FiveThirtyEight

FiveThirtyEight
Web address fivethirtyeight.com
Commercial Yes
Type of site
 Opinion poll analysis, politics, economics, sports blog
Registration No
Available in English
Owner ESPN Inc.
Created by Nate Silver
Editor Nate Silver
Launched March 7, 2008 (2008-03-07)
Alexa rank
 Increase 865 (May 2016)[1]
Current status Online

FiveThirtyEight, sometimes referred to as 538, is a website that focuses on opinion poll analysis, politics, economics, and sports blogging. The website, which takes its name from the number of electors in the United States electoral college,[538 1] was founded on March 7, 2008, as a polling aggregation website with a blog created by analyst Nate Silver. In August 2010 the blog became a licensed feature of The New York Times online. It was renamed FiveThirtyEight: Nate Silver's Political Calculus. In July 2013, ESPN announced that it would become the owner of the FiveThirtyEight brand and site, and Silver was appointed as editor-in-chief.[2] The ESPN-owned FiveThirtyEight began publication on March 17, 2014. In the ESPN era, the FiveThirtyEight blog has covered a broad spectrum of subjects including politics, sports, science, economics, and popular culture.

During the U.S. presidential primaries and general election of 2008, the site compiled polling data through a unique methodology derived from Silver's experience in baseball sabermetrics to "balance out the polls with comparative demographic data."[3] He weighted "each poll based on the pollster's historical track record, sample size, and recentness of the poll".[4]

Since the 2008 election, the site published articles – typically creating or analyzing statistical information – on a wide variety of topics in current politics and political news. These included a monthly update on the prospects for turnover in the U.S. Senate; federal economic policies; Congressional support for legislation; public support for health care reform, global warming legislation, LGBT rights; elections around the world; marijuana legalization; and numerous other topics. The site and its creator are best known for election forecasts, including the 2012 presidential election in which FiveThirtyEight correctly predicted the vote winner of all 50 states.

During its first five and a half years, FiveThirtyEight won numerous awards both when it was an independent blog and when it was published by The New York Times. These included "Bloggie" Awards for "Best Political Coverage" in 2008 and "Best Weblog about Politics" in 2009, as well as "Webbies" for "Best Political Blog" in 2012 and 2013.

The website's logo depicts a fox, in reference to a phrase attributed to Archilochus: "The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing."[538 2]

Genesis and history

When Silver started FiveThirtyEight.com in early March 2008, he published under the name "Poblano", the same name that he had used since November 2007 when he began publishing a diary on the political blog Daily Kos.[5] Writing as Poblano on Daily Kos, he had gained a following, especially for his primary election forecast on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008.[6][7] From that primary election day, which included contests in 24 states plus American Samoa, "Poblano" predicted that Barack Obama would come away with 859 delegates, and Hillary Clinton 829; in the final contests, Obama won 847 delegates and Clinton 834. Based on this result, New York Times op-ed columnist William Kristol wrote: "And an interesting regression analysis at the Daily Kos Web site (poblano.dailykos.com) of the determinants of the Democratic vote so far, applied to the demographics of the Ohio electorate, suggests that Obama has a better chance than is generally realized in Ohio".[8]

FiveThirtyEight.com gained further national attention for beating out most pollsters' projections in the North Carolina and Indiana Democratic party primaries on May 6, 2008. As Mark Blumenthal wrote in National Journal, "Over the last week, an anonymous blogger who writes under the pseudonym Poblano did something bold on his blog, FiveThirtyEight.com. He posted predictions for the upcoming primaries based not on polling data, but on a statistical model driven mostly by demographic and past vote data.... Critics scoffed. Most of the public polls pointed to a close race in North Carolina.... But a funny thing happened. The model got it right".[9] Silver relied on demographic data and on the history of voting in other states during the 2008 Democratic primary elections. "I think it is interesting and, in a lot of ways, I'm not surprised that his predictions came closer to the result than the pollsters did", said Brian F. Schaffner, research director of American University's Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies.[10]

On May 30, 2008, Silver revealed his true identity for the first time to his FiveThirtyEight.com readers.[538 3] After that date, he published just four more diaries on Daily Kos.[5]

As the primary season was coming to an end, Silver began to build a model for the general election race. This model, too, relied in part on demographic information but mainly involved a complex method of aggregating polling results. In 2008, Rasmussen Reports had an apparently short-term partnership with FiveThirtyEight.com in order to include this unique methodology for generating poll averages in their "Balance of Power Calculator".[11] At the same time, FiveThirtyEight.com's daily "Today's Polls" column began to be mirrored on "The Plank," a blog published by The New Republic.[12]

By early October 2008, FiveThirtyEight.com approached 2.5 million visitors per week, while averaging approximately 400,000 per weekday.[538 4] During October 2008 the site received 3.63 million unique visitors, 20.57 million site visits, and 32.18 million page views.[538 5] On Election Day, November 4, 2008, the site had nearly 5 million page views.[13]

On June 3, 2010, Silver announced that in early August the blog would be "relaunched under a NYTimes.com domain".[538 6][14][15] The transition took place on August 25, 2010, with the publication of Silver's first FiveThirtyEight blog article online in The New York Times.[538 7]

In July 2013, it was revealed that Silver and his FiveThirtyEight blog would depart The New York Times and join ESPN.[16] In its announcement of its acquisition of FiveThirtyEight, ESPN reported that "Silver will serve as the editor-in-chief of the site and will build a team of journalists, editors, analysts and contributors in the coming months. Much like Grantland, which ESPN launched in 2011, the site will retain an independent brand sensibility and editorial point-of-view, while interfacing with other websites in the ESPN and Disney families. The site will return to its original URL, www.FiveThirtyEight.com".[17]

According to Silver, the focus of FiveThirtyEight in its ESPN phase would broaden: "People also think it’s going to be a sports site with a little politics thrown in, or it’s going to be a politics site with sports thrown in.... But we take our science and economics and lifestyle coverage very seriously.... It’s a data journalism site. Politics is one topic that sometimes data journalism is good at covering. It’s certainly good with presidential elections. But we don’t really see politics as how the site is going to grow".[18]

FiveThirtyEight launched its ESPN webpage on March 17, 2014. The lead story by Nate Silver explained that "FiveThirtyEight is a data journalism organization.... We’ve expanded our staff from two full-time journalists to 20 and counting. Few of them will focus on politics exclusively; instead, our coverage will span five major subject areas — politics, economics, science, life and sports. Our team also has a broad set of skills and experience in methods that fall under the rubric of data journalism. These include statistical analysis, but also data visualization, computer programming and data-literate reporting. So in addition to written stories, we’ll have interactive graphics and features".[538 2]

2008 U.S. elections

Methods

Weighting of polls

One unique aspect of the site is Silver's efforts to rank pollsters by accuracy, weight their polls accordingly, and then supplement those polls with his own electoral projections based on demographics and prior voting patterns. "I did think there was room for a more sophisticated way of handling these things," Silver said.[10][19]

FiveThirtyEight.com weighs pollsters' historical track records through a complex methodology[538 8] and assigns them values to indicate "Pollster-Introduced Error".

