Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
Classification Protestant
Orientation Lutheranism
Polity Episcopal
Primate Archbishop of Turku
Associations Conference of European Churches
Lutheran World Federation
Porvoo Communion
World Council of Churches
Region Finland
Founder Alexander I of Russia
Origin 29 March 1809 (Diet of Porvoo)
Separated from Church of Sweden
Members 3,999,414 resident members, 4,183,245 total members (2015)[1]
Official website Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland official website

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (Finnish: Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko; Swedish: Evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan i Finland) is a national church of Finland. It is part of the Lutheran branch of Christianity.

The church is a member of the World Council of Churches and the Conference of European Churches. It is also a member of the Porvoo Communion and is actively involved in ecumenical relations.

With slightly under four million members "permanently resident in Finland", the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world. It is Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2015, 72.9% of Finns were members of the church.[2] The current head of the Church is the Archbishop of Turku Kari Mäkinen, who succeeded Jukka Paarma on 1 June 2010. The same source, "Väestönmuutokset 2015*", indicates that, when total members are counted, the denomination reported 4,183,245 members at the end of 2015.[3] Other sources, however, from 2015 report a slightly different number. The Lutheran World Federation, to which the churches provide membership statistics, reported the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland as having 4,146,056 members.[4] According to the World Council of Churches, the denomination may even have as many as 4.4 million members.[5]

History

Catholic bishopric

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland traces its lineage to the medieval Diocese of Turku, which coincides geographically with present-day Finland.[6] Christianity was introduced to Finland slowly: the first signs of the Christian faith being found in burial sites dated to the 11th century.

Based on etymological evidence, it seems that its very first influences came to present-day Finland from the Eastern Christian tradition.[7] Archaeological evidence shows that by the middle 12th century, Christianity was dominant in the region around present-day Turku. One legend recounts a crusade dated around 1054, but no contemporary or archaeological evidence backs the story. Another legend is that the martyr-bishop St. Henry founded the Finnish Church, but that is also most likely fictional.[8]

The introduction of Christianity was mostly a peaceful, slow process contemporaneous with the gradual integration with Sweden that culminated in the Sweden-Finland union.

The first bishop, whose name was Thomas, lived in the first half of the 13th century. The ecclesiastical hierarchy was completely established during the Second Swedish Crusade.

During the Middle Ages, the Diocese of Turku was under the primacy of the Archbishop of Uppsala, mirroring the country's Swedish political rule. The diocese had a school, making it capable of educating its own priests, but several Finns also studied abroad in the universities of Germany and Paris.

Before the Reformation, the most important monastic orders active in the bishopric were those of the Franciscans, the Dominicans, and the Bridgettines. The liturgy of the diocese followed the Dominican model.[9]

Part of the Church of Sweden

The sixteenth-century Hollola church which was converted during the Reformation.

The Swedish Reformation began during the reign of King Gustav Vasa (1527) and reached its conclusion in 1560. Sweden, like other Nordic countries, adopted the Lutheran form of Protestantism. Most monastic estates in Finland, along with Kuusisto Castle, which was the medieval residence of the Bishops of Turku, were confiscated by the Swedish crown.

The first Lutheran Bishop of Turku was Martinus Johannis Skytte, former Vicar General of the Dominican Province of Dacia. He retained most of the old Catholic forms within the Diocese, which was part of the now-independent Church of Sweden.[10] The doctrinal reformation of the Finnish Church took place during the episcopacy of Mikael Agricola, who had studied at the University of Wittenberg under Martin Luther.

Agricola translated the whole New Testament and large portions of the Old Testament into Finnish. In addition, he authored a large amount of Finnish liturgical texts in the spirit of The Reformation, while preserving a number of decidedly Catholic customs such as the retention of many holy days including the Visitation of Mary and Holy Cross Day, and the use of the bishop's mitre. While images and sculptures of saints were retained in the churches, they were no longer venerated.[11][12][13] Agricola was the first Bishop of Turku who was married.[14]

The seal of the Diocese of Turku during the 16th and 17th centuries featured the finger of St Henry. The post-Reformation diocese included the relic of a pre-Reformation saint in its seal.

