Floyd Landis

Floyd Landis
Personal information
Full name Floyd Landis
Born (1975-10-14) October 14, 1975
Farmersville, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Weight 68 kg (150 lb; 10.7 st)
Team information
Current team Retired
Discipline Road
Role Rider
Rider type All-rounder
Professional team(s)
1999–2001 Mercury
2002–2004 U.S. Postal Service
2005–2006 Phonak
2009 OUCH–Maxxis
2010 Bahati Foundation
Major wins
Paris–Nice (2006)
Tour de Georgia (2006)
Tour of California (2006)
Infobox last updated on
January 29, 2013

Floyd Landis (born October 14, 1975) is a retired American professional road racing cyclist. Landis at first appeared to be the winner of the 2006 Tour de France, before testing positive for performance-enhancing drugs. The competition was ultimately won by Óscar Pereiro.[1] Landis was an all-around rider, with special skills in climbing, time-trialing, and descending. Landis turned professional in 1999 with the Mercury Cycling Team. He joined the U.S. Postal Service team in 2002, and moved to the Phonak Hearing Systems team in 2005. In January 2010, a French judge issued a national arrest warrant for Landis on computer hacking charges related to the 2006 doping allegations.[2][3]

Until 2010, Landis maintained his innocence and mounted a defense. Although Landis' legal team documented inconsistencies in the handling and evaluation of his urine samples, the disqualification was upheld. On May 20, 2010, after almost four years of contesting the allegations, Landis admitted to continual doping, and revealed that Lance Armstrong and many other top riders who rode on his team doped as well.[4][5] He was suspended from professional competition through January 30, 2009, following an arbitration panel's 2-to-1 ruling on September 20, 2007. Landis appealed the result of the arbitration hearing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which subsequently upheld the panel's ruling.[6] In January 2011, Landis was unable to find a new team, which effectively ended his professional career.[7]

Early life and education

Floyd Landis is the second child and oldest son of Paul and Arlene Landis. His childhood home is in the village of Farmersville in West Earl Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.[8] He graduated from Conestoga Valley High School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1994.[9] He was raised in a devout Mennonite family and community. Landis used his first bike to ride while out fishing with his best friend but quickly learned to enjoy riding for its own sake. At one point, he became determined to ride in a local race. Landis showed up wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing shorts.[10] He won that race, and more wins followed as Landis continued to enjoy the sport.

Disturbed at his son's participation in what he considered a "useless" endeavor, Landis's father tried to discourage him from racing his bike by giving him extra chores. This left him no time to train during the day, so he would sneak out of the house at night to train, sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m. and often in the freezing cold. Landis's father[11] received a tip that his son had been going out at night. He did not appreciate his son's passion for cycling and thought he might be getting into drugs or alcohol. He often followed Landis at a distance to make sure he was not getting into trouble. Landis' father later became a hearty supporter of his son and considered himself one of Floyd's biggest fans.[12][13]

Career

Master of the Mountains

Landis at the 2006 Tour of California.

Landis won the first mountain bike race he entered. In 1993, he was crowned U.S. junior national champion. He told friends he would win the Tour de France one day. At age 20, Landis moved to Southern California to train full-time as a mountain biker. He soon established a reputation for toughness, once finishing a race riding on only his rims.[14] However, his training regimen resembled that of a road biker, and in 1999 he switched to road cycling.

Landis performed well enough on the road that Lance Armstrong recruited him to U.S. Postal and chose Landis to ride alongside him in three straight Tours de France, which Armstrong won from 2002 to 2004. Landis often pushed the pace in the mountains to break the pack before Armstrong made his final move. In the 2004 tour, Landis led Armstrong and a few of Armstrong's main rivals over the final climb of stage 17, putting on such an impressive display of strength that actor and avid bike-racing fan Robin Williams dubbed him the "Mofo of the Mountains". Landis' performance led some observers to peg him as a possible team leader and future winner of the maillot jaune. Landis left U.S. Postal later that year after receiving a better contract offer from the Phonak squad.