FiveThirtyEight.com's projections for the presidential (top) and Senate (bottom) races on November 4, 2008

Polls on FiveThirtyEight.com are weighted using a half-life of thirty days using the formula 0.5P/30 where 'P' is the number of days transpired since the median date that the poll was in the field. The formula is based on an analysis of 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2008 state-by-state polling data.[20]

Smoothing the poll results

At base Silver's method is similar to other analysts' approaches to taking advantage of the multiple polls that are conducted within each state: he averaged the polling results. But especially in the early months of the election season polling in many states is sparse and episodic. The "average" of polls over an extended period (perhaps several weeks) would not reveal the true state of voter preferences at the present time, nor provide an accurate forecast of the future. One approach to this problem was followed by Pollster.com: if enough polls were available, it computed a locally weighted moving average or LOESS.

However, while adopting such an approach in his own analysis, Silver reasoned that there was additional information available in polls from "similar" states that might help to fill the gaps in information about the trends in a given state. Accordingly, he adapted an approach that he had previously used in his baseball forecasting: using nearest neighbor analysis he first identified "most similar states" and then factored into his electoral projections for a given state the polling information from "similar states". He carried this approach one step further by also factoring national polling trends into the estimates for a given state. Thus, his projections were not simply based on the polling trends in a given state.

Furthermore, a basic intuition that Silver drew from his analysis of the 2008 Democratic party primary elections was that the voting history of a state or Congressional district provided clues to current voting. This is what allowed him to beat all the pollsters in his forecasts in the Democratic primaries in North Carolina and Indiana, for example.[9] Using such information allowed Silver to come up with estimates of the vote preferences even in states for which there were few if any polls. For his general election projections for each state, in addition to relying in the available polls in a given state and "similar states," Silver estimated a "538 regression" using historical voting information along with demographic characteristics of the states to create an estimate that he treated as a separate poll (equivalent to the actually available polls from that state). This approach helped to stabilize his projections, because if there were few if any polls in a given state, the state forecast was largely determined by the 538 regression estimate.

Additional aspects of the methodology are described in a detailed FAQ on the FiveThirtyEight.com website.[538 1]

Senate races

In July 2008, the site began to report regular updates of projections of 2008 U.S. Senate races. Special procedures were developed relying on both polls and demographic analysis. The projections were updated on a weekly basis.[538 9]

Swing state analysis

The site presents an analysis of the swing states, focusing on so-called "Tipping Point States".[538 10] 'Tipping Point States' are those states that tip the outcome of the election from one candidate to the other. In each simulation run, the winner's states won are lined up in reverse order of victory margin by percentage. A simple algorithm selects the minimum closest states that, if switched to the loser's side, would change the election outcome, then weights that run's significance based on the margin of victory in the popular vote. Thus, the closer the popular vote, the fewer the number of tipping point states and the greater the significance of that run in assessing tipping point importance. For example, the 2004 election's sole tipping point state was Ohio by this method, while 1960s were Illinois, Missouri, and New Jersey – even though Hawaii was the closest state race.

Final projections of 2008 elections

In the final update of his presidential forecast model at midday of November 4, 2008, Silver projected a popular vote victory by 6.1 percentage points for Barack Obama and electoral vote totals of 349 (based on a probabilistic projection) or 353 (based on fixed projections of each state).[538 11] Obama won with 365 electoral college votes, Silver's predictions matching the actual results everywhere except in Indiana and the 2nd congressional district of Nebraska, which awards an electoral vote separately from the rest of the state. His projected national popular vote differential was below the actual figure of 7.2 points.

The forecasts for the Senate proved to be correct for every race. But the near stalemate in Minnesota led to a recount that was settled only on June 30, 2009. In Alaska, after a protracted counting of ballots, on November 19 Republican incumbent Ted Stevens conceded the seat to Democrat Mark Begich, an outcome that Silver had forecast on election day.[21] And in Georgia, a run-off election on December 2 led to the re-election of Republican Saxby Chambliss, a result that was also consistent with Silver's original projection.

After the 2008 U.S. election

Focus

During the first two months after the election, no major innovations in content were introduced. A substantial percentage of the articles focused on Senatorial races: the runoff in Georgia, won by Saxby Chambliss; recounts of votes in Alaska (won by Mark Begich), and Minnesota (Al Franken vs. Norm Coleman); and the appointments of Senatorial replacements in Colorado, New York, and Illinois.

After President Obama's inauguration, Sean Quinn reported that he was moving to Washington, D.C., to continue political writing from that locale.[538 12] On February 4, 2009, he became the first blogger to join the White House press corps.[538 13] After that time, however, he contributed only a handful of articles to FiveThirtyEight.com.

During the post-2008 election period Silver devoted attention to developing some tools for the analysis of forthcoming 2010 Congressional elections,[538 14][538 15] as well as discussing policy issues and the policy agenda for the Obama administration, especially economic policies.[538 16][538 17] He developed a list of 2010 Senate races in which he made monthly updates of predicted party turnover.[538 18]

Later, Silver adapted his methods to address a variety of issues of the day, including health care reform, climate change, unemployment, and popular support for same-sex marriage.[22] He wrote a series of columns investigating the credibility of polls by Georgia-based firm Strategic Vision, LLC. According to Silver's analysis, Strategic Vision's data displayed statistical anomalies that were inconsistent with random polling. Later, he uncovered indirect evidence that Strategic Vision may have gone as far as to fabricate the results of a citizenship survey taken by Oklahoma high school students.[23][538 19][538 20][538 21][538 22][538 23][24][lower-alpha 1] FiveThirtyEight devoted more than a dozen articles to the Iranian presidential election in June 2009, assessing of the quality of the vote counting. International affairs columnist Renard Sexton began the series with an analysis of polling leading up to the election;[538 24] then posts by Silver, Andrew Gelman and Sexton analyzed the reported returns and political implications.[538 25]

FiveThirtyEight covered the November 3, 2009, elections in the United States in detail.[538 26][538 27] FiveThirtyEight writers Schaller, Gelman, and Silver also gave extensive coverage to the January 19, 2010 Massachusetts special election to the U.S. Senate. The "538 model" once again aggregated the disparate polls to correctly predict that the Republican Scott Brown would win.[538 28]

In spring of 2010, FiveThirtyEight turned a focus on the United Kingdom General Election scheduled for May 6, with a series of more than forty articles on the subject that culminated in projections of the number of seats that the three major parties were expected to win.[538 29] Following a number of preview posts in January,[538 30] and February,[538 31] Renard Sexton examined subjects such as the UK polling industry[538 32][538 33][538 34] and the 'surge' of the third-party Liberal Democrats,[538 35] while Silver, Sexton and Dan Berman[lower-alpha 2] developed a seat projection model. The UK election was the first time the FiveThirtyEight team did an election night 'liveblog' of a non-US election.[538 36]

In April 2010, the Guardian Newspaper published Silver's predictions for the 2010 United Kingdom General Election. The majority of polling organisations in the UK use the concept of uniform swing to predict the outcome of elections. However, by applying his own methodology, Silver produced very different results, which suggested that a Conservative victory might have been the most likely outcome.[26] After a series of articles, including critiques and responses to other electoral analysts, his "final projection" was published on the eve of the election.[538 37] In the end, Silver's projections were off the mark, particularly compared with those of some other organizations, and Silver wrote a post mortem on his blog.[538 38] Silver examined the pitfalls of the forecasting process,[538 38] while Sexton discussed the final government agreement between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.[538 39]

