Field marshal (United Kingdom)

The insignia of a field marshal as worn on epaulettes

Field marshal has been the highest rank in the British Army since 1736. A five-star rank with NATO code OF-10, it is equivalent to an admiral of the fleet in the Royal Navy or a marshal of the Royal Air Force in the RAF. A field marshal's insignia consists of two crossed batons surrounded by yellow leaves below St Edward's Crown. As with marshals of the Royal Air Force and admirals of the fleet in their respective services, field marshals remain officers of the British Army for life, though on half-pay when not in an appointment.^[1][2] The rank has been used sporadically throughout its history and was vacant through parts of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (when all holders of the rank were deceased). After the Second World War, it became standard practice to appoint the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (later renamed Chief of the General Staff) to the rank on his last day in the post. Army officers occupying the post of Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of all the British Armed Forces, were usually promoted to the rank upon their appointment.^[3]

In total, 140 men have held the rank of field marshal. The majority led careers in the British Army or the British Indian Army, rising through the ranks to eventually become a field marshal. Some members of the British Royal Family—most recently Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Charles, Prince of Wales—were promoted to the rank after shorter periods of service. Three British monarchs—George V, Edward VIII, and George VI— assumed the rank on their accessions to the throne, while Edward VII was already a field marshal, and two British consorts—Albert, Prince Consort and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh—were appointed by their respective queens. Other ceremonial appointments were made as diplomatic gestures. Twelve foreign monarchs held the honour, though three (Wilhelm II, German Emperor; Franz Joseph I, Austrian Emperor; and Hirohito, Emperor of Japan) were stripped of it when their countries became enemies of Britain and her allies in the two world wars. Also awarded the rank were two distinguished foreign military officers, honoured for their contributions to World War I and World War II respectively, and one foreign statesman.^[3]

A report commissioned by the Ministry of Defence in 1995 made a number of recommendations for financial savings in the armed forces' budget, one of which was the abolition of the five-star ranks. Part of the rationale behind the recommendation was that the ranks of field marshal, admiral of the fleet and marshal of the Royal Air Force were disproportionate to the size of the forces commanded by these officers and that none of the United Kingdom's close allies, such as the United States (which reserves the rank of general of the army for officers who have commanded large armies in major wars), used such ranks. The recommendation was not taken up in full, but the convention of promoting service chiefs to five-star ranks was stopped and the ranks are now reserved for special circumstances. Sir Peter Inge was, in 1994, the last active officer to be promoted to the rank. Inge relinquished the post of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) in 1997 and his successor, Sir Charles Guthrie, was the first officer not to be promoted upon appointment as CDS.^[3]

The most recent promotions to field marshal came in 2012, eighteen years after the moratorium on routine promotions to the rank, when Queen Elizabeth II promoted Prince Charles, her son and heir-apparent to the throne, to the five-star ranks in all three services, in recognition of support provided for her in her capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces.^[4] At the same time, Guthrie, who relinquished the post of CDS and retired from active service in 2001, was promoted to honorary field marshal.^[5] In June 2014 former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Walker of Aldringham was also promoted to honorary field marshal.^[6]

Insignia of rank

The rank insignia of a field marshal in the British Army comprises two crossed batons in a wreath of oak leaves, with a crown above. In some other countries, historically under the sphere of British influence, an adapted version of the insignia is used for field marshals, often with the crown being replaced with an alternative cultural or national emblem.

On appointment, British field marshals are awarded a gold-tipped baton which they may carry on formal occasions.

List of Field Marshals

Four Field Marshals were also recipients of the Victoria Cross, the UK's highest award for gallantry.