In the 2005 Tour de France, Landis finished ninth overall in the General classification, his highest finish in the tour at that time. Landis started the 2006 season strongly, with overall wins in the Amgen Tour of California, and then in the prestigious Paris–Nice, both week-long stage races. Winning Paris–Nice gave Landis 52 points in the UCI ProTour individual competition, starting him off in first place for 2006. Landis continued his display of strength with another overall win in the Ford Tour de Georgia, which took place from April 18 to April 23. In addition to winning the Tour de Georgia time trial, Landis managed to retain every second of his lead through the mountains with a close second-place finish to Tom Danielson on Brasstown Bald, the most difficult climbing stage of the tour.

Hip ailment

The powerful performance of Landis up to stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in stage 17 is particularly notable given his hip ailment, osteonecrosis, which was revealed in an article in The New York Times during the 2006 Tour de France.[15] This deterioration in the ball joint of his right hip stemmed from diminished blood supply and constricted blood vessels caused by scar tissue. The original injury that led to the formation of the scar tissue was a femoral neck fracture sustained in a bicycle crash during a training ride near his Southern California home in October 2002. Landis kept the ailment secret from his teammates, rivals, and the media until an announcement was made while the 2006 Tour was underway. This same ailment also affected former multi-sport athlete Bo Jackson and American football player Brett Favre.

Landis rode the 2006 Tour with the constant pain from the injury, which he described: "It's bad, it's grinding, it's bone rubbing on bone. Sometimes it's a sharp pain. When I pedal and walk, it comes and goes, but mostly it's an ache, like an arthritis pain. It aches down my leg into my knee. The morning is the best time, it doesn't hurt too much. But when I walk it hurts, when I ride it hurts. Most of the time it doesn't keep me awake, but there are nights that it does."[16] During the Tour, Landis was medically approved to take cortisone for this injury, a medication otherwise prohibited in professional cycling for its known potential for abuse. Landis himself called his win "a triumph of persistence" despite the pain.[17] Landis underwent successful hip replacement on September 27, 2006, receiving a Smith and Nephew Birmingham metal-on-metal hip joint.[18]

Doping case: 2006–2007

On July 27, 2006, the Phonak Cycling Team announced a urine sample submitted by Floyd Landis tested positive for an unusually high ratio of the hormone testosterone to the hormone epitestosterone (T/E ratio) after his performance in stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France.[19] Landis denied doping and placed faith in a test using his backup sample.[20] Phonak stated that he would be dismissed should the backup sample also test positive. It did, and Landis was suspended from professional cycling and dismissed from his team.[21] Landis's personal physician later disclosed that the test had found a T/E ratio of 11:1 in Landis, far above the maximum allowable ratio of 4:1.[22][23][24]

The test on Landis's stage 17 A sample had been performed by the French government's anti-doping clinical laboratory, the National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD). LNDD is a division of the Ministry of Youth, Sport, and Social Life and is accredited by WADA, the World Anti-Doping Agency.[25] In early August, Landis was found guilty of doping and was disqualified. Second place rider Óscar Pereiro became the race's official winner. The decision of whether to strip Landis of his title was made by the International Cycling Union (UCI).[26] Under UCI rules, the determination of whether a cyclist violated any rules must be made by the cyclist's national federation, in this case USA Cycling, which transferred the case to the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA).[26][27][28]

David Witt, a close personal friend who introduced Landis to his future wife (the daughter of Witt's then girlfriend and future wife), shot himself with a handgun in the North Park community of San Diego on August 15, 2006.[29][30][31] Landis and Witt met as roommates in 1998 when Landis moved to San Diego. Witt and Landis shared the same cycling coach, and Witt was instrumental in Landis' transition from mountain biking to road bicycle racing. Witt and his wife attended the 2006 Tour de France and were in Paris with Landis to celebrate his victory. Witt's North Park restaurant was adorned with Landis memorabilia, including two of Landis' jerseys. The San Diego Union-Tribune reported that a Landis family spokesman read the following from a statement: "Floyd, Amber and the family are devastated by the news of David's death. They loved him dearly, and they miss him. [The Landises] hope their privacy is respected in this time of mourning." Many years later, Landis claimed that Witt may have killed himself because of his knowledge of Landis' doping practices. In a 2010 ESPN interview, Landis acknowledged that Witt knew about Landis' doping and said, "I'm not saying that's the reason he's dead, but without that, I don't see why he wouldn't still be here." [32] Even before the USADA's ruling on the matter, the controversy resulted in the disbandment of Landis's former team Phonak.[33]