Controversy over transparency in pollster ratings

On June 6, 2010, FiveThirtyEight posted pollster rankings that updated and elaborated Silver's efforts from the 2008 election. Silver expanded the database to more than 4,700 election polls and developed a model for rating the polls that was more sophisticated than his original rankings.[538 40][27]

Silver responded on 538: "Where's the transparency? Well, it's here [citing his June 6 article], in an article that contains 4,807 words and 18 footnotes. Every detail of how the pollster ratings are calculated is explained. It's also here [referring to another article], in the form of Pollster Scorecards, a feature which we'll continue to roll out over the coming weeks for each of the major polling firms, and which will explain in some detail how we arrive at the particular rating that we did for each one".[538 41]

As for why the complete 538 polling database had not been released publicly, Silver responded: "The principal reason is because I don't know that I'm legally entitled to do so. The polling database was compiled from approximately eight or ten distinct data sources, which were disclosed in a comment which I posted shortly after the pollster ratings were released, and which are detailed again at the end of this article. These include some subscription services, and others from websites that are direct competitors of this one. Although polls contained in these databases are ultimately a matter of the public record and clearly we feel as though we have every right to use them for research purposes, I don't know what rights we might have to re-publish their data in full".

Silver also commented on the fact that the 538 ratings had contributed to Markos Moulitsas's decision to end Daily Kos's use of Research 2000 as its pollster.[28]

Subsequently, on June 11, Mark Blumenthal also commented on the question of transparency in an article in the National Journal titled "Transparency In Rating: Nate Silver's Impressive Ranking Of Pollsters' Accuracy Is Less Impressive In Making Clear What Data Is Used".[29] He noted that in the case of Research 2000 there were some discrepancies between what Silver reported and what the pollster itself reported. Other researchers questioned aspects of the methodology.[30]

On June 16, 2010, Silver announced on his blog that he is willing to give all pollsters who he had included in his rating a list of their polls that he had in his archive, along with the key information that he used (poll marginals, sample size, dates of administration); and he encouraged the pollsters to examine the lists and the results to compare them with the pollster's own record and make corrections.[538 42]

In September, 2014, Silver put into the public domain all of his pollster ratings,[538 43] as well as descriptive summary data for all of the more than 6,600 polls in his data collection for the final three weeks of U.S. Presidential primaries and general elections, state governor elections, and U.S. Senate and U.S. Congress elections for the years 1998–2012.[31] In addition to updating his pollster ratings, he published an updated methodological report.[538 44]

Partnership with The New York Times: 2010–2013

On June 3, 2010, The New York Times and Silver announced that FiveThirtyEight had formed a partnership under which the blog would be hosted by the Times for a period of three years.[32] In legal terms, FiveThirtyEight granted a "license" to the Times to publish the blog. The blog would be listed under the "Politics" tab of the News section of the Times.[33] FiveThirtyEight would thus be subject to and benefit from editing and technical production by the Times, while FiveThirtyEight would be responsible for creating the content.

Silver received bids from several major media entities before selecting the Times.[33][34] Under terms of the agreement, Silver would also write monthly articles for the print version of both the newspaper and the Sunday magazine.[538 6] Silver did not move his blog to the highest bidder, because he was concerned with maintaining his own voice while gaining the exposure and technical support that a larger media company could provide. "There's a bit of a Groucho Marx quality to it [Silver has said].... You shouldn't want to belong to any media brand that seems desperate to have you as a member, even though they'll probably offer the most cash".[35]

The first column of the renamed FiveThirtyEight: Nate Silver's Political Calculus appeared in The Times on August 25, 2010, with the introduction of U.S. Senate election forecasts. At the same time, Silver published a brief history of the blog.[538 45] All columns from the original FiveThirtyEight.com were also archived for public access.[36]

Writers

When the transition to The New York Times was announced, Silver listed his staff of writers for the first time.[36] However, of the seven listed writers, only three of them had published on 538/New York Times by late December 2010: Silver, Renard Sexton and Hale Stewart. Andrew Gelman contributed again in early 2011.[538 46] Brian McCabe published his first article in January 2011.[538 47][lower-alpha 3]

Beginning in 2011, one writer who emerged as a regular contributor was Micah Cohen. Cohen provided a periodic "Reads and Reactions" column in which he summarized Silver's articles for the previous couple of weeks, as well as reactions to them in the media and other blogs, and suggested some additional readings related to the subject of Silver's columns. Silver identified Cohen as "my news assistant".[538 48] Cohen also contributed additional columns on occasion.[538 49]

On September 12, 2011, Silver introduced another writer: "FiveThirtyEight extends a hearty welcome to John Sides, a political scientist at George Washington University, who will be writing a series of posts for this site over the next month. Mr. Sides is also the founder of the blog The Monkey Cage,[38] which was named the 2010 Blog of the Year by The Week magazine".[538 50]

Beyond electoral politics

Sports

While politics and elections remained the main focus of FiveThirtyEight, the blog also sometimes addressed sports, including the March Madness[538 51][538 52][39] and the 2012 NCAA Men's Basketball tournament selection process,[538 53] the B.C.S. rankings in NCAA college football,[40] the NBA,[538 54][538 55][538 56] and Major League Baseball matters ranging from the 2011 attendance at the New York Mets' Citi Field[538 57] to the historic 2011 collapse of the Boston Red Sox.[538 58]

Economics and hurricanes

In addition, FiveThirtyEight sometimes turned its attention to other topics, such as the economics of blogging,[538 59] the financial ratings by Standard & Poors,[538 60] economists' tendency to underpredict unemployment levels,[538 61] and the economic impact and media coverage of Hurricane Irene (2011).[538 62][538 63]

Occupy Wall Street protests

Adapted from a FiveThirtyEight October 2011 graph published in the New York Times.[538 64]

FiveThirtyEight published a graph showing different growth curves of the news stories covering Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street protests. Silver pointed out that conflicts with the police caused the sharpest increases in news coverage of the protests.[538 64] And he assessed the geography of the protests by analyzing news reports of the size and location of events across the United States.[538 65]

2010 U.S. mid-term elections

Shortly after 538 relocated to The New York Times, Silver introduced his prediction models for the 2010 elections to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and state Governorships. Each of these models relied initially on a combination of electoral history, demographics, and polling.

U.S. Senate

Stimulated by the surprising win of Massachusetts Republican Scott Brown in the special election in January 2010, Silver launched the first iteration of his Senate prediction model a few days later, using objective indicators including polling to project each state outcome in November. This model incorporated some elements of the 2008 presidential model.[538 66][538 67] It was first published in full form in The New York Times on August 25, 2010.[538 7] It relied basically on aggregating of public polls for each Senate race, with some adjustment for national trends in recognition of a correlation in poll movement across state lines, i.e., each race cannot be interpreted as entirely independent of all others.

In addition to making projections of the outcomes of each Senate race, FiveThirtyEight tracked the expected national outcome of the partisan division of the Senate. Just before election day (October 31), the FiveThirtyEight Senate projection was for the new Senate to have 52 Democrats and 48 Republicans. (The model did not address the possibility of party switching by elected candidates after November 2.)