The vast majority of officers to hold the rank of field marshal were professional soldiers in the British Army, though eleven served as officers in the British Indian Army. At least fifty-seven field marshals were wounded in battle earlier in their careers, of whom 24 were wounded more than once, and eight had been prisoners of war. Fifteen future field marshals were present at the Battle of Vitoria, where the Duke of Wellington earned the rank, and ten others served under Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. However, only thirty-eight held independent commands in the field, and just twelve served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (the pre-1904 professional head of the army) or Chief of the Imperial General Staff during a major war.^[3]

Four field marshals—Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir George White, Earl Roberts, and Lord Gort—had previously received the Victoria Cross (VC), the United Kingdom's highest and most prestigious award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy". Wood, a famously injury-prone officer, was awarded the VC for two actions in 1858 in which he first attacked a group of rebels in India and later rescued an informant from another group of rebels. White, a cavalry officer, led two charges on enemy guns in Afghanistan in 1879, while Gort, of the Grenadier Guards, commanded a series of attacks while severely wounded during the First World War in 1918. Roberts received his VC for actions during the Indian Mutiny.^{[7][8][9][10][11]}

Wellington, 44 at the time of his promotion, was the youngest non-royal officer to earn the rank of field marshal. Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda was the oldest, promoted at the age of 91, while a further twenty-three officers were promoted to field marshal in their eighties. Wellington was also the only field marshal to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,^[3] though several others served as cabinet ministers.

No officer whose career was spent in the British Army has ever reached the rank of field marshal without having served in the cavalry, infantry, Royal Armoured Corps, Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers.^[3] Two non-British officers have been appointed field marshals in the British Army—Ferdinand Foch of France and Sir Thomas Blamey of Australia, in recognition of their contributions in the First and Second World Wars respectively—while only one, Sir William Robertson, held every rank in the British Army, from private soldier to field marshal.^{[3][12][13][14]}