By the end of the 16th century, the Swedish Reformation was finally complete, and the following century was known as the period of Lutheran orthodoxy. Membership in the church was obligatory, as was weekly attendance at Divine Service.

In newly conquered Finnish Karelia, the Lutheran Church suppressed the Eastern Orthodoxy of the local population, which drove a large number to Russia.

At this time, the Church started to lay the foundations for comprehensive education, in which every person was required to know the basic tenets of the Christian faith. Parish vergers were given the duty of instructing children in reading and in the Catechism. The education of priests was improved, the The Royal Academy of Turku was founded, and the educational system was codified in the Church Act of 1686.

In the early 18th century, Finland was occupied by Russia for a decade during the Great Northern War. A large portion of Finland was annexed by Russia, where the Lutheran church remained active despite being under Russian rule. The two branches of Finnish Lutheranism that were thereby divided were reunited in the early 19th century.

In both Russia and Sweden, Lutheranism was greatly affected by the theology of Enlightenment, which had the effect of secularizing the Church. This, and the lavish lifestyle of parish vicars, caused public resentment which became visible in popular local revival movements.[15]

An independent state church

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is a successor to the Church of Sweden of which it was a part until 1809, when the Grand Duchy of Finland was established as a part of the Russian Empire, and consequently shared established status with the Finnish Orthodox Church.

In 1869, A new Church Act was passed by the Finnish Lantdag. The Act separated church and the state, giving the church its own legislative body, known as the central Synod.

Changes in ecclesiastical form could be made only by the central Synod, which had the sole right to propose changes to the Church Act. These changes could subsequently either be passed or vetoed by the Lantdag and the Russian Emperor.[16] A year earlier, Lutheran parishes had been differentiated from the secular municipalities, with both being given their own finances and administrative bodies.

The church's general responsibility for comprehensive education and for the care of the poor was transferred to the secular municipalities.The church accepted separation from the state because the church, in view of the fact that the head of state was the Orthodox Russian Emperor, had regarded complete integration with the state as problematic.[17]

In 1889, an act was passed allowing other Christian denominations to act freely in the country, and members of the Lutheran Church were given the right to leave the church to join other Christian communities.[18] Since 1923, it has been possible to leave the state church without having to join another religious congregation.

During the early 19th century, several revivalist movements were formed, four of which were particularly prominent. These movements were:

The revivalists met strong opposition from the bishops and the educated part of the population but drew large followings in the countryside. In modern Finnish historiography, the revivalist movements have been considered to be a part of the social upheaval caused by the modernization of society.[17][19]

The Cathedral of Turku is considered the national shrine of Finland, and is the seat of its de facto primate.

In the late 19th century, the Church started to face opposition from liberalism, the position of the Church being particularly questioned by the emerging labor movement. The Church was also challenged by the Baptist faith and the Methodist faith, which became the first two private religious communities in Finland.

The Church reacted by allowing its own revivalist movements more freedom and by starting new youth activities such as Sunday schools and Christian youth associations, but the main current of Finnish nationalism was affected by Lutheranism. For example, the most important philosopher of Finnish nationalism, Johan Vilhelm Snellman, considered Lutheranism an important factor of the Finnish identity; although, he was critical of the Church as an organization.[20]

Disestablished national Church

In the early 20th century, the old landtag, based on the four estates of the realm, was changed into a unicameral parliament selected by equal vote.

In 1908, an amendment of the Church Act freed church members from the legal duty to participate in Holy Communion at least once a year. After this, church attendance dropped and has since become an indicator of personal religious opinion.

Finnish independence, in 1917, was immediately followed by the Finnish Civil War, with the church associating itself with the White (nationalist) side, while the Red Guards embraced anticlericalism to the point of murdering priests.

In the new Constitution of 1919, the new republic was deemed to be non-confessional and freedom of worship was enshrined as a right.

In 1923, this right was further implemented through the Freedom of Religion Act. Although the act gave the right for every adult Finn to leave the Church (and consequently be free from the duty of paying Church tax), the vast majority of the people remained members, regardless of their political leanings.