Of the 37 Senate seats contested in the November 2, 2010 elections, 36 were resolved by November 4, including very close outcomes in several states. Of these 36, the FiveThirtyEight model had correctly predicted the winner in 34. One of the two misses was in Colorado, in which the incumbent Michael Bennet (D) outpolled the challenger Ken Buck (R) by less than 1 percentage point. The 538 model had forecast that Buck would win by 1 percentage point. The second miss was in Nevada, in which the incumbent Harry Reid beat challenger Sharron Angle by 5.5 percentage points, whereas the 538 model had forecast Angle to win by 3.0 percentage points. Silver has speculated the error was due at least in part to the fact that polling organizations underrepresented Hispanic voters by not interviewing in Spanish.[538 68]

In the remaining contest for U.S. Senate, in Alaska, the electoral outcome was not yet determined as of November 4, pending a count of the write-in ballots, but in the end the FiveThirtyEight forecast of GOP nominee Joe Miller as winner ultimately proved to be wrong, as write-in candidate, incumbent Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski, prevailed.

The 538 model had forecast a net pickup of 8 seats by the Republicans in the Senate, but the outcome was a pickup of 6 seats.

U.S. House of Representatives

The model for projecting the outcome of the House of Representatives was more complicated than those for the Senate and governorships. For one thing, House races are more subject to the force of national trends and events than are the other two. One way to account for this was to take into account trends in the "generic Congressional ballot."[41] Use of such a macrolevel indicator, as well as macroeconomic indicators, is a common approach taken by political scientists to project House elections.[42][43]

Furthermore, there was much less available public polling for individual House districts than there is for Senate or gubernatorial races. By the end of the 2010 election season, public polls were available for only about 25% of the districts. This is one reason why some analysts rely principally on making global or macro-level projections of the number of seats to be won by each party rather than trying to forecast the outcome in every individual district. Silver's FiveThirtyEight model, however, while weighting the generic partisan division as one factor, focused on developing estimates for each district. For this purpose he used information on past voting in the district (the Cook PVI), the quality of the candidates (in particular whether one was an incumbent), fundraising by each candidate, "expert ratings" of the races,[lower-alpha 4] public polls of the given race (if they were available), and, in the absence of public polls a cautious use of private polls (i.e., polls conducted by or for partisan organizations or a candidate's own campaign organization).

In response to some concerns that he was hedging his projection, Silver contended that in his model the uncertainty of the outcome was a feature, not a flaw.[538 69][538 70] In comparison with previous Congressional elections, a far larger number of seats were being contested or were "in play" in 2010. While his model, which relied on simulating the election outcomes 100,000 times generated a projected "most likely" net gain of 53 seats by the Republicans (two days before the election), he emphasized that the 95% confidence interval was ± 29–30: "Tonight, our forecast shows Republicans gaining 53 seats – the same as in recent days, and exactly the same answer you get if you plug the generic ballot average into the simple formula. Our model also thinks the spread of potential outcomes is exceptionally wide: its 95 percent confidence interval runs from a 23-seat Republican gain to an 81-seat one".[538 71][44]

On election eve, he reported his final forecast as follows:

Our forecasting model, which is based on a consensus of indicators including generic ballot polling, polling of local districts, expert forecasts, and fund-raising data, now predicts an average Republican net gain of 54 seats (up one from 53 seats in last night's forecast), and a median net Republican gain of 55 seats. These figures would exceed the 52 seats that Republicans won from Democrats in the 1994 midterms.[538 72]

In final vote tallys as of December 10, 2010, the Republicans had a net gain of 63 seats in the House, 8 more than the total predicted on election eve though still within the reported confidence interval.[538 73]

State governorships

The FiveThirtyEight model for state governors' races also relied basically on aggregating and projecting public polls in each race. However, Silver reported that gubernatorial elections in each state were somewhat more independent of what happened in other states than were either Senate or House of Representatives elections. That is, these races were somewhat more local and less national in focus.

Just before election day (October 31), the FiveThirtyEight projection was that there would be 30 Republican governors in office (counting states where there was no gubernatorial election in 2010), 19 Democratic governors, and 1 (actually 0.8) Other (Lincoln Chafee, who was leading in the polls running as an Independent in Rhode Island).

Of the 37 gubernatorial races, FiveThirtyEight correctly predicted the winner of 36. Only in Illinois, in which the Democratic candidate Pat Quinn defeated the Republican Bill Brady 46.6% to 46.1%, was the FiveThirtyEight prediction wrong.

2012 U.S. elections

While FiveThirtyEight devoted a lot of time to coverage of the 2012 Republican party primaries throughout 2011, its first effort to handicap the 2012 Presidential general election was published a year in advance of the election.[45] Accompanying the online release of this article, Silver also published online "Choose Obama's Re-Election Adventure," an interactive toy that allowed readers to predict the outcome of the election based on their assumptions about three variables: President Obama's favorability ratings, the rate of GDP growth, and how conservative the Republican opponent would be.[538 74] In February 2012 Silver updated his previous Magazine story with another one, "Why Obama Will Embrace the 99 Percent".[46] This article painted a more optimistic picture of Obama's re-election chances. Another article, "The Fundamentals Now Favor Obama," explained how the model and Obama's prospects had changed between November and February.[538 75]

Silver published election projections for the presidency and the U.S. Senate, but not for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2012. When asked why he did not produce House forecasts in 2012, Silver responded: "There was nothing particularly deep about this choice. We just ran out of time to implement a House model this year, and I'd rather do fewer things well than get spread too thin and not be able to support the product. We'd expect to have House forecasts in 2014".[47]

Presidential primary elections

On December 13, 2011, Silver published his first version of a primary election forecast for the Republican Party Iowa Caucuses.[538 76] In this article he also described the basic methodology for forecasting the primaries; his approach relied solely on an adjusted average of state-level polls, and not on any other information about the campaign or on national polls. Silver later analyzed the prospects and results of each Republican caucus and primary. He maintained and regularly updated a set of vote projections, applying his aggregation methodology to the available polls. In keeping with a concern for the uncertainty of the forecasts, his projections showed both a point estimate and a confidence interval of the vote percentage projected for each candidate.

Presidential general election

Silver rolled out the first iteration of his 2012 general election forecasting model on June 7, 2012. The model forecasts both the popular vote and the electoral college vote, with the latter being central to the exercise and involving a forecast of the electoral outcome in each state.

The forecast works by running simulations of the Electoral College, which are designed to consider the uncertainty in the outcome at the national level and in individual states. It recognizes that voters in each state could be affected by universal factors – like a rising or falling economic tide – as well as by circumstances particular to each state. Furthermore, it considers the relationships between the states and the ways they might move in tandem with one another. Demographically similar states like Minnesota and Wisconsin, for instance, are more likely to move in the same direction than dissimilar ones like New Hampshire and New Mexico.

Although the model – which is distinct from the electoral map put together by The Times's political desk – relies fairly heavily on polling, it also considers an index of national economic conditions.[538 77]

In the initial forecast, Barack Obama was estimated to win 291.3 electoral votes, compared to 246.7 by Mitt Romney. This was consistent with Obama having a 61.8% chance of winning the electoral vote in November 2012. Obama was forecast to win 50.5% of the popular vote, compared to 49.4% by Romney.