Field Marshals of the British Army

Name and style[lower-alpha 1]	Regiment[lower-alpha 2]	Image	Born	Died	Date of promotion[15]
George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney	Royal Regiment of Foot		1666	1737	1736-01-1212 January 1736[16]
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll	Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot		1680	1743	1736-01-1414 January 1736[17]
Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon	Horse Guards Regiment		1674	1740	17392 July 1739[18]
François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre			1672	1739	17392 July 1739[19]
John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair	26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot		1673	1747	1742-03-1818 March 1742[20]
Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham	6th Regiment of Foot		1669	1749	1742-12-1414 December 1742[21]
George Wade	Earl of Bath's Regiment		1673	1748	1742-12-1414 December 1742[22]
Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet	Grenadier Guards (1st Foot Guards)		1685	1768	1757-11-2828 November 1757[23]
Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth	Royal Scots		1680	1758	1757-11-2929 November 1757[24]
John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier	10th Regiment of Foot		1680	1770	1757-11-3030 November 1757[25]
James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley	39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot		1690	1773	17631 June 1763[26]
Henry Seymour Conway	5th Royal Irish Lancers		1721	1794	1793-10-1212 October 1793[27]
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh	13th Regiment of Foot		1743	1805	1793-10-1212 October 1793[28]
Sir George Howard	24th Regiment of Foot		1720	1796	1793-10-1212 October 1793[29]
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany	Grenadier Guards		1763	1827	1795-02-1010 February 1795[30]
John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll	Royal Scots Fusiliers		1723	1806	1796-07-3030 July 1796[31]
Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst	Grenadier Guards		1717	1797	1796-07-3030 July 1796[32]
John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden	Scots Guards		1719	1797	1796-07-3030 July 1796[33]
Studholme Hodgson	Grenadier Guards		1708	1798	1796-07-3030 July 1796[34]
George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend	7th Queen's Own Hussars		1724	1807	1796-07-3030 July 1796[35]
Lord Frederick Cavendish	Coldstream Guards		1729	1803	1796-07-3030 July 1796[36]
Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond	Coldstream Guards		1735	1806	1796-07-3030 July 1796[37]
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn	Royal Fusiliers		1767	1820	18055 September 1805[38]
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington	33rd Regiment of Foot		1769	1852	1813-06-2121 June 1813[39]
Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale	— (Royal Family; afterwards King of Hanover)		1771	1851	18136 November 1813[40]
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge	Hanoverian Guards		1774	1850	1813-11-2626 November 1813[41]
Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh	Scots Guards		1776	1834	181624 May 1816[42]
Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	— (Royal Family; afterwards King of the Belgians)		1790	1865	181624 May 1816[43]
Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda	12th Dragoons		1730	1821	1821-07-1919 July 1821[44]
William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt	Grenadier Guards		1743	1830	1821-07-1919 July 1821[16]
Sir Alured Clarke	50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot		1745	1832	1830-07-2222 July 1830[45]
Sir Samuel Hulse	Grenadier Guards		1747 or 1748	1837	1830-07-2222 July 1830[46]
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	— (Royal Family)		1819	1861	18408 February 1840[47]
William II	— (King of the Netherlands)		1792	1847	184528 July 1845[48]
Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet	39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot		1757	1849	1846-11-099 November 1846[49]
Thomas Grosvenor	Grenadier Guards		1764	1851	1846-11-099 November 1846[50]
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey	80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers)		1768	1854	1846-11-099 November 1846[51]
FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan	4th Light Dragoons		1788	1855	18545 November 1854[52]
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere	23rd Regiment of Foot		1773	1865	1855-10-022 October 1855[53]
John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford	33rd Regiment of Foot		1772	1860	1855-10-022 October 1855[54]
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge	Queen's Rangers		1785	1856	1855-10-022 October 1855[55]
John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton	East Devonshire Regiment		1779	1863	18601 April 1860[56]
Sir Edward Blakeney	99th Regiment of Foot		1778	1868	18629 November 1862[57]
Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough	Seaforth Highlanders		1779	1869	18629 November 1862[58]
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge	12th Royal Lancers		1819	1904	18629 November 1862[59]
Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde	9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot		1792	1863	18629 November 1862[60]
Sir Alexander Woodford	9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot		1782	1870	18681 January 1868[61]
Sir William Gomm	9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot		1784	1875	18681 January 1868[62]
Sir Hew Ross	Royal Artillery		1779	1868	18681 January 1868[63]
Sir John Burgoyne	Royal Engineers		1782	1871	18681 January 1868[64]
Sir George Pollock	Bengal Artillery		1786	1872	187024 May 1870[65]
Sir John FitzGerald	— (Retired)		1785	1877	1875-05-2929 May 1875[66]
George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale	Grenadier Guards		1787	1876	1875-05-2929 May 1875[67]
Edward VII	— (Royal Family)		1841	1910	187529 May 1875[68]
Sir William Rowan	52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot		1789	1879	1877-06-022 June 1877[69]
Sir Charles Yorke	35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot		1790	1880	1877-06-022 June 1877[70]
Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn	93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot		1801	1885	1877-06-022 June 1877[71]
Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala	Bengal Engineer Group		1810	1890	1883-01-011 January 1883[72]
Sir Patrick Grant	11th Bengal Native Infantry		1804	1895	1883-06-2424 June 1883[73]
Sir John Michel	64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot		1804	1886	1886-03-2727 March 1886[74]
Sir Richard Dacres	Royal Artillery		1799	1886	1886-03-2727 March 1886[75]
Lord William Paulet	85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)		1804	1893	1886-07-1010 July 1886[76]
George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan	6th Regiment of Foot		1800	1888	188721 June 1887[77]
Sir John Simmons	Royal Engineers		1821	1903	1890-05-2121 May 1890[78]
Sir Frederick Haines	4th Regiment of Foot		1818	1909	1890-05-2121 May 1890[79]
Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet	9th Bengal Native Infantry		1824	1900	1894-05-2426 May 1894[80]
Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley	12th Regiment of Foot		1833	1913	1894-05-2426 May 1894[81]
Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, VC	Bengal Artillery		1832	1914	189525 May 1895[82]
Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar	67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot		1823	1902	189722 June 1897[83]
Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain	55th Bengal Native Infantry		1820	1902	190025 April 1900[84]
Wilhelm II, German Emperor	— (German Emperor)		1859	1941	190127 January 1901[85]
Sir Henry Norman	1st Bengal Native Infantry		1826	1904	1902-06-2626 June 1902[86]
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn	Royal Engineers		1850	1942	1902-06-2626 June 1902[87]
Sir Evelyn Wood, VC	13th Light Dragoons		1838	1919	1903-04-088 April 1903[88]
Sir George White, VC	27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot		1835	1912	1903-04-088 April 1903[89]
Franz Joseph I of Austria	— (Emperor of Austria; King of Hungary)		1830	1916	19031 September 1903[90]
Francis Grenfell, 1st Baron Grenfell	King's Royal Rifle Corps		1841	1925	1908-04-1111 April 1908[91]
Sir Charles Brownlow	51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)		1831	1916	1908-06-2020 June 1908[92]
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener	Royal Engineers		1850	1916	190910 September 1909[93]
George V	— (Royal Family)		1865	1936	19107 May 1910[94]
Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen	Scots Guards		1845	1932	1911-06-1919 June 1911[95]
William Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson	Royal Engineers		1845	1918	1911-06-1919 June 1911[96]
John French, 1st Earl of Ypres	8th King's Royal Irish Hussars		1852	1925	19133 June 1913[97]
Nicholas II of Russia	— (Emperor of Russia)		1868	1918	19161 January 1916[98]
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig	7th Queen's Own Hussars		1861	1928	1917-01-011 January 1917[99]
Sir Charles Egerton	31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot		1848	1921	1917-03-1616 March 1917[100]
Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito)	— (Emperor of Japan)		1879	1926	19181 January 1918[101]
Ferdinand Foch	— (French Army)		1851	1929	191919 July 1919[13]
Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer	York and Lancaster Regiment		1857	1932	1919-07-3131 July 1919[102]
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby	6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons		1861	1936	1919-07-3131 July 1919[103]
Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet	Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)		1864	1922	1919-07-3131 July 1919[104]
Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet	3rd Dragoon Guards		1860	1933	192029 March 1920[105]
Sir Arthur Barrett	44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot		1857	1926	192112 April 1921[106]
Albert I of Belgium	— (King of Belgium)		1875	1934	19214 July 1921[107]
William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood	Royal Scots Fusiliers		1865	1951	192520 March 1925[108]
Sir Claud Jacob	Worcestershire Regiment		1863	1948	192630 November 1926[109]
George Milne, 1st Baron Milne	Royal Artillery		1866	1948	192830 January 1928[110]
Alfonso XIII of Spain	— (King of Spain)		1886	1941	1928-06-033 June 1928[111]
Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa)	— (Emperor of Japan)		1901	1989	1928-06-2626 June 1928[112]
Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy	King's Royal Rifle Corps		1861	1935	1932-07-1717 July 1932[113]
Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan	Grenadier Guards		1865	1946	1932-10-3131 October 1932[114]
Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode	Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry		1869	1950	193313 February 1933[115]
Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd	Royal Artillery		1871	1947	19357 June 1935[116]
Edward VIII	— (Royal Family)		1894	1972	1936-01-2121 January 1936[117]
Sir Cyril Deverell	West Yorkshire Regiment		1874	1947	193615 May 1936[118]
George VI	— (Royal Family)		1895	1952	1936-12-1212 December 1936[119]
Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside	Royal Artillery		1880	1959	194020 July 1940[120]
Smuts, JanJan Smuts	— (South African Army)		1870	1950	1941-05-2424 May 1941[121]
Sir John Dill	Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment		1881	1944	194118 November 1941[122]
John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, VC	Grenadier Guards		1886	1946	1943-01-011 January 1943[123]
Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell	Black Watch		1883	1950	1943-01-011 January 1943[124]
Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke	Royal Artillery		1883	1963	1944-01-011 January 1944[125]
Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis	Irish Guards		1891	1969	1944-06-044 June 1944[126]
Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein	Royal Warwickshire Regiment		1887	1976	1944-09-011 September 1944[127]
Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson	Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)		1881	1964	1944-12-3929 December 1944[128]
Sir Claude Auchinleck	62nd Punjabis (Indian Army)		1884	1981	19461 June 1946[129]
William "Bill" Slim, 1st Viscount Slim	Royal Warwickshire Regiment		1891	1970	19484 January 1948[130]
Sir Thomas Blamey	— (Australian Army)		1884	1951	1950-06-088 June 1950[131]
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh	Royal Navy — (Royal Family)		1921	Living	195315 January 1953[132]
John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton	Somerset Light Infantry		1896	1989	195321 July 1953[133]
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester	King's Royal Rifle Corps		1900	1974	195531 March 1955[134]
Sir Gerald Templer	Royal Irish Fusiliers		1898	1979	195627 November 1956[135]
Sir Francis Festing	Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)		1902	1976	19601 September 1960[136]
Mahendra of Nepal	— (King of Nepal)		1921	1974	196217 October 1962[137]
Haile Selassie I	— (Emperor of Ethiopia)		1892	1975	196520 January 1965[138]
Sir Richard Hull	17th/21st Lancers		1907	1989	19658 February 1965[139]
Sir James Cassels	Seaforth Highlanders		1907	1996	196829 February 1968[140]
Sir Geoffrey Baker	Royal Artillery		1912	1980	197131 January 1971[141]
Michael Carver, Baron Carver	Royal Tank Corps		1915	2001[142]	197318 July 1973[143]
Sir Roland Gibbs	King's Royal Rifle Corps		1921	2004[144]	197913 July 1979[145]
Birendra of Nepal	— (King of Nepal)		1945	2001[146]	198018 November 1980[147]
Edwin Bramall, Baron Bramall	King's Royal Rifle Corps		1923	Living	19821 January 1982[148]
Sir John Stanier	7th Queen's Own Hussars		1925	2007[149]	1985-07-1010 July 1985[150]
Sir Nigel Bagnall	Green Howards		1927	2002[151]	19889 September 1988[152]
Richard Vincent, Baron Vincent of Coleshill	Royal Artillery		1931	Living	19912 April 1991[153]
Sir John Chapple	2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)		1931	Living	199214 February 1992[154]
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent	Royal Scots Greys — (Royal Family)		1935	Living	199311 June 1993[155]
Peter Inge, Baron Inge	Green Howards		1935	Living	199415 March 1994[156]
Charles, Prince of Wales	Royal Navy and Royal Air Force — (Royal Family)		1948	Living	201216 June 2012[5]
Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank	Welsh Guards		1938	Living	201216 June 2012[5]
Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham	Royal Anglian Regiment		1944	Living	201413 June 2014[6]