On September 20, 2007, Landis was found guilty of doping by a 2–1 vote of the hearing committee, with Patrice Brunet and Richard McLaren in the majority, and Christopher Campbell dissenting. Landis was banned from the sport for two years, dated retroactively to January 2007.[34] Landis appealed the decision of the committee to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The hearing ran from March 19 to March 24, 2008 in New York. The decision was announced on June 30, 2008,[35] with the result that the conviction and ban were upheld. In September 2008, Landis moved in U.S. federal court to vacate the CAS arbitration award, contending that the procurement of the award was tainted by partiality and conflicts of interest. Landis contested the $100,000 U.S. "costs" award, characterizing it as a disguised punitive award.[36] The parties agreed to dismiss the case with prejudice in December 2008, ending the litigation surrounding the doping case.[37]

On April 14, 2009, the French newspaper L'Express reported information that had been obtained from hacking into the French national laboratory for doping detection. The information was sent to a Canadian counterpart lab from a computer registered to Arnie Baker, Landis's ex-coach.[38] On August 25, 2009, The New York Times reported, "No evidence has surfaced to connect Mr. Landis or Dr. Baker to the hacking, and each has denied any involvement."[39] However, on February 15, 2010, it became known that a French judge issued an arrest warrant for Landis on the hacking charge in late January.[40]

During 2006 and 2007, Landis is believed to have raised about $1 million from the "Floyd Fairness Fund", established by businessman Thom Weisel.[41] He appealed to supporters to donate "anything they could" to help him pay his reportedly $2 million legal bill, while denying his involvement in doping.[42] Landis reached an agreement with federal prosecutors over allegations that he fraudulently solicited donations for a defense fund he set up to fight doping charges. He appeared before a federal judge on August 24, 2012 for a "deferred prosecution" hearing at which he agreed to pay restitution.[43]

Return to cycling

After his two-year ban ended in early 2009, Landis returned to cycling with the OUCH Pro Cycling Team, a U.S. team that races domestically.[44][45] His first race following his suspension and his first race as a member of the OUCH team was the 2009 Tour of California, in which he finished 23rd out of a field of 84 riders. Landis left the OUCH team at the end of 2009, stating he wished to ride the longer, tougher stage races offered in Europe and internationally that better suit his strengths.[44] He then raced the Tour of Southland in New Zealand in November 2009, with local team CyclingNZshop.com-Bio Sport,[46][46] finishing 17th overall out of a field of 95 riders. For the 2010 season, he joined the Bahati Foundation Cycling Team. However, after Landis admitted to doping himself and accused many other prominent American cyclists of doping, the Bahati Team began to fall apart, and Landis competed in the July 2010, Cascade Cycling Classic in Bend, Oregon as a lone rider without a team.[47][48] Landis was unable to find a team in the next months, and in January 2011, decided to end his career.[7]

Doping accusations and admission: 2010

On May 20, 2010, midway through the 2010 Amgen Tour of California, The Wall Street Journal reported that Floyd Landis had sent a series of emails to senior cycling and anti-doping officials in which he admitted to doping from June 2002 through his victory in the 2006 Tour de France. It was also reported that Landis and his coach Dr. Brent Kay sent emails to Tour of California director Andrew Messick. Landis had asked Messick to be allowed last-minute entry to the 2010 race; when Messick refused, Landis released his allegations regarding cycling to the media.[49] He accused several former teammates, including Lance Armstrong and George Hincapie, of using EPO and blood transfusions in the 2002 and 2003 seasons. Landis also claims there was blood doping at the 2004 Tour de France.[50]

