Murphy.
2008	My Name Is Bruce	Ted Raimi as Wing	Bruce Campbell
2009	Crank: High Voltage	David Carradine as Poon Dong	Neveldine/Taylor	Poon Dong, played by David Carradine, is the head of the Chinese Triad. In Crank: High Voltage. The name of the character is a pun, being both a stereotypical Chinese-sounding name and slang for genitalia.
2009	Chanel - Paris - Shanghai A Fantasy - The Short Movie	Freja Beha, Baptiste Giabiconi	Karl Lagerfeld	Karl Lagerfeld Opened His Pre-Fall Show in Shanghai With a Film That Included Yellow Face.[31] Lagerfeld defended this as a reference to old films. "It is an homage to Europeans trying to look Chinese", he explained. "Like in The Good Earth, the people in the movie liked the idea that they had to look like Chinese. Or like actors in Madame Butterfly. People around the world like to dress up as different nationalities." "It is about the idea of China, not the reality."[32] Chinese persons played the maid, a courtesan and background characters. The film is currently on YouTube[33]
2009	Hanger	Wade Gibb as Russell	Ryan Nicholson	A black comedy in which a Chinese man with Down syndrome is portrayed by a Caucasian actor under heavy prosthetics and make-up.
2010	The Last Airbender	Majority of the cast	M. Night Shyamalan
2012	Cloud Atlas	Jim Sturgess, Hugo Weaving, Halle Berry, Hugh Grant, James D'Arcy, and Keith David	Lana and Andy Wachowski	A significant number of cast members applied makeup, focusing mostly on the eyes, to make their features appear more Korean/East Asian in one of the film's stories. The film is based on the idea of having the same actors reappear in different roles in six different story lines, one of which is set in 'Neo Seoul' in the year 2144. The film thus also has Asian actresses Bae Doona and Zhou Xun appear in non-Asian roles, and African-American actress Halle Berry portrayed a white character. Blackface is not used in the film, however.
2013	The Walking Dead: A Hardcore Parody	Danny Wylde as Glenn Rhee	Danny Wylde	A pornographic parody of The Walking Dead, controversy interrupted over the character Glenn being portrayed by a Caucasian actor under heavy make-up and prosthetics.[34][35]
2013	Pacific Rim	Clifton Collins, Jr. as Tendo Choi	Guillermo Del Toro	Mexican-American actor Clifton Collins, Jr. portrays in Yellowface a Chinese-American character Tendo Choi the Jaeger technician. Collins has been quoted describing his character as the "Brains" behind the Jaegers.
2015	The Martian	Mackenzie Davis as Mindy Park and Chiwetel Ejiofor (which is a Black actor) as Vincent Kapoor	Ridley Scott	Although there were a large number of Asian actors in the cast Davis and Ejiofor played larger roles. Although Ejiofor portrayal of Kapoor is brownface it's still Asian racebending and there is no section for brownface.
2015	Aloha	Emma Stone as Alison Ng	Cameron Crowe

Yellowface worn by a character in a film

In some films, white characters, played by white actors, have played Asians, often as a disguise.

Year	Title	Actor(s)	Director	Notes
1945	First Yank into Tokyo	Gordon Douglas	Tom Neal	A US soldier undergoes plastic surgery to look Japanese in order to rescue an American scientist held in Japan.
1962	My Geisha	Shirley MacLaine	Jack Cardiff
1967	You Only Live Twice	Sean Connery	Lewis Gilbert	James Bond disguises himself as a Japanese bridegroom in order to elude SPECTRE assassins.
1978	Revenge of the Pink Panther	Peter Sellers	Blake Edwards	Inspector Clouseau had many disguises and this included the quintessential Chinaman stereotype.
1981	Hardly Working	Jerry Lewis	Jerry Lewis
1997	The Pest	John Leguizamo	Paul Miller	Leguizamo used Yellowface twice in the film to disguise himself as both a Chinese and Japanese man to try and escape hunters trying to kill him and in both situations his character Pest portrayed them as stereotypical Asian caricatures.
2011	Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows	Robert Downey, Jr.	Guy Ritchie	The character of Sherlock Holmes donned Yellowface to disguise himself as a Chinese man for a short while in the film.

See also

• Michael Derrick Hudson, a white American poet who was accused of "yellowface" for employing a Chinese female pseudonym
• Whitewashing in film
• Yellowface
• Racebending

References

1. Kashiwabara, Amy, Vanishing Son: The Appearance, Disappearance, and Assimilation of the Asian-American Man in American Mainstream Media, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
2. Sengupta (1997).
3. "The Hatchet Man". Tcm.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
4. "Frisco Jenny". Tcm.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
5. Basinger, Jeanine (June 16, 2008). "Few female ensemble films". Variety.
6. Hall, Mordaunt (January 12, 1933). "Radio City Music Hall Shows a Melodrama of China as Its First Pictorial Attraction". The New York Times.
7. "Lost Horizon (1937)". Tcm.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
8. Peter Lorre at the Internet Movie Database
9. Mr. Moto at the Internet Movie Database
10. "The Letter". Variety. 1939-12-31. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
11. https://web.archive.org/20090721023148/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~ksoroka/hollywoodfilm.html. Archived from the original on July 21, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
12. "Movies: About Little Tokyo, USA". The New York Times.
13. "At the Palace". The New York Times. August 7, 1942.
14. Dargis, Manohla (July 10, 2005). "'Lion of Hollywood': Mogul of Make-Believe". The New York Times.
15. "NY Times: Anna and the King of Siam". NY Times. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
16. "Blood Alley". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
17. Dargis, Manohla (February 7, 2005). "We're Sorry". The New York Times.
18. "Blood Alley (1955) - Releases". AllMovie. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
19. Robert B. Ito. "Bright Lights Film Journal :: "A Certain Slant": A Brief History of Hollywood Yellowface". Brightlightsfilm.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
20. Durant, Yvonne (June 18, 2006). "Where Holly Hung Her Ever-So-Stylish Hat". New York Observed. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
21. Dargis, Manohla (July 20, 2007). "Dude (Nyuck-Nyuck), I Love You (as If!)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
22. Bell, Robert (January 12, 2009). "DVD Review: Breakfast at Tiffany's - Centennial Collection". The Trades. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
23. "'Flower Drum Song' Among 25 Films Inducted Into Registry - BWWMoviesWorld". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
24. The Return of Mr. Moto at the Internet Movie Database
25. Chan (2001), 58.
26. Pitts (1991), 301.
27. Worrell, Denise; Gerald Clarke (April 23, 1984). "The Night off the Great Prom". Time. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
28. "Cloud 9 (2006)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
29. "Gold Derby". Los Angeles Times. February 27, 2009.
30. "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
31. "Karl Lagerfeld Talks Shanghai and Fashion - WWD Fashion Features". WWD.com. 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
32. "Karl Lagerfeld Opened His Pre-Fall Show in Shanghai With a Film That Included Yellow Face - The Cut". New York. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
33. "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
34. Kang, Peter (30 January 2013). "Walking Dead Porn Parody Actor's Interesting Makeup". iamkoream.com. KoreAm. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
35. Morrissey, Tracie (31 January 2013). "Walking Dead Porn Parody Relies on Yellowface". jezebel.com. Jezebel. Retrieved 6 September 2013.