Hydrops fetalis

Hydrops fetalis

An ultrasound featuring a baby with Hydrops fetalis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 P56, P83.2
ICD-9-CM 773.3, 778.0
DiseasesDB 29715
MedlinePlus 007308
eMedicine ped/1042
Patient UK Hydrops fetalis
MeSH D015160

Hydrops fetalis is a condition in the fetus characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or edema, in at least two fetal compartments.[1] By comparison, hydrops allantois or hydrops amnion are an accumulation of excessive fluid in the allantoic or amniotic space respectively.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Locations can include:

The edema is usually seen in the fetal subcutaneous tissue, sometimes leading to spontaneous abortion. It is a prenatal form of heart failure, in which the heart is unable to satisfy its demand for a high amount of blood flow.

Causes

Hydrops fetalis usually stems from fetal anemia, when the heart needs to pump a much greater volume of blood to deliver the same amount of oxygen. This anemia can have either an immune or non-immune cause. Non-immune hydrops can also be unrelated to anemia, for example if a fetal tumor or congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation increases the demand for blood flow. The increased demand for cardiac output leads to heart failure, and corresponding edema.

Immune

Non-immune

The non-immune form of hydrops fetalis has many causes including:[3]

Diagnosis

Hydrops fetalis can be diagnosed and monitored by ultrasound scans. Prenatal ultrasound scanning enables early recognition of hydrops fetalis and has been enhanced with the introduction of MCA Doppler.

Treatment

The treatment depends on the cause.

Severely anemic fetuses, including those with Rh disease and alpha thalassemia major, can be treated with blood transfusions while still in the womb. This treatment increases the chance that the fetus will survive until birth.[3][5][6]

See also

References

  1. "Hydrops Fetalis: eMedicine Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine". Retrieved 2010-02-11.
  2. Equine stud farm medicine and surgery. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
  3. 1 2 Norton, Mary E.; Chauhan, Suneet P.; Dashe, Jodi S. (2015-02-01). "Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Clinical Guideline #7: nonimmune hydrops fetalis". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 212 (2): 127–139. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.018.
  4. Isaacs H (January 2008). "Fetal hydrops associated with tumors". Am J Perinatol 25 (1): 43–68. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1004826. PMID 18075961.
  5. Vichinsky, Elliott P. (2009-01-01). "Alpha thalassemia major—new mutations, intrauterine management, and outcomes". ASH Education Program Book 2009 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.35. ISSN 1520-4391. PMID 20008180.
  6. Derderian, S. Christopher; Jeanty, Cerine; Fleck, Shannon R.; Cheng, Lily S.; Peyvandi, Shabnam; Moon-Grady, Anita J.; Farrell, Jody; Hirose, Shinjiro; Gonzalez, Juan (2015-01-01). "The many faces of hydrops". Journal of Pediatric Surgery 50 (1): 50–54. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.027. PMC 4315667. PMID 25598092.

External links

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