A Finnish military chaplain administering Holy Communion during the Second World War. The shared experience of battle shaped the Church and the society for decades and affected the stance of the Church in social policy strongly.

During the Second World War, the church was an important factor in Finnish nationalism. The common nationalist cry during the war was For the home, the religion and the Fatherland (Finnish: Kodin, uskonnon ja isänmaan puolesta (Swedish: För hem, tro och fosterland). In additiion, during the war, the church participated actively in social work, thereby coming closer to the labour movement.

Military chaplains, who shared the life of the common soldiers for several years, also grew closer to the life of the working class. At the war's end, these so-called brother-in-arms-priests (Finnish: asevelipapit/vapenbrödra präster) continued their work in factories. Elsewhere in society, liturgical, family, and youth works emerged as new forms of church activity, and the position of laity within the Church was strengthened. The so-called fifth revivalist movement also began as a result of revivals experienced during the war. Martti Simojoki and Mikko Juva were two former military chaplains who became Finnish archbishops, their time in the office covering two decades.[21][22]

In the 1960s, the church faced strong opposition from the radical left, who considered it an old-fashioned fortress of reaction and criticized the rudiments of the church's position within the state.

The 1966 blasphemy trial of novelist Hannu Salama became a cause célèbre for the antiestablishmentarian position. Salama was sentenced to three months in prison but placed on probation, before subsequently being pardoned by President Urho Kekkonen.[23]

Another widely criticized aspect of the Finnish Church-State relationship was the prohibition of public dances and movie theaters on Saturdays preceding certain Sundays, a ban that remained in effect until 1968.[24]

The Church responded to its unpopular situation by a program of modernization.

During the 1970s, work on new Finnish Bible translations and a new hymnal were begun. The hymnal, which incorporated a large number of revivalist and youth hymns, was adopted in 1986. In addition, a new Bible translation (based on the theory of dynamical equivalence) was completed and approved for use in 1992.[25][26] Finally, the Synod opened the priesthood to women, a change that was first discussed, but not passed, by the Synod in 1963, and which continues to cause controversy.[27]

Position in Finnish society

Religion in Finland[28]
Year Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Finnish Orthodox Church Other No religious affiliation
1950 95.7% 1.7% 0.4% 2.7%
1980 90.3% 1.1% 0.7% 7.8%
1990 87.9% 1.1% 0.9% 10.2%
2000 85.1% 1.1% 1.1% 12.7%
2005 83.1% 1.1% 1.1% 14.7%
2009 79.9% 1.1% 1.3% 17.7%
2010 78.2% 1.1% 1.4% 19.2%
2011 77.2% 1.1% 1.5% 20.1%
2012 76.4% 1.1% 1.4% 21.0%
2013 75.3% 1.1% 1.4% 22.1%
2014 73.7% 1.1% 1.4% 23.8%

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has a legal position as a national church in the country alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church. Finnish society has experienced a general secularization, and membership in the church has decreased in recent decades.

Nevertheless, the church retains the allegiance of a large majority of the population, a special role in state ceremonies, and the right to collect the "church tax" from its members in conjunction with governmental income taxation. In addition to the membership tax, businesses also participate to some extent by a tax that is distributed to the church.

Avoidance of the church tax (between 1 and 2 percent depending on location) has been a popular reason cited for defections from the Church.[29] In 2010, the number of defections hit a record of 83,097, caused in part by the church's position that homosexuality is a sin. That position was made clear on a Finnish television discussion program concerning gay rights that was broadcast on 12 October 2010, in which church clergy and laymen were divided both for and against proposed legal amendments to increase LGBT rights.[30][31]

Stefan Wallin, Finland's minister responsible for church affairs, accused Päivi Räsänen, the leader of the Christian Democrats, of deliberately taking a public position against homosexuality and gay rights in order to drive away from the church those people who might hold more liberal views on gay acceptance.[32]

On 9 February 2011, the ELCF Bishops' Conference issued a "Pastoral instruction concerning free prayer with and for those who have registered their civil partnership", which can be conducted either privately or publicly in a church, with or without guests, but which is not to be confused with "the blessing of a partnership comparable to marriage".[33]

Teachings

A wedding in Kiuruvesi.
A Juhannus ceremony.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland sees itself as part of the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church. It is Lutheran in doctrine, following the teachings of Martin Luther. The church is a member of the Lutheran World Federation and the Porvoo Communion, but does not sign the Leuenberg Agreement.