The website provided maps and statistics about the electoral outcomes in each state as well as nationally. Later posts addressed methodological issues such as the "house effects" of different pollsters as well as the validity of telephone surveys that did not call cell phones.[538 78]

Through the general election campaign, the blog tracked the movement in the projected electoral vote for Mitt Romney and Barack Obama. In the process it drew an enormous amount of traffic to The New York Times. On election night, November 6, it was reported that "Silver’s blog provided a significant—and significantly growing, over the past year—percentage of Times pageviews. This fall, visits to the Times’ political coverage (including FiveThirtyEight) have increased, both absolutely and as a percentage of site visits. But FiveThirtyEight’s growth is staggering: where earlier this year, somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of politics visits included a stop at FiveThirtyEight, last week that figure was 71 percent.... But Silver’s blog has buoyed more than just the politics coverage, becoming a significant traffic-driver for the site as a whole. Earlier this year, approximately 1 percent of visits to the New York Times included FiveThirtyEight. Last week, that number was 13 percent. Yesterday, it was 20 percent. That is, one in five visitors to the sixth-most-trafficked U.S. news site took a look at Silver’s blog".[48] "On Election Day, the blog drew 10 million page views.... In the first week of its existence in 2008, the blog only got about 300 hits".[49]

From the middle of 2012 until election day, the FiveThirtyEight model updated its estimates of the probability that Barack Obama and Mitt Romney would win a majority of the electoral votes. On election day, November 6, Silver posted his final forecast for each state. On the morning of the November 6, 2012 presidential election, Silver's model gave President Barack Obama a 90.9% chance of winning a majority of the electoral votes.[538 79] At the end of that day, after the ballots had been counted, the 538 model had correctly predicted the winner of all 50 states and the District of Columbia.[50][lower-alpha 5] Silver, along with at least two academic-based analysts who aggregated polls from multiple pollsters, thus got not only all 50 state predictions right, but also all 9 of the "swing states".[51] In contrast, individual pollsters were less successful. For example, Rasmussen Reports "missed on six of its nine swing-state polls".[52]

An independent analysis of Silver's state-by-state projections, assessing whether the percentages of votes that the candidates actually received fell within the "margin of error" of Silver's forecasts, found that "Forty-eight out of 50 states actually fell within his margin of error, giving him a success rate of 96 percent. And assuming that his projected margin of error figures represent 95 percent confidence intervals, which it is likely they did, Silver performed just about exactly as well as he would expect to over 50 trials. Wizard, indeed".[53][54] Additional tests of the accuracy of the electoral vote predictions were published by other researchers.[55][56]

Criticism of presidential forecasts

In a series of posts in 2011 and 2012, FiveThirtyEight criticized the forecasting methods that relied on macro-economic modeling of the electoral outcomes.[538 80][538 81] According to Silver, models based primarily on the macro-level performance of the economy (such as unemployment, inflation, and the performance of the stock market), presidential approval ratings (when an incumbent is running for re-election), and the ideological positioning of the (potential) opposing candidates were useful for making forecasts of the election outcome well in advance of election day, though not very precise ones.

An article stating such a position published exactly one year before election day 2012[45] was attacked in an online article in Bloomberg News by Ron Klain, the former chief-of-staff to Vice President Biden and a political advisor to Barack Obama.[57] Nate Silver wrote a defense of his method in response. Silver's response was followed by another one from Klain: "Respectfully, Silver Is Still Wrong,"[58] as well as by comments from others on Silver's article and the debate with Klain.[538 82][59][60]

In late October and early November 2012, a number of conservative political journalists issued criticisms of Nate Silver's predictions as overly biased towards Barack Obama's chances of being re-elected president.[61][62][63][64][65][66] Dean Chambers criticized Nate Silver and issued his own "unskewed" prediction of the election. This prediction ultimately erred on four swing states and missed Barack Obama's popular vote percentage by 1.7%, while Nate Silver correctly predicted all 50 states and missed Barack Obama's popular vote percentage by 0.3%. Dean Chambers admitted that his assumptions about voter turnout were incorrect and that the pollsters' assumptions were very accurate.[67]

During the final weeks prior to the November 6th election, some pundits also criticized Silver's electoral model for conveying an undue sense of predictability to the outcome as well as a conviction that Barack Obama was ahead in the race and had a 75% probability of winning.[68] For example, New York Times op-ed columnist David Brooks wrote, "I know . . . how I should treat polling data. First, I should treat polls as a fuzzy snapshot of a moment in time. I should not read them, and think I understand the future. If there’s one thing we know, it’s that even experts with fancy computer models are terrible at predicting human behavior".[69][70]

In a more direct attack on Silver, in an article entitled "Nate Silver: One-term celebrity?" Dylan Byers of Politico wrote, "For all the confidence Silver puts in his predictions, he often gives the impression of hedging. Which, given all the variables involved in a presidential election, isn't surprising. For this reason and others — and this may shock the coffee-drinking NPR types of Seattle, San Francisco and Madison, Wis. — more than a few political pundits and reporters, including some of his own colleagues, believe Silver is highly overrated."[62] Byers also quoted this comment by Joe Scarborough on MSNBC's "Morning Joe": "Nate Silver says this is a 73.6 percent chance that the president is going to win? Nobody in that campaign thinks they have a 73 percent chance – they think they have a 50.1 percent chance of winning. And you talk to the Romney people, it's the same thing," Scarborough said. "Both sides understand that it is close, and it could go either way. And anybody that thinks that this race is anything but a toss-up right now is such an ideologue, they should be kept away from typewriters, computers, laptops and microphones for the next 10 days, because they're jokes".

In contrast to these critics, in late October 2012 political science professor Samuel L. Popkin of the University of California, San Diego, had evaluated Silver's electoral projections as follows:[71]

We're heading into the last week of a tight presidential campaign, and polls are coming in too fast to count. Partisans everywhere are desperate for omens. But at moments like these, it's people who care most intensely that the "right outcome" occur who run a high risk of getting it wrong—picking out positive polls for comfort, or panicking over an unusual and unexpected result they don’t like.

Fortunately, our most prominent number cruncher has been giving us the straight story instead of capitalizing on this anxiety. In 2008, Nate Silver correctly predicted the results of all 35 Senate races and the presidential results in 49 out of 50 states. Since then, his website, fivethirtyeight.com (now central to The New York Times’s political coverage), has become an essential source of rigorous, objective analysis of voter surveys to predict the Electoral College outcome of presidential campaigns.

After a post-election appearance by Silver on Joe Scarborough's Morning Joe,[72] Scarborough published what he called a "(semi) apology," in which he concluded:

I won’t apologize to Mr. Silver for predicting an outcome that I had also been predicting for a year. But I do need to tell Nate I’m sorry for leaning in too hard and lumping him with pollsters whose methodology is as rigorous as the Simpsons’ strip mall physician, Dr. Nick. For those sins (and a multitude of others that I’m sure I don’t even know about), I am sorry.

Politics is a messy sport. And just as ball players who drink beer and eat fried chicken in dugouts across America can screw up the smartest sabermatrician’s forecast, Nate Silver’s formula is sure to let his fervent admirers down from time to time. But judging from what I saw of him this morning, Nate is a grounded guy who admits as much in his book. I was too tough on him and there’s a 84.398264% chance I will be less dismissive of his good work in the future.[73][74][75][76]

U.S. Senate elections

For more details on this topic, see United States Senate elections, 2012.

The FiveThirtyEight model correctly forecasted the outcome of 31 of the 33 U.S. Senate races.

