Flash fiction

Flash fiction is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity.[1] There is no widely accepted definition of the length of the category. Some self-described markets for flash fiction impose caps as low as fifty-three words, while others consider stories as long as a thousand words to be flash fiction.

Terms

Many terms for this category exist, including micro fiction, micro narrative, micro-story, postcard fiction, short short, short short story, and sudden fiction, though distinctions are sometimes drawn among some of these terms. For example, sometimes 1000 words is considered the cutoff between "flash fiction" and the slightly longer short story "sudden fiction". The terms "micro fiction" and "micro narrative" are sometimes defined as below 300 words,[2] and include these diminutive subcategories: the drabble (100 words), nanofiction (55 words), and Twitter fiction, aka twitterature (140 characters, or about 23 words).

The term "short short story" was the most common term from the early 20th century until about 2000, when it was overtaken by "flash fiction."[3]

One of the first known usages of the term "flash fiction" in reference to the literary style was the 1992 anthology Flash Fiction: Seventy-Two Very Short Stories. Editor James Thomas stated that the editors' definition of a "flash fiction" was a story that would fit on two facing pages of a typical digest-sized literary magazine.[4] In China the style is frequently called a "smoke long" or "palm-sized" story, with the comparison being that the story should be finished before the reader could finish smoking a cigarette.[5]

History

Very short fiction has roots going back to prehistory, recorded at origin of writing, including fables and parables, notably Aesop's Fables in the west, and Panchatantra and Jataka tales in India. Later examples include the tales of Nasreddin, and Zen koans such as The Gateless Gate.

Very short literary works in other genres include fragments and essays, such as the Japanese zuihitsu genre.

In the United States, early forms of very short fiction can be found in the 19th century, notably in the figures of Walt Whitman, Ambrose Bierce, and Kate Chopin.[6]

In modern times, the "short short story" is particularly associated with Cosmopolitan magazine from the 1920s, with anthologies of The American Short Short Story appearing in the 1930s.[7] William Somerset Maugham was a notable proponent, with his Cosmopolitans: Very Short Stories (1936) being an early collection. In Japan, the short short story was popularized in the post-war period particularly by Michio Tsuzuki (都筑道夫).

Authors

Practitioners have included Saadi of Shiraz ("Gulistan of Sa'di"), Bolesław Prus,[8][9] Anton Chekhov, O. Henry, Franz Kafka, H.P. Lovecraft, Yasunari Kawabata, Ernest Hemingway, Julio Cortázar, Arthur C. Clarke, Ray Bradbury, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Fredric Brown, John Cage, Philip K. Dick and Robert Sheckley.[10] Examples of Hemingway's pioneering of the form are the 18 very short pieces in his first short-story collection, In Our Time. It is disputed whether (to win a bet), as alleged, he also wrote the flash fiction "For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn".[11]

Also notable are the 62 "short-shorts" which comprise Severance, the thematic collection by Robert Olen Butler in which each story describes the remaining 90 seconds of conscious awareness within human heads which have been decapitated.[12]

Writers well known exclusively for their flash fiction include Lydia Davis, David Gaffney and Robert Scotellaro.

Spanish-speaking literature has many authors of microstories, including Augusto Monterroso ("El dinosaurio"), Luis Felipe Lomelí ("El Emigrante"), and Juan Pedro Aparicio ("Luis XIV"). Their microstories are some of the shortest ever written in that language. In Spain, authors of microrrelatos (very short fictions) have included Ignacio Martínez de Pisón, Andrés Neuman, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, José Jiménez Lozano, Javier Tomeo, José María Merino, Juan José Millás, and Óscar Esquivias.[13] In Argentina, notable contemporary contributors to the genre have included Marco Denevi, Luisa Valenzuela, Raúl Brasca, and Ana María Shua.

The Italian writer Italo Calvino consciously searched for a short narrative form, drawing inspiration from Argentine writers Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares and finding that Monterroso's was "the most perfect he could find"; "El dinosaurio", in turn, possibly inspired his "The Dinosaurs".[14]

In France and Francophone countries, micronouvelles have been popularized by authors such as Jacques Fuentealba, Vincent Bastin, Olivier Gechter, Stephane Bataillon and Laurent Berthiaume.[15]

German-language authors of Kürzestgeschichten, influenced by brief narratives penned by Bertolt Brecht and Franz Kafka, have included Peter Bichsel, Heimito von Doderer, Günter Kunert, and Helmut Heißenbüttel.