The faith of the Church is pronounced in the three confessions of the old church (Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed and Athanasian Creed) and the Lutheran confessional documents as defined in the Book of Concord.[34][35]

The practical faith is described in the catechism of the church, which is based on and literally includes the Luther's Small Catechism. The latest version of the catechism was accepted by the General Synod in 1999.[36]

Social Issues

In most contemporary controversial doctrines, the church takes a moderate position. The church does not embrace creationism but states[37]

God is the Creator of all. With his word he created the entire universe. Science studies the mystery of the genesis of the world as well as the evolution of nature and people. Faith trusts that underlying all is God’s creative will and love for the creation.

The Church accepts the doctrines of the virgin birth and bodily resurrection.[37]

The Church allows its members to work as military personnel or as judges, considering these duties important to the welfare of the society.[38]

The relation of the church to sexuality is somewhat ambiguous, strictly condemning extramarital sex but in relation to premarital sex stating[38]

Sexuality disconnected from love and from responsibility enslaves people, bringing harm to themselves and others.

Divorce and subsequent remarriage is accepted, with reservations.[38] Abortion is accepted, because the church deems that the woman has the right to decide to terminate the pregnancy but the woman is not allowed to make the decision alone. Abortion should be limited to serious cases where the birth would cause serious danger or suffering either to the family or the child. Such cases should be defined in legislation, which is the case in Finland. However, the woman pondering abortion should get all possible support before and after the decision, regardless of its outcome.[39]

On LGBT issues, the Church has adopted a moderate to liberal position. The synod of bishops has stated that sexual minorities should not be shunned or persecuted, but that they are, as all people, responsible for the applications of their sexuality. In 2010, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland took a more liberal position and voted to allow prayer services to be given following a civil same-sex union.[40] The purpose of such prayer services, according to the Finnish Lutheran synod and archbishop, is to take a "clear and unequivocal stance in support of gay and lesbian couples".[41] After same-sex marriage became legal in 2014, Archbishop Kari Mäkinen announced his support for gay marriage.[42]

The apostolic succession of the church is considered to have remained intact through the proper ordination of bishop Mikael Agricola, but it was broken in 1884 when all the Finnish Lutheran bishops died within a year. The succession remained valid in the Church of Sweden from where it was returned in the 1930s by the ordination of the bishop of Tampere. However, the concept of apostolic succession is important foremost in ecumenical contexts, particularly in dealings with the Anglican Communion.

In the theology of the church itself, the valid signs of the church include only the "pure preaching of the gospel and the performance of the sacraments according to the decree of Christ"[43][44]

The central point of the Church doctrine, does not, however, lie in the areas of sexuality and creation but in the doctrine of justification. The human being is always a sinner, completely unable to reach God by his own merit. However, Christians are atoned by the grace of God, through the sacrifice of Christ, completely undeservedly. The Christian is simultaneously a sinner and a righteous person.[37] At the end of time, Christ will return and subject all to his judgment. Then everlasting perdition can only be avoided by Christ's mercy.[37]

The saving grace becomes visible in the two sacraments, the Holy Communion and Baptism. The baptism is administered even to children, as it is effective regardless of personal attitudes, "for Baptism and faith are God’s work in us." Any Christian may perform a valid baptism, but in normal cases, the priest should perform the sacrament. An emergency baptism performed by a member of the church must immediately be reported to the parish in which the baptism took place.[45][46]

In the Holy Communion, or Sacrament of Altar, Christ gives his own real body and blood for people to eat and to drink. The Church practises closed Communion but does not put any limitations on its members for partaking the Holy Communion. The only prerequisite needed is faith, however fragile.

Children may take part in Communion after their parents have instructed them to understand the meaning of Communion. If a person is in mortal danger and wishes to receive Holy Communion, any Christian is allowed to administer him a valid sacrament. Normally, nonetheless, the administering of the sacrament is reserved to priests.[46][47] The ordination of women is allowed.