In one unexpected result, the model had estimated that Republican Rick Berg had a 92% chance of winning the Senate seat in North Dakota. However, by a vote margin of less than 1 percentage point, Democrat Heidi Heitkamp won the election.[77] When asked about his forecast in an online chat a week after the election, Silver said: "The polls showed Berg a little bit ahead. But also there weren't very many polls, so the model defaults in those cases toward looking at "state fundamentals", i.e. the fact that you'd bet on the Republican in North Dakota other things being equal. That race should also serve as a reminder that we put the probabilities in our forecasts for a reason. We had Heitkamp with a 8% chance of winning, I think, about the same as we gave Romney. Those 8% chances come up sometimes... they come up 8% of the time, in fact".[47]

In the other unexpected result, the model had estimated that Montana Republican challenger Denny Rehberg had a 66% chance to defeat the Democratic incumbent Jon Tester; but Tester prevailed and kept his seat.[78]

Under ESPN ownership

FiveThirtyEight launched its ESPN-owned stage on March 17, 2014. As of July, it had a staff of 20 writers, editors, data visualization specialists, and others.[538 83] By March 2016, this staff had nearly doubled to 37 listed on the masthead, and 7 listed as contributors.[79] The site produced articles under 5 headings: politics, economics, science and health, (cultural) life, and sports. In addition to feature articles it produced podcasts on a range of subjects.

Monthly traffic to the site grew steadily from about 2.8 million unique visitors in April 2014 to 10.7 million unique visitors in January 2016.[80]

2014 U.S. elections

On September 3, 2014, FiveThirtyEight introduced its forecasts for each of the 36 U.S. Senate elections being contested that year.[538 84] At that time, the Republican Party was given a 64 percent chance of holding a majority of the seats in the Senate after the election. However, FiveThirtyEight editor Nate Silver also remarked, "An equally important theme is the high degree of uncertainty around that outcome. A large number of states remain competitive, and Democrats could easily retain the Senate".[538 85] About two weeks later, the forecast showed the Republican chances of holding the majority down to 55 percent.[538 86]

2016 Oscars predictions

FiveThirtyEight sought to apply its mathematical models to the Oscars, and produced internal predictions regarding the subject, guessing four out of six categories correctly.[81] The website also compiled a list of other predictions made by other people using different methods.[82]

Recognition and awards

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Several national firms use the name "Strategic Vision"; only one has been releasing political polling results to the media.
  2. ↑ Berman first worked with FiveThirtyEight.com when he made some provocative discoveries of anomalies in the reported results of the 2009 Election in Iran.[25]
  3. ↑ Why other writers played only a limited role in FiveThirtyEight/NYT was explained in February 2011 in an article in Poynter.[37]
  4. ↑ For example, he considers the ratings by Charlie Cook and Congressional Quarterly.
  5. ↑ Although Silver put a "toss-up" tag on the presidential election in Florida, his interactive electoral map on the website painted the state light blue and stated that there was a 50.3% probability that Obama would win a plurality of the state's votes.
  6. ↑ The first of a series of articles challenged Strategic Vision LLC to reveal key information.[90]