Notes

1. Titles and styles are those held by the field marshal when they died, or those currently held in the case of living field marshals; in most cases, these are not the same as the titles and styles held by an officer upon their promotion to the rank, nor (in the case of operational field marshals) those held when the officer retired from active service. All post-nominal letters, with the exception of "VC" (denoting the Victoria Cross) are omitted.
2. The regiment given is the regiment into which the field marshal was commissioned. This is not necessarily the regiment the officer first joined, nor is it necessarily the regiment in which the officer spent most of his career. A "—" indicates either that the officer did not lead a career in the British Army or that the officer was not initially commissioned into a formal regiment.

References

Footnotes

1. Brewer's Dictionary.
2. The Daily Telegraph 12 April 2008.
3. Heathcote, Introduction.
4. The Prince of Wales The Queen appoints The Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank 16 June 2012
5. BBC News 16 June 2012.
6. Ministry of Defence 13 June 2014.
7. Ashcroft, pp. 79–81.
8. London Gazette 4 September 1860.
9. London Gazette 3 June 1881.
10. London Gazette 26 November 1918.
11. London Gazette 24 December 1858.
12. Woodward, David R. (May 2006) [September 2004]. "Robertson, Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860–1933)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35786. Retrieved 2007-12-07. (subscription required (help)).
13. Heathcote, pp. 122–125.
14. Heathcote, pp. 47–52.
15. Heathcote, pp. 320–326, Table 1.
16. Heathcote, pp. 166–167.
17. Heathcote, pp. 71–73.
18. Heathcote, pp. 52–53.
19. Heathcote, pp. 99–101.
20. Heathcote, pp. 97–99.
21. Heathcote, pp. 272–273.
22. Heathcote, pp. 285–287.
23. Heathcote, pp. 245–246.
24. Heathcote, pp. 211–212.
25. Heathcote, pp. 202–204.
26. Heathcote, pp. 234–235.
27. Heathcote, pp. 92–94.
28. Heathcote, pp. 302–303.
29. Heathcote, pp. 179–180.
30. Heathcote, pp. 127–130.
31. Heathcote, pp. 73–75.
32. Heathcote, pp. 23–26.
33. Heathcote, pp. 153–154.
34. Heathcote, pp. 178–179.
35. Heathcote, pp. 277–279.
36. Heathcote, pp. 82–83.
37. Heathcote, pp. 199–200.
38. Heathcote, pp. 112–113.
39. Heathcote, pp. 291–295.
40. Heathcote, pp. 116–118.
41. Heathcote, pp. 9–10.
42. Heathcote, pp. 301–302.
43. Heathcote, pp. 200–202.
44. Heathcote, pp. 222–223.
45. Heathcote, pp. 89–90.
46. Heathcote, pp. 182–183.
47. Heathcote, pp. 12–13.
48. Heathcote, pp. 297–299.
49. Heathcote, pp. 232–234.
50. Heathcote, pp. 154–155.
51. Heathcote, pp. 235–237.
52. Heathcote, pp. 267–269.
53. Heathcote, pp. 94–96.
54. Heathcote, pp. 63–64.
55. Heathcote, pp. 171–173.
56. Heathcote, pp. 90–92.
57. Heathcote, pp. 46–47.
58. Heathcote, pp. 148–150.
59. Heathcote, pp. 141–144.
60. Heathcote, pp. 69–71.
61. Heathcote, pp. 316–318.
62. Heathcote, pp. 146–148.
63. Heathcote, pp. 255–256.
64. Heathcote, pp. 60–63.
65. Heathcote, pp. 243–245.
66. Heathcote, pp. 121–122.
67. Heathcote, pp. 173–174.
68. Heathcote, pp. 105–108.
69. Heathcote, pp. 256–257.
70. Heathcote, pp. 318–319.
71. Heathcote, pp. 253–255.
72. Heathcote, pp. 223–225.
73. Heathcote, pp. 150–151.
74. Heathcote, pp. 207–208.
75. Heathcote, pp. 96–97.
76. Heathcote, pp. 237–238.
77. Heathcote, pp. 41–43.
78. Heathcote, pp. 257–259.
79. Heathcote, pp. 163–165.
80. Heathcote, pp. 270–272.
81. Heathcote, pp. 311–314.
82. Heathcote, pp. 246–250.
83. Heathcote, pp. 114–115.
84. Heathcote, pp. 83–85.
85. Heathcote, pp. 299–301.
86. Heathcote, pp. 230–232.
87. Heathcote, pp. 26–28.
88. Heathcote, pp. 314–316.
89. Heathcote, pp. 295–297.
90. Heathcote, pp. 125–127.
91. Heathcote, pp. 151–153.
92. Heathcote, pp. 59–60.
93. Heathcote, pp. 191–197.
94. Heathcote, pp. 135–137.
95. Heathcote, pp. 205–207.
96. Heathcote, pp. 228–230.