The position of the church on society has changed significantly during the last century. While the church was formerly considered to be a socially conservative force, it is now seen as leftist, and even radical. The synod of bishops has, on several occasions, criticized the market economy sharply, and the Catechism calls repeatedly for moderation in private pursuits, for example, equating profiteering and exploitative practices with theft.

Publicly, the church strongly supports the existing Finnish social welfare model, which it sees threatened especially by neoliberalism and globalization. This has led to the church being criticized from the political right for being the religious arm of social democracy. The church has answered that it takes no political sides but strives to work for the weakest in the society.[38][48][49][50]

The Church does not control its members strictly. Rituals such as weddings and funerals are often considered to be the most important reasons to remain a member.

Organisation

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanko from the Hanko water tower.

The structure of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is mainly based on geographical division. Every member belongs to the parish of their domicile, with parish boundaries following municipal boundaries. Large cities, on the other hand, are usually divided into several parishes, with the geographical location of the members' homes determining parish membership. The membership of a parish varies from a few hundred in small municipalities to around 60,000 members in the parish of Malmi, Helsinki.[51][52] According to the Church Act, the parish is responsible for all the practical work performed by the church.[53] The parish is headed by the vicar and the parish council. Both are elected by the members, using equal, closed voting. The term of the parish council is four years while the vicar is elected for life or until he reaches sixty-eight years of age.[54] A parish is a legal person of public nature, capable of taxing its members. The amount of tax collected is decided by the parish council and falls between 1 and 2.25 percent of personal income. In practice, the tax is collected by the state, for a fee.[55]

Financially, the parishes are responsible for themselves. However, poor parishes can be assisted by the central administration. On the other hand, all parishes are responsible for contributing 10 percent of their income to the central administration of the church and the dioceses.[56][57] The day-to-day affairs of the parish administration are taken care of by the vicar and the parish board, elected by the parish council. In cities, the parishes of the city have a common parish council but separate parish boards.[58]

Pastoral formation

A Master's degree in Theology is compulsory before ordination. The Church also has its own vocational postgraduate educational system. A newly ordained pastor is eligible for the position of Parish Pastor (Finnish: seurakuntapastori, Swedish: församlingspastor; formerly Assistant Priest: Finnish: apupappi, Swedish: adjunkt). In order to be eligible for the position of Chaplain (Finnish: kappalainen, Swedish: kaplan) or Vicar (Finnish: kirkkoherra, Swedish: kyrkoherde), the Pastoral Degree of the Church (Finnish: pastoraalitutkinto, Swedish: pastoralexamen) is required. Before being able to apply for the post of Vicar, a degree in leadership skills (Finnish: Seurakuntatyön johtamisen tutkinto, Swedish: Examen i ledning av församlingsarbete) is also compulsory.

In order to be eligible for the position of a Vicar General (Finnish: tuomiorovasti, Swedish: domprost) or Diocesan Dean (Finnish: hiippakuntadekaani, Swedish: stiftsdekan) the Higher Pastoral Degree of the Church (Finnish: ylempi pastoraalitutkinto, Swedish: högre pastoralexamen) is required.

In addition to religious worship, local Lutheran communities arrange many non-religious activities as well. In Finland, as in other Nordic countries, most people go to church only occasionally, such as for Christmas and weddings.[59]

Dioceses and bishops

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is divided into nine dioceses. Each diocese is headed by a Bishop and a cathedral chapter. The Archdiocese of Turku is headed by the Archbishop, who is personally responsible for leading two deaneries within that diocese. He is assisted by a Bishop of Turku who takes day-to-day responsibility for running the rest of the diocese,[60] leaving the Archbishop free for his duties of national leadership and international representation. The bishops meet together regularly in the Bishops' Conference, which has eleven members; these are the Archbishop, his assistant Bishop of Turku, the other eight diocesan bishops, and the Chaplain General of the Defence Forces, whose title is kenttäpiispa ("field bishop"), although he is not necessarily in bishop's Orders.[61]

Eight dioceses are regional, with the remaining one covering all of the country’s Swedish-language parishes. The Church's supreme decision-making body is the Synod, which meets twice a year. Laity comprise a majority of the Synod, but a fixed number of seats are reserved for the clergy. The Synod proposes changes in the Ecclesiastical Act and decides on the Ecclesiastical Order. The Synod deals with questions of doctrine and approves the books of the church. The Synod directs the Church's common activities, administration, and finances. Congregational elections are held every four years to determine administrative posts at the local level.