References

General citations

  1. ↑ "fivethirtyeight.com Site Overview". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  2. ↑ "Nate Silver joins ESPN in multifaceted role". ESPN.com.
  3. ↑ Andrew Romano,"Making His Pitches: Nate Silver, an all-star in the world of baseball stats, may be the political arena's next big draw," Newsweek, June 16, 2008.
  4. ↑ "FAQ and Statement of Methodology FiveThirtyEight.com". FiveThirtyEight.com. June 9, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
  5. 1 2 "Poblano's Profile". Daily Kos. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  6. ↑ "Mo. Parents Clueless About Kerry". Daily Kos.
  7. ↑ "Daily Kos: State of the Nation". Archived from the original on February 8, 2008.
  8. ↑ "Obama’s Path to Victory". The New York Times. February 11, 2008.
  9. 1 2 Blumenthal, Mark (May 8, 2008). "The Poblano Model". National Journal. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  10. 1 2 Bialik, Carl (June 2, 2008). "Baseball Analyst Draws Fans by Crunching Election Numbers". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Rasmussen Reports to Partner with FiveThirtyEight.com".
  12. ↑ "Today's Polls: The Bounce hits the Badger State - The Plank". Archived from the original on June 14, 2008.
  13. 1 2 Clifford, Stephanie (November 9, 2008). "Finding Fame With a Prescient Call for Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  14. ↑ "The New York Times Will Incorporate the Blog FiveThirtyEight into the Politics Section of NYTimes.com". MarketWatch.
  15. ↑ "Times to Host Blog on Politics and Polls". The New York Times. June 4, 2010.
  16. ↑ "Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight Blog Is to Join ESPN Staff". The New York Times. July 20, 2013.
  17. ↑ Amy Phillips (July 22, 2013). "Nate Silver - Renowned Statistician, Author and Founder of FiveThirtyEight - Joins ESPN in Multi-Faceted Role - ESPN Front Row". ESPN Front Row.
  18. ↑ "Nate Silver Interview: The New FiveThirtyEight -- NYMag". Daily Intelligencer.
  19. 1 2 Felder, Adam (September 2009). "Case study: The FiveThirtyEight.com Predictive Model of the 2008 Presidential Election" (PDF). STATS (50). pp. 3–9. ISSN 1053-8607. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  20. ↑ ElectoralVote.com
  21. ↑ "Stevens concedes Alaska Senate race".
  22. ↑ "Interview with Nate Silver". Financial Times.
  23. ↑ "Polling Firm’s Reprimand Rattles News Media". The New York Times. October 3, 2009.
  24. ↑ .
  25. ↑ "Statistics wizard from Winchester makes a splash in Iran election - The Boston Globe".
  26. ↑ Burkeman, Oliver (April 27, 2010). "Baseball nerd who predicted Obama's win foresees Labour meltdown". The Guardian (London). Retrieved May 19, 2010..
  27. ↑ "Where's the Transparency in Pollster Ratings?". Archived from the original on June 12, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Polling". Daily Kos.
  29. ↑ "National Journal Online - Transparency In Rating". Archived from the original on June 14, 2010.
  30. ↑ "Pollster.com".
  31. ↑ pollster-ratings on GitHub
  32. ↑ Brian Stelter (June 3, 2010). "The Times to Host Political Polling Site FiveThirtyEight". Media Decoder Blog. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015.
  33. 1 2
  34. ↑ "FiveThirtyEight blog gets with the Times". NY Daily News. June 8, 2010.
  35. ↑ "News Trends Tilt Toward Niche Sites". The New York Times. September 12, 2011.
  36. 1 2 "About FiveThirtyEight". Archived from the original on March 18, 2014.
  37. ↑ "FiveThirtyEight’s Nate Silver adjusts to New York Times, 6 months after joining the newsroom". Poynter.
  38. ↑ "The Monkey Cage". The Monkey Cage.
  39. ↑ "Nate Silver's Tournament Forecast". The New York Times. March 18, 2013.
  40. ↑ Silver, Nate (August 27, 2011). "Popularity and Pedigree Matter in the B.C.S.".
  41. ↑ "Election 2006: Generic Congressional Ballot". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  42. ↑ "Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball » What to Expect in 2010".
  43. ↑ "Forecasting the House of Representatives' Seat Division in the 2010 Midterm Election".
  44. ↑ "Some thoughts on election forecasting - Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science". Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science.
  45. 1 2 Silver, Nate (November 3, 2011). "Is Obama Toast? Handicapping the 2012 Election". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  46. ↑ "Why Obama Will Embrace the 99 Percent". The New York Times. February 19, 2012.
  47. 1 2 "Skew Yourselves: Nate Silver Is Here To Answer Your Questions". Deadspin. November 14, 2012. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  48. ↑ "Nate Silver Is a One-Man Traffic Machine for the Times". The New Republic. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013.
  49. ↑ Erik Maza. "Mirror Awards Honor Excellence in Media Reporting". WWD.
  50. ↑ "Obama's win a big vindication for Nate Silver, king of the quants". CNET. CBS Interactive. November 7, 2012.
  51. ↑ "Pollster Predictive Performance, 51 out of 51". The Huffington Post. November 7, 2012.
  52. ↑ Jonathan D. Salant and Laura Curtis. "Nate Silver-Led Statistics Men Crush Pundits in Election". Businessweek.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012.
  53. ↑ "Nobody's perfect: Nate Silver and the imperfect art of prediction (UPDATE)". Boston.com.
  54. ↑ "538's Uncertainty Estimates Are As Good As They Get".
  55. ↑ "Was Nate Silver the Most Accurate 2012 Election Pundit? - CFAR". CFAR.
  56. ↑ "2012 Presidential prediction rankings". Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  57. ↑ "Why Data Wonks Are Wrong About Presidential Elections: Ron Klain". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011.
  58. ↑ "Respectfully, Nate Silver Is Still Wrong: The Ticker". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012.
  59. ↑ "Underemphasized Points about the Economy and Elections". The Monkey Cage.
  60. ↑ "Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball » Why Barack Obama has a good chance of winning a second term".
  61. ↑ Josh Jordan, "Nate Silver's Flawed Model", National Review, October 22, 2012.
  62. 1 2 Byers, Dylan (2015-04-26). "Nate Silver: One-term celebrity?". Politico. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  63. ↑ "The Critique of Nate Silver’s Pure Reason - National Review Online". National Review Online. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013.
  64. ↑ "War on Nate Silver: Final After-Action Report: The Flag of Reality Flies Uncontested Over Silvergrad Weblogging".
  65. ↑ "Two views of journalism clash in debate over Nate Silver’s work". Poynter.
  66. ↑ "In defense of Nate Silver: Pundits bare their misunderstanding.". Archived from the original on November 10, 2012.
  67. ↑ Brett LoGiurato (November 7, 2012). "'Unskewed' Pollster Dean Chambers: 'Nate Silver Was Right' - Business Insider". Business Insider.
  68. ↑ Zeynep Tufekci (November 2, 2012). "In Defense of Nate Silver, Election Pollsters, and Statistical Predictions". WIRED.
  69. ↑ "Poll Addict Confesses". The New York Times. October 23, 2012.
  70. ↑ John Cassidy (October 24, 2012). "Brooks vs. Silver: The Limits of Forecasting Elections". The New Yorker.
  71. ↑ Samuel Popkin, "Nate Silver, Artist of Uncertainty," The American Prospect, October 28, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012
  72. ↑ "Morning Joe". Archived from the original on January 27, 2013.
  73. ↑ "My (semi) apology to Nate Silver". POLITICO.
  74. ↑ "Joe Scarborough Nate Silver Apology - Nate Silver Continues To Bother Joe Scarborough - Esquire". Esquire. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013.
  75. ↑ Erik Wemple (November 21, 2012). "Scarborough half-apologizes to Nate Silver". Washington Post.
  76. ↑ "Joe Scarborough Is Part Of The Problem". The Dish. Archived from the original on January 8, 2013.
  77. ↑ "Democrat Heitkamp wins Senate race in North Dakota". Boston.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012.
  78. ↑ "Jon Tester Election Results: Montana Democratic Senator Wins Against Denny Rehberg". The Huffington Post. November 7, 2012.
  79. ↑ "Masthead".
  80. ↑ Tweet by @NateSilver538 on February 3, 2016, https://twitter.com/NateSilver538/status/694974558831525888/photo/1
  81. ↑ http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/oscars-2016/
  82. ↑ http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/oscars-predictions-2016/
  83. ↑ "Electoral Projections Done Right".
  84. ↑ "2008: The Year In Media Highlights". The Huffington Post. January 24, 2009.
  85. ↑ "The 2008 Weblog Awards Winners".
  86. ↑ "Ninth Annual Weblog Awards: The 2009 Bloggies".
  87. ↑ "THE WEEK Opinion Awards". Archived from the original on January 10, 2010.
  88. ↑ "Our Favorite Blogs 2009". PCMAG.
  89. ↑ NY Times Magazine "Forensic Polling Analysis"
  90. ↑ "A Few More Questions for a Sketchy Pollster". FiveThirtyEight.
  91. ↑ John F. Harris (November 3, 2010). "My Picks: Bloggers". Forbes.
  92. ↑ "Five Thirty Eight - TIME's 25 Best Blogs of 2011 - TIME". TIME.com. June 6, 2011.
  93. ↑ "The Webby Awards".
  94. ↑ "Blog - Political".