Armstrong and Team RadioShack maintained that Landis and his coach had asked for a spot on Team RadioShack, and Landis only went public with the allegations after being denied a contract.[50] Landis also alleged that he assisted Levi Leipheimer and Dave Zabriskie in taking EPO before the Tour of California one year.[4] In an ESPN interview that day, Landis steadfastly denied that he had used synthetic testosterone during the 2006 Tour de France, but admitted to using human growth hormone and other doping modalities. The 2006 Tour de France was the only race to produce evidence Landis had ever used banned substances. Landis admitted that he had no physical evidence to support his allegations of others' involvement in doping, but that his emails were intended to "clear his conscience."[5]

Landis stated that Armstrong told him in 2002 that U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team director Johan Bruyneel had made a "financial arrangement" with the International Cycling Union (UCI) to ensure that details of a positive test on Armstrong remained confidential.[51] Pat McQuaid, the president of UCI, who had received copies of Landis' emails, said that Landis' allegations were "completely untrue", that Landis was "seeking revenge,"[5] and that UCI had "made contact with a lawyer and will take appropriate action."[51]

Bruyneel "absolutely den[ied] everything [Landis] said" and noted that several people "have had the story for a few weeks but didn't give it any credibility" and that Landis was "angry at the world" for the collapse of his career following his conviction.[52] Olympic medalist Steve Hegg said he felt "betrayed" and "deceived" and characterized Landis as "a bitter guy."[53] David Millar, who served a two-year suspension for EPO doping from 2004 to 2006 and is on the Garmin–Transitions team, said: "If [Landis] had stood up and manned up four years ago, he'd be racing the Tour de France now. He'd have a different book out. He'd have not lost a penny. He'd be admired by young people. He would have a different life ahead of him..."[54] Both the World Anti-Doping Agency and the U.S. government are investigating Landis' accusations. The case investigation is being led by Jeff Novitzky, a special agent with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and Doug Miller, an experienced federal prosecutor, both of whom were part of the BALCO investigative team.[55]

Post-cycling career

In July 2011, Landis gave an interview to Graham Bensinger in which he described his plans and training to race professionally in NASCAR.[56] In November 2011, Landis and his former coach Arnie Baker, were convicted of "benefiting from" hacking into the computers of the Chatenay-Malabry anti-doping lab. Both received 12-month suspended sentences.[57] As of March 2012, Landis was appealing his conviction.[58] In April 2012, it was revealed that Landis was under investigation by federal prosecutors in connection with possible wire and mail fraud committed when he raised his legal defense fund in 2007.[59] In August 2012, Landis admitted to fraud, and was ordered to pay $487,000 in restitution.[60] He reached a deal to avoid being prosecuted for the fraud charges as long as he paid the restitution.[61]

Landis is portrayed by American actor Jesse Plemons in the 2015 film The Program, directed by Stephen Frears and starring Ben Foster as Lance Armstrong and Chris O'Dowd as David Walsh.

Palmarès

1998
1st, National Under-23 Mountain Bike Championships
5th, Sea Otter Classic
1999
1st, Stage 1, Tour de Langkawi
2nd, Overall, Cascade Cycling Classic
1st, Stage 1
3rd, Overall, Tour de l'Avenir
5th, Overall, Tour de Beauce
2000
1st, Overall, Tour du Poitou-Charentes
4th, Overall, Tour de l'Avenir
5th, Overall, Tour de Langkawi
1st, Stage 1 (ITT)
9th, Overall, Redlands Classic
2001
1st, Stage 2 (ITT), Route du Sud
2002
1st, Stage 3, Tirreno–Adriatico
2nd, Overall, Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
5th, Circuit de la Sarthe
9th, Eddy Merckx Grand Prix
2003
1st, Stage 4 (TTT), Tour de France
2004
1st, Overall, Volta ao Algarve
1st, Stage 5
1st, Stage 1 (TTT), Vuelta a España
7th, Overall, Tour of the Basque Country
8th, Overall, Critérium International
2005
1st, Stage 1 (ITT), Tour of the Basque Country
2nd, Eindhoven Team Time Trial
3rd, Overall, Tour de Georgia
1st, Stage 3 (TTT)
9th, Overall, Tour de France
2006
1st, USA Cycling National Racing Calendar
1st, Overall, Tour de Georgia
1st, Stage 3 (ITT)
1st, Overall, Paris–Nice
1st, Overall, Tour of California
1st, Stage 3 (ITT)