97. Heathcote, pp. 130–135.
98. Heathcote, pp. 225–228.
99. Heathcote, pp. 155–160.
100. Heathcote, pp. 115–116.
101. Heathcote, pp. 319–320.
102. Heathcote, pp. 240–243.
103. Heathcote, pp. 19–23.
104. Heathcote, pp. 303–308.
105. Heathcote, pp. 250–253.
106. Heathcote, pp. 39–41.
107. Heathcote, pp. 10–12.
108. Heathcote, pp. 43–45.
109. Heathcote, pp. 190–191.
110. Heathcote, pp. 208–211.
111. Heathcote, pp. 17–19.
112. Heathcote, pp. 176–178.
113. Heathcote, pp. 64–69.
114. Heathcote, pp. 197–199.
115. Heathcote, pp. 86–89.
116. Heathcote, pp. 219–222.
117. Heathcote, pp. 108–112.
118. Heathcote, pp. 101–102.
119. Heathcote, pp. 137–141.
120. Heathcote, pp. 185–190.
121. Heathcote, pp. 264–267.
122. Heathcote, pp. 102–105.
123. Heathcote, pp. 279–283.
124. Heathcote, pp. 287–291.
125. Heathcote, pp. 56–59.
126. Heathcote, pp. 13–17.
127. Heathcote, pp. 212–219.
128. Heathcote, pp. 308–311.
129. Heathcote, pp. 28–35.
130. Heathcote, pp. 259–264.
131. The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38930. p. 2811. 2 June 1950.
132. Heathcote, pp. 238–240.
133. Heathcote, pp. 167–171.
134. Heathcote, pp. 174–176.
135. Heathcote, pp. 273–277.
136. Heathcote, pp. 118–121.
137. Heathcote, pp. 204–205.
138. Heathcote, pp. 160–163.
139. Heathcote, pp. 180–182.
140. Heathcote, pp. 79–82.
141. Heathcote, pp. 37–39.
142. The Guardian 12 December 2001.
143. Heathcote, pp. 75–79.
144. The Daily Telegraph 2 November 2004.
145. Heathcote, pp. 144–146.
146. BBC News 2 June 2001.
147. Heathcote, pp. 45–46.
148. Heathcote, pp. 53–56.
149. The Times 13 November 2007.
150. Heathcote, pp. 269–270.
151. The Independent 11 April 2002.
152. Heathcote, pp. 35–37.
153. Heathcote, pp. 283–285.
154. Heathcote, pp. 85–86.
155. Heathcote, pp. 113–114.
156. Heathcote, pp. 183–185.

General

• Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-696-7.
• Ashcroft, Michael (2007). Victoria Cross Heroes. London: Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7553-1633-5.

Specific

• The London Gazette: no. 22212. p. 5516. 24 December 1858. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
• The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 22419. p. 3257. 4 September 1860. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
• The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 24981. p. 2859. 3 June 1881. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
• The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31034. p. 14039. 26 November 1918. Retrieved 11 June 2011.

• "Field marshal". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap. 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2011. (subscription required)
• "Telegraph style book: the Services". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). 12 April 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
• van der Vat, Dan (12 December 2001). "Obituary: Field Marshal Lord Carver". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 11 June 2011.
• "Obituaries: Field Marshal Sir Roland Gibbs". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). 2 November 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
• "Obituary: Field Marshal Sir John Stanier". The Times (Times Newspapers Ltd). 13 November 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
• "Obituary: Field Marshal Sir Nigel Bagnall". The Independent (Independent Print Limited). 11 April 2002. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
• "Nepal mourns slain king". BBC News (BBC). 2 June 2001. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
• "Prince Charles awarded highest military ranks by Queen". BBC News (BBC). 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
• "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence (Ministry of Defence). 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.