FiveThirtyEight articles

  1. 1 2 Silver, Nate (August 7, 2008). "Frequently Asked Questions". FiveThirtyEight.com. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "What the Fox Knows". FiveThirtyEight.
  3. ↑ "No, I’m not Chuck Todd". FiveThirtyEight.
  4. ↑ Quinn, Sean (October 3, 2008). "On the Road: St. Louis County, Missouri". FiveThirtyEight.com.
  5. ↑ Quinn, Sean (November 3, 2008). "Site Note". FiveThirtyEight.com.
  6. 1 2 Silver, Nate (June 3, 2010). "FiveThirtyEight to Partner with New York Times". FiveThirtyEight.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  7. 1 2 Silver, Nate (August 25, 2010). "New Forecast Shows Democrats Losing 6 to 7 Senate Seats". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  8. ↑ "Pollster Ratings v3.0". FiveThirtyEight.
  9. ↑ Senate rankings
  10. ↑ "Swing State Analysis". FiveThirtyEight.
  11. ↑ "Today’s Polls and Final Election Projection: Obama 349, McCain 189". FiveThirtyEight.
  12. ↑ "The End of the Beginning". FiveThirtyEight.
  13. ↑ "Obama Hits the Road to Sell Stimulus, Steps Up Pressure on Key Senators". FiveThirtyEight.
  14. ↑ "Appointed Senators Rarely Win Re-Election". FiveThirtyEight.
  15. ↑ "Daddy, Where Do Senators Come From?". FiveThirtyEight.
  16. ↑ "Obama’s Agenda & The Difference Between Tactics & Strategy". FiveThirtyEight.
  17. ↑ "What Are the Chances of a Depression?". FiveThirtyEight.
  18. ↑ "Senate Rankings, January 2009 Edition". FiveThirtyEight.
  19. ↑ "Are Oklahoma Students Really This Dumb? Or Is Strategic Vision Really This Stupid?". FiveThirtyEight.
  20. ↑ "Real Oklahoma Students Ace Citizenship Exam; Strategic Vision Survey Was Likely Fabricated". FiveThirtyEight.
  21. ↑ "Strategic Vision Polls Exhibit Unusual Patterns, Possibly Indicating Fraud". FiveThirtyEight.
  22. ↑ "An Open Letter to Strategic Vision CEO David Johnson". FiveThirtyEight.
  23. ↑ "Skipping Elections, Strategic Vision Has Not Polled Since Controversy Arose". FiveThirtyEight.
  24. ↑ "Polling and Voting in Iran’s Friday Election". FiveThirtyEight.
  25. ↑ "All posts tagged "Iran"". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  26. ↑ "Election Night Overview". FiveThirtyEight.
  27. ↑ "Independent Voters and Empty Explanations". FiveThirtyEight.
  28. ↑ "538 Model Posits Brown as 3:1 Favorite". FiveThirtyEight.
  29. ↑ "UK Seats Projection: Tories 299, Labour 199, LibDems 120". FiveThirtyEight.
  30. ↑ "A Hung Parliament? (From the Gallows, Perhaps?)". FiveThirtyEight.
  31. ↑ "Instant Run-Off Proposed by Brown". FiveThirtyEight.
  32. ↑ "Getting It "Right" on the UK Numbers". FiveThirtyEight.
  33. ↑ "Selection bias in UK polling (Part 1): Cell phones". FiveThirtyEight.
  34. ↑ "Selection Bias in UK Polling (Part 2): Internet Polling". FiveThirtyEight.
  35. ↑ "Is the Lib Dem Surge for Real (Part 4: The meltdown)". FiveThirtyEight.
  36. ↑ Silver, Nate; Sexton, Renard; Berman, Dan; Dollar, Thomas (May 6, 2010). "Liveblog: UK Election Returns". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  37. ↑ "Final UK Projection: Conservatives 312, Labour 204, LibDems 103". FiveThirtyEight.
  38. 1 2 Silver, Nate (May 11, 2010). "U.K. Forecasting Retrospective". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  39. ↑ "Con-Lib Pact Brings Cameron to PM’s Chair". FiveThirtyEight.
  40. ↑ "Pollster Ratings v4.0: Results". FiveThirtyEight.
  41. ↑ "On Transparency, Hypocrisy, and Research 2000". FiveThirtyEight.
  42. ↑ "FiveThirtyEight Establishes Process for Pollsters to Review its Database of Their Polls". FiveThirtyEight.
  43. ↑ "FiveThirtyEight’s Pollster Ratings". FiveThirtyEight.
  44. ↑ "How FiveThirtyEight Calculates Pollster Ratings". FiveThirtyEight.
  45. ↑ Nate Silver (August 25, 2010). "Welcome (and Welcome Back) to FiveThirtyEight". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015.
  46. ↑ Andrew Gelman (January 3, 2011). "All Politics Is Local? The Debate and the Graphs". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015.
  47. ↑ Brian J. McCabe (January 19, 2011). "Grading New York Restaurants: What's in an 'A'?". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015.
  48. ↑ Nate Silver (October 10, 2011). "New Hampshire's Contrarian Streak". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015.
  49. ↑ Micah Cohen (September 23, 2011). "A Look at PolitiFact Grades of Candidates". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015.
  50. ↑ John Sides (September 12, 2011). "Social Status and How the Elected Vote". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  51. ↑ Silver, Nate (March 28, 2011). "In Tournament of Upsets, V.C.U. Has Overcome Longest Odds". FiveThirtyEight.
  52. ↑ Silver, Nate (March 18, 2003). "Parity in N.C.A.A. Means No Commanding Favorite". FiveThirtyEight.
  53. ↑ Silver, Nate (March 13, 2012). "FiveThirtyEight Picks the N.C.A.A. Bracket". FiveThirtyEight.
  54. ↑ Silver, Nate (February 22, 2011). "Deal for Anthony May Limit Knicks' Upside". FiveThirtyEight.
  55. ↑ "Calling Foul on N.B.A.'s Claims of Financial Distress". FiveThirtyEight. July 5, 2011.
  56. ↑ "Jeremy Lin Is No Fluke". FiveThirtyEight. February 11, 2012.
  57. ↑ Silver, Nate (May 31, 2011). "As Mets' Image Slumps, So Does Attendance". FiveThirtyEight.
  58. ↑ Silver, Nate (September 27, 2011). "September Collapse of Red Sox Could Be Worst Ever". FiveThirtyEight.
  59. ↑ Nate Silver (February 12, 2011). "The Economics of Blogging and The Huffington Post". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015.
  60. ↑ Nate Silver (August 8, 2011). "Why S.&P.'s Ratings Are Substandard and Porous". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015.
  61. ↑ Nate Silver (September 6, 2011). "In Jobs Data, 'Surprises' Mean Bad News". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  62. ↑ Nate Silver (August 26, 2011). "A New York Hurricane Could Be a Multibillion-Dollar Catastrophe". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  63. ↑ Nate Silver (August 29, 2011). "How Irene Lived Up to the Hype". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  64. 1 2 Silver, Nate (October 7, 2011). "Police Clashes Spur Coverage of Wall Street Protests". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  65. ↑ Nate Silver (October 17, 2011). "The Geography of Occupying Wall Street (and Everywhere Else)". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Senate Rankings: Post-Masspocalypse Edition". FiveThirtyEight.
  67. ↑ "Methodology". Archived from the original on September 10, 2015.
  68. ↑ Nate Silver (November 3, 2010). "Did Polls Underestimate Democrats' Latino Vote?". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015.
  69. ↑ Nate Silver (October 16, 2010). "Consensus Points Toward 50-Seat G.O.P. Gain in House - The New York Times". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015.
  70. ↑ Nate Silver (October 27, 2010). "It's Not Inevitable That Democrats Lose The House. (It's Merely Quite Likely.) - The New York Times". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015.
  71. ↑ Nate Silver (November 1, 2010). "Agreeing to Disagree: Size of Republican Wave Hard to Predict". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015.
  72. ↑ Nate Silver (November 1, 2010). "House Forecast: G.O.P. Plus 54-55 Seats; Significantly Larger or Smaller Gains Possible". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015.
  73. ↑ Micah Cohen (December 10, 2010). "38 Days Later". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014.
  74. ↑ Nate Silver (November 3, 2011). "Choose Obama's Re-Election Adventure". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015.
  75. ↑ Nate Silver (February 15, 2012). "The Fundamentals Now Favor Obama". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  76. ↑ Nate Silver (December 13, 2011). "A First Iowa Forecast: Race Is Still Wide Open". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015.
  77. ↑ Nate Silver (June 7, 2012). "Election Forecast: Obama Begins With Tenuous Advantage". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015.
  78. ↑ Nate Silver (June 22, 2012). "Calculating 'House Effects' of Polling Firms". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  79. ↑ "FiveThirtyEight blog". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  80. ↑ Nate Silver (November 16, 2011). "A 'Radical Centrist' View on Election Forecasting". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015.
  81. ↑ Nate Silver (July 5, 2012). "Measuring the Effect of the Economy on Elections". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015.
  82. ↑ Micah Cohen (November 19, 2011). "Reads and Reactions". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015.
  83. ↑ "Masthead". FiverThirtyEight. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  84. ↑ "2014 Senate Forecast". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  85. ↑ "FiveThirtyEight’s Senate Model Is Back And It Gives Republicans The Edge". FiveThirtyEight.
  86. ↑ "Senate Update: Democrats Draw Almost Even. Is It The Money?". FiveThirtyEight.

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