2009

24th Tour of Utah
2010
1st, Stage 1 (ITT), Tour of the Bahamas[62]
2nd, Tour of the Battenkill
4th, Overall, Tour of Southland

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

Grand Tour 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Pink jersey Giro — — — — —
Yellow jersey Tour 61 77 23 9 1
red jersey Vuelta — 76 WD WD —

Withdrew = WD; Voided results = struck through.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Phonak Cycling Team to clarify consequences". Phonak Cycling Team. 2006-08-05. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  2. ↑ Jolly, David. (2010-02-19) New York Times, 2010-02-15, Arrest Warrant For Floyd Landis. Nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-30.
  3. ↑ Floyd Landis hacked into anti-doping agency computers-says-France Newsolio, February 15, 2010
  4. 1 2 Albergotti, Reed (2010-05-20). "Cyclist Floyd Landis Admits Doping, Alleges Use by Armstrong and Others". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  5. 1 2 3 Bonnie D. Ford (2010-05-20). "Landis admits doping, accuses Lance". ESPN.
  6. ↑ "BBC Cycling News, June 8th 2008, Landis ban appeal is turned down". BBC News. 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  7. 1 2 "Landis retires from cycling, effective immediately". Cyclingnews.com. Future Publishing Limited. 2011-01-18. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  8. ↑ Everson, Darren (2006, July 30). Landis lived in the Conestoga Valley School District. World Descends on Farmersville. New York Daily News, p. 62-63.
  9. ↑ "Positively False: The Real Story of How I Won the Tour de France: Floyd Landis, Loren Mooney: 9781416950233: Amazon.com: Books". amazon.com.
  10. ↑ Zarembo, Alan (2010-05-22). "Floyd Landis has nothing left to lose – Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  11. ↑ Floyd Landis – Mennonite in tights. The Religion Report 26 July 2006
  12. ↑ OLN Television broadcast of the 2006 Tour de France, July 22, 2006
  13. ↑ Coyle, Daniel (July 2006). "The New American in Paris". Outside Magazine.
  14. ↑ "Landis, Tiger rise to the occasion". Sierra Sun. 2006-07-23.
  15. ↑ "What He's Been Pedaling", The New York Times, July 16, 2006.
  16. ↑ "Landis's Hip Will Need Surgery After Bid for Tour", The New York Times, July 10, 2006.
  17. ↑ Fotheringham, Alasdair (2006-07-24). "Cycling: Landis the Tour king celebrates a triumph of survival". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2006-07-28. (subscription required)
  18. ↑ I have a metal hip and it's nothing to do with resurfacing
  19. ↑ "Landis gives positive drugs test". BBC Sport. 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2006-08-01.
  20. ↑ Toman, Mar (2006-07-31). "Landis requests backup sample to clear doping allegations".
  21. ↑ "Landis gives positive drugs test". BBC News. 2006-07-27.
  22. ↑ "Landis sample 'well above limit'". BBC News. 2006-08-02. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
  23. ↑ Macur, Juliet (2006-07-31). "Testosterone in Landis’s Body Said Not to Be Natural". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-08-01.
  24. ↑ The T/E ratio allowable limit is based on new science, and that there has been controversy about whether the WADA limit of 4:1 is scientifically acceptable, in other words, that this limit is too low. The Landis ratio of 11:1 would not have disqualified him a country such as Australia.
  25. ↑ Eustice, John (2006-08-16). "What if Floyd Landis were innocent?". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
  26. 1 2 "Backup Test Confirms Adverse Findings in Tour de France Champ Landis' Urine". FoxNews.com. 2006-08-05. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  27. ↑ "Landis Tests Positive; Title is a total complete loss". Chicago Tribune. 2006-08-05.
  28. ↑ "US Cycling hands Landis case to USADA". London: Guardian. 2006-08-06. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  29. ↑ "Tour de France winner's father-in-law kills self". San Diego Union-Tribune. 17 August 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  30. ↑ "Landis' father-in-law found dead". cyclingnews.com. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  31. ↑ "Landis' father-in-law found dead". velonews.com. 16 August 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