Diocese Founded Cathedral Incumbent
Archdiocese of Turku 1156 Turku Cathedral Archbishop Kari Mäkinen (2010– ),
Bishop Kaarlo Kalliala (2011– )
Diocese of Tampere 1554 Tampere Cathedral Bishop Matti Repo (2008– )
Diocese of Oulu 1851 Oulu Cathedral Bishop Samuel Salmi (2001– )
Diocese of Mikkeli 1897 Mikkeli Cathedral Bishop Seppo Häkkinen (2009– )
Diocese of Borgå 1923 Porvoo Cathedral Bishop Björn Vikström (2009– )
Diocese of Kuopio 1939 Kuopio Cathedral Bishop Jari Jolkkonen (2012– )
Diocese of Lapua 1959 Lapua Cathedral Bishop Simo Peura (2004– )
Diocese of Helsinki 1959 Helsinki Cathedral Bishop Irja Askola (2010– )
Diocese of Espoo 2004 Espoo Cathedral Bishop Tapio Luoma (2012– )
Military Bishop[62] 1941 none Pekka Särkiö (2012– )

Current bishops

See also

Other Nordic Evangelical-Lutheran churches

References

  1. ↑ "Väestönmuutokset 2015*" (PDF). sakasti.evl.fi. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  2. ↑ evl.fi 24.3.2016
  3. ↑ "Väestönmuutokset 2015*" (PDF). sakasti.evl.fi. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  4. ↑ "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland". lutheranworld.org. Lutheran World Federation. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland". oikoumene.org. World Council of Churches. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  6. ↑ The table of Bishops and Archbishops of Turku Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
  7. ↑ Kristinuskon varhaisvaiheet Suomessa Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  8. ↑ Vuolanto, V. Kristinusko tuli Suomeen yli 850 vuotta sitten. Sana. Kansan Raamattuseura. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish) Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Piippo, M. Kerjäläisveljestöjen saapuminen Itämerelle. Historiallisia papereita 7. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  10. ↑ Martti Skytte (Martinus Johannis), 1528–50. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  11. ↑ Entisiä pyhäpäiviä. Retrieved 23 November 2007. (Finnish)
  12. ↑ Pirinen, H. Luterilaisen kirkkointeriöörin muotoutuminen Suomessa. Retrieved 23 November 2007. (Finnish) Archived 7 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ Paarma, J. (2005) Seurakunnallista elämää Maskun Hemmingin aikana. Retrieved 23 November 2007. (Finnish)
  14. ↑ Mikael Agricola. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  15. ↑ Suomen kirkkohistoria. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  16. ↑ Leino, P. Kirkkolaki vai laki kirkosta. Hallinto-oikeudellinen tutkimus kirkon oikeudellisista normeista ja niiden synnystä. Abstract. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  17. 1 2 1800-luku – kirkon itsenäistymisen ja herätysliikkeiden aika Suomessa. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  18. ↑ Suomen uskonnonvapauden historia. Retrieved 10 October 2007 (Finnish)
  19. ↑ Kansan- ja herätysliikkeet tutkimuskohteina. Retrieved 10 October 2007 (Finnish)
  20. ↑ Kalleinen, K. Monumentti monumentista. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  21. ↑ UE5 Mihin suomalainen uskoo? Retrieved 10 October 2007
  22. ↑ Peura, S. Esitelmä Teuvalla Ingman-seminaarissa 30 July 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  23. ↑ Yle Elävä arkisto. Jumalanpilkka oikeudenkäynti. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  24. ↑ Nykänen, M. Rukouspäivät. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  25. ↑ Uusi virsikirja täyttää adventtina 10 vuotta. The information center of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 2002. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  26. ↑ Raamatun lukijalle. Pyhä Raamattu. Suomen evankelisluterilaisen kirkon kirkolliskokouksen vuonna 1992 hyväksymä käännös. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  27. ↑ Naispappeuden vaiheita. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  28. ↑ Population structure: Religion 24 March 2014 Statistics Finland
  29. ↑ Internet Deconstructing State Church in Finland.