The Arabic-speaking world has produced a number of micro-story authors, including the Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz, whose book Echoes of an Autobiography is composed mainly of such stories. Other flash fiction writers in Arabic include Zakariyyā Tāmir, Sulayman al-Tuwayhir, Haidar Haidar, Husam Fakhr, Mahmud Shuqayr, Laylā al-'Uthmān and Dimah Sahwayl.

In the Russian-speaking world the best known flash fiction author is Linor Goralik.

Internet

Access to the Internet has enhanced an awareness of flash fiction, with online journals being devoted entirely to the style. SmokeLong Quarterly, founded by Dave Clapper in 2003, is "dedicated to bringing the best flash fiction to the web ... whether written by widely published authors or those new to the craft."[16] SmokeLong Quarterly also sponsors the Kathy Fish Fellowship. Other online flash fiction journals include wigleaf, NANO Fiction (also print), Flash Fiction Online and Flash Fiction Magazine.[17]

Author Paulo Coelho remarked that the "democratization of communication offered by the Internet has made positive in-roads" and directly influenced the style's popularity.[18] The form is popular, with most online literary journals now publishing flash fiction.

Notable flash fiction writers online include Pamela Painter, Kathy Fish, Sherrie Flick, Randall Brown, Bruce Holland Rogers, Steve Almond, Barbara Henning, Grant Faulkner, and Nancy Stohlman.

Vignette

Unlike a vignette, flash fiction often contains the classic story elements: protagonist, conflict, obstacles or complications, and resolution. However, unlike a traditional short story, the limited word length often forces some of these elements to remain unwritten – that is, hinted at or implied in the written storyline. Different readers thus may have different interpretations.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Cohen, Elizabeth. "Flash fiction strives for big impact with few words". Press & Sun-Bulletin. Aug 13, 2000, Living p. 1
  2. ↑ Brewer, Robert Lee (2010). 2011 Poet's Market. Writer's Digest Books. p. 262. ISBN 9781582979502. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  3. ↑ Google Ngram Viewer. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  4. ↑ Thomas, James. Thomas, Denise. Hazuka, Tom. Flash Fiction: seventy-two Very Short Stories. Norton, 1992.
  5. ↑ Batchelor, Bob. Cult Pop Culture: How the Fringe Became Mainstream. Praeger, 2011, p 81.
  6. ↑ Roth, Forrest Stephen (2013). Specimen Fiction: The 19th Century Tradition of the American Short-Short Story Critical Essay with Creative Work (Ph.D.). University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
  7. ↑ "The American Short Short Story - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  8. ↑ Christopher Kasparek, "Two Micro-Stories by Bolesław Prus," The Polish Review, 1995, no. 1, pp. 99-103.
  9. ↑ Zygmunt Szweykowski, Twórczość Bolesława Prusa, p. 99.
  10. ↑ "Flash fiction: 'Intense, urgent and a little explosive'". Irishtimes.com. 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  11. ↑ "Ernest Hemingway - Baby Shoes". snopes.com. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  12. ↑ "Dead Heads". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  13. ↑ Valls, Fernando (2012). Mar de pirañas. Menoscuarto. ISBN 8496675890. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  14. ↑ Weiss, Beno (1993). Italo Calvino. U of South Carolina P. p. 103. ISBN 9780872498587. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  15. ↑ Irène Langlet, "Les Echelles de bâti de la science-fiction", in Revue française de Fixxion contemporaine - Critical Review of Contemporary Franch Fixxion, n° 1, Micro/Macro, 2011 and Cristina Alvarez, "Nouveaux genres littéraires urbains - les nouvelles en trois lignes contemporaines au sein des micronouvelles," in Atas do Simpósio Internacional : Microcontos e outras microformas, Minho (Portugal), ISBN 978-972-8063-65-8
  16. ↑ Hart, Melissa (March 2016). "Smoke Break: Guest Editors Choose Flash Fiction for Online Mag". The Writer (Retrieved 2016-02-11).
  17. ↑ Pratt, Mary K. (2009-05-05). "How Technology Is Changing What We Read". PCWorld. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  18. ↑ "Six of the best: CNN readers tell us their stories". Cnn.com. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2010-05-02.

Bibliography

External links

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