  32. ↑ "ESPN.com's Q&A with Floyd Landis". espn.com. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  33. ↑ Hood, Andrew (August 15, 2006). "End of the road for Phonak". Velo News. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  34. ↑ "Arbitrators Find Landis Guilty Of Doping, Must Forfeit Tour Title". New York Sun via AP. September 21, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  35. ↑ "CAS News". Tas-cas.org. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  36. ↑ "Floyd_Landis_federal_case : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  37. ↑ "Trust But Verify, "Federal Case Over"". Trustbut.blogspot.com. 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  38. ↑ "Greenpeace: révélations sur l'affaire d'espionnage". LExpress.fr. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  39. ↑ Jolly, David (2009-08-01). "In French Inquiry, a Glimpse at Corporate Spying". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  40. ↑ "French judge issues arrest warrant for Landis". VeloNews via Agence France Presse. February 15, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  41. ↑ Matt Seaton (15 January 2013). "Lance Armstrong's associates: who might be drawn into legal proceedings?". The Guardian (London).
  42. ↑ Mark Zeigler (2010-05-20). "Landis admits doping, says Armstrong did too". San Diego Union-Tribune.
  43. ↑ "Report: Landis strikes deal with feds, who won’t pursue fraud charges if he pays back donors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  44. 1 2 UnitedHealthcare announces title sponsorship Cycling News, Dec 17, 2009
  45. ↑ Landis to Race April 19 in NY ESPN, April 3, 2009
  46. 1 2 Landis admits tour dream return is over Cycling News, Nov 1, 2009
  47. ↑ AFP (2010-07-21). "It's me and my shadow for lone wolf Landis in Oregon". Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  48. ↑ Holcomb, Brian. (July 21, 2010) "Floyd Landis heads to Cascade as Bahati Foundation team reorganizes". VeloNews.com. Retrieved 7-22-2010
  49. ↑ From May 22, 2010 USA Today article, "Lance Armstrong makes public emails from Floyd Landis", which used Floyd Landis emails provided by Lance Armstrong as its source. Floyd Landis to Andrew Messick: "I certainly understand that my revealing that Lance Armstrong has relied on blood doping, EPO, and anabolics to win the three Tours de France in which I helped him will jeopardize your substantial investment in facilitating his appearance so from a business point of view I understand fully."
  50. 1 2 Reed Albergotti and Vanessa O'Connell (July 3–4, 2010). "Blood Brothers". Wall Street Journal. p. W1.
  51. 1 2 Greg Johnson (2010-05-20). "Landis confesses to doping, implicates Armstrong and Bruyneel". Cyclingnews.com.
  52. ↑ "Johan Bruyneel Comments on Landis Situation". Team RadioShack. 2010-05-20.
  53. ↑ Don Norcross (2010-05-21). "Fans have mixed emotions about Landis". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  54. ↑ Henderson, John (May 27, 2010). "Landis fallout continues as Garmin official gets support in doping allegations". The Denver Post. Retrieved 7-14-2010.
  55. ↑ Nathaniel Vinton (2010-06-09). "Government assigns federal prosecutor Doug Miller to cycling case sparked by Floyd Landis e-mail". New York Daily News. Retrieved 07-05-2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  56. ↑ InDepth with Graham Bensinger, July 15, 2011
  57. ↑ "Landis Guilty in Hacking," New York Times, November 10, 2011
  58. ↑ "Court date for Landis computer hacking appeal set," topix.com, March 29, 2012
  59. ↑ "Reports: Floyd Landis under federal investigation". USA Today. April 27, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  60. ↑ "Floyd Landis admits fraud, ordered to pay $478,000 in restitution". Velonews. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  61. ↑ "Cyclist Floyd Landis reaches deal on fraud counts". CBS Interactive, Inc. August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  62. ↑ "Landis breaks lap record in Bahamas TT", CyclingNews.com (Jan. 27, 2010. Retrieved 5-30-2010.

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