  30. ↑ "Up to 18,000 leave Lutheran Church over statements on gay current affairs programme", Helsingin Sanomat, 18 October 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  31. ↑ Mikko Alanne, "30,000 Leave Church in Finland over Gay Rights: A lesson in homophobia", Huffington Post, 21 October 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  32. ↑ "Wallin blames Räsänen for church's PR disaster", Helsinki Times, 18 October 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  33. ↑ Pastoral instruction concerning free prayer with and for those who have registered their civil partnership (in Finnish).
  34. ↑ Suomen ev.lut kirkon tunnustuskirjat. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  35. ↑ Kirkkolaki (1054/1993) 1:1§. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  36. ↑ Catechism, Christian doctrine of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, p. 2. Retrieved 11 October 2007. Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Catechism, Christian doctrine of EVL, pp. 32, 35–57, 43–44. Retrieved 11 October 2007. Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Catechism, Christian doctrine of EVL, pp. 16, 18–22. Retrieved 11 October 2007. Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ↑ Rakkauden lahja. Piispojen puheenvuoro perheestä, avioliitosta ja seksuaalisuudesta. Kirjapaja. Helsinki 2008. P. 94–96. (Finnish) Retrieved 2015-12-05. (Finnish)
  40. ↑ "Finland's State Church to Sanction Prayer for Gay Marriages". towleroad.com. Towleroad. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Laity drive Finnish Lutherans to recognize same-sex marriages". episcopalcafe.com. Episcopal Cafe. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Finnish Lutheran leader "rejoices" over same-sex marriage vote". yle.fi. YLE. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  43. ↑ Huovinen, E. Liian paljon? Kotimaa 26 July 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  44. ↑ Acricola 2007 -juhlavuosi. Mikael Agricolan Piispanvihkimyksen 450-Vuotismuisto. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  45. ↑ Kirkkojärjestys (1055/1993) 2:13§. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  46. 1 2 Catechism, Christian doctrine of EVL, pp. 67–70, 74–78. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
  47. ↑ Kirkkojärjestys (1055/1993) 2:9–12§. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  48. ↑ Hiilamo:Kirkon yhteiskunnallinen rooli mullistui. Sana 19 December 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish) Archived 9 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ↑ Statement on the Future of the Welfare Society by the Bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, March 1999. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
  50. ↑ Kenen puolella kirkko on? Puheenvuoro. Helsingin hiippakunta. Retrieved 11 October 2007. (Finnish)
  51. ↑ Helsingin Seurakuntayhtymä Esittelylista 11/2007. Yhteinen kirkkoneuvosto. 8-16-2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  52. ↑ Kirkkolaki (1054/1993). 3:2 §. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  53. ↑ Kirkkolaki (1054/1993). 4:1 §. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  54. ↑ Kirkkolaki (1054/1993). 6B:13 §, 8:1 § and 4:2§. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  55. ↑ Kirkollisvero. Uskonnonvapaus.fi. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  56. ↑ Kirkkolaki (1054/1993). 7:1 § and 22:8. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  57. ↑ Laki kirkon keskusrahastosta (895/1941) 8 §. Retrieved 11 October 2007
  58. ↑ Kirkkolaki (1054/1993). 7:2 §. Retrieved 10 October 2007. (Finnish)
  59. ↑ K. Niemelä, Suomalaisten Uskonnollisuus Uuden Vuosituhannen Alussa. Retrieved 2009-06-01. (Finnish).
  60. ↑ Scheme outlined on the Church's website (in English).
  61. ↑ Deails of Bishop's Conference and Chaplain General to the Defence Forces (in English) here.
  62. ↑ The Finnish Military Bishop is a special case, as it is only a rank and the officeholder is not technically considered an actual bishop. Unlike the Military Ordinariates of other countries, the Military Bishop does not govern a diocese, with clergy still under the jurisdiction of their posts' respective territorial bishops.

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