Ford Mondeo (first generation)

For a complete overview of all Mondeo models, see Ford Mondeo.
Ford Mondeo (first generation)

1992–1996 Ford Mondeo estate
Overview
Manufacturer Ford
Also called Ford Contour (North America)
Mercury Mystique (North America)
Production 23 November 1992[1]–31 August 1996 (pre-facelift)
1 September 1996 – 1 November 2000 (facelift)
Assembly Belgium: Genk
Mexico: Cuautitlan, Estado de México
United States: Claycomo, Missouri
Designer 1990[2]
Body and chassis
Class Mid-size car (D)
Body style 4-door saloon
5-door hatchback
5-door estate
Platform Ford CDW27 platform
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 5-speed MTX-75 manual (US)
  • 4-speed CD4E automatic (US)
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,704 mm (106.5 in)
Length 4,481 mm (176.4 in) (1993 saloon, hatch)
4,631 mm (182.3 in) (1993 estate)
4,556 mm (179.4 in) (1996 saloon, hatch)
4,671 mm (183.9 in) (1996 estate)
Width 1,747 mm (68.8 in) (1993 saloon, hatch)
1,745 mm (68.7 in) (1993 estate)
1,749 mm (68.9 in) (1996)
Height 1,372 mm (54.0 in) (saloon, hatchback)
1,391 mm (54.8 in) (estate)
Chronology
Predecessor Ford Sierra (Europe)
Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz (North America)
Ford Telstar (Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa)
Successor Ford Mondeo (second generation)
Ford Fusion (Americas)

The Ford Mondeo (first generation) is a mid-size car that was produced by Ford that launched on 23 November 1992, with sales beginning on 22 March 1993. It is also known as the Mk I Mondeo; the 1996 facelift versions are usually designated Mk II. Available as a four-door saloon, a five-door hatchback, and a five-door estate, all models for the European market were produced at Ford's plant in the Belgian city of Genk.[3] In December 1992, Autocar published a section on the Mondeo, and how it would conquer rivals.

Intended as a world car, it replaced the Ford Sierra in Europe, the Ford Telstar in a large portion of Asia and other markets, while the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique replaced the Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz in North America. Despite being billed as a world car, the only external items the Mondeo shared initially with the Contour were the windscreen, front windows, front mirrors and door handles. Thus, the CDW27 project turned out not to be a true world car in the sense that the original Ford Focus and newer Ford developed under the "One Ford" policy turned out to be—that being one design per segment for the world. The first generation Mondeo was replaced in 2000, by the larger second generation; in the United States and Canada, the Countour/Mystique were replaced by the Fusion.

Design and development

Mk I

Instigated in 1986, the design of the car cost Ford US$6 billion. It was one of the most expensive new car programmes ever. The Mondeo was significant as its design and marketing was shared between Ford USA in Dearborn, and Ford of Europe.[4] Its codename while under development reflected thus: CDW27 signified that it straddled the C & D size classes and was a "world car".

1992–1996 Ford Mondeo saloon (Germany)
1992–1996 Ford Mondeo liftback (UK)

A large proportion of the high development cost was due to the Mondeo being a completely new design, sharing very little, if anything, with the Ford Sierra. Unlike the Sierra, the Mondeo is front-wheel drive in its most common form, with a rarer four-wheel drive version available on the Mk I car only. Over optimistically the floor pan was designed to accept virtually any conceivable drivetrain, from a transverse four to a longitudinal V-8. This resulted in a hugely obtrusive and mostly disused bellhousing cover and transmission tunnel. The resulting interior front of the car, especially the footwells, feel far more cramped than would be expected from a vehicle of this size. The Mondeo featured new manual and automatic transmissions and sophisticated suspension design, which give it class-leading handling and ride qualities, and subframes front and rear to give it executive car refinement. The automatic transmission featured electronic control with sport and economy modes plus switchable overdrive. The programme manager from 1988, and throughout its early development, was David Price.

The car was launched in the midst of turbulent times at Ford of Europe, when the division was haemorrhaging hundreds of millions of dollars, and had gained a reputation in the motoring press for selling products which had been designed by accountants rather than engineers. The fifth generation Escort and third generation Orion of 1990 was the zenith of this cost-cutting/high price philosophy which was by then beginning to backfire on Ford, with the cars being slated for their substandard ride and handling, though a facelift in 1992 had seen things improve a little. The Sierra had sold well, but not as well as the all-conquering Cortina before it, and in Britain, it had been overtaken in the sales charts by the newer Vauxhall Cavalier. Previously loyal customers were already turning to rival European and Japanese products, and by the time of the Mondeo's launch, the future of Europe as a Ford manufacturing base was hanging in the balance. The new car had to be good, and it had to sell.

Safety was a high priority in the Mondeo design with a driver's side airbag (it was the first ever car sold from the beginning with a driver's airbag in all of its versions, which helped it achieve the ECOTY title for 1994), side-impact bars, seat belt pretensioners, and ABS (higher models) as standard features. Other features for its year included adaptive damping, self-levelling suspension (top estate models), traction control (V6 and 4WD versions), and heated front windscreen, branded Quickclear.

The interiors were usually well-appointed, featuring velour trim, an arm rest with CD and tape storage, central locking (frequently remote), power windows (all round on higher models), power mirrors, illuminated entry, flat-folding rear seats, etc. Higher specification models had leather seats, trip computers, electric sunroof, CD changer and alloy wheels.

During its development, Ford used the 1986 Honda Accord and in the later stages the 1990 Nissan Primera as the class benchmarks that the CDW27 had to beat.

In December 1998, Ford released in Europe a sports car with a coupé body shell based upon the Mk II Mondeo called the Ford Cougar (or Mercury Cougar in North America). This car shared the engines (2.0 I4, 2.5 V6), transmissions, suspension (partially) and floorpans from the Mondeo, but the body shell was unique to the Cougar, and was one of the last Ford cars to be designed under Ford's New Edge philosophy.

Mk II (facelift)

2000 Ford Mondeo (HE) Ghia hatchback (Australia)

The Mondeo facelift, launched in October 1996 seeing three of the original Mondeo's biggest criticisms addressed: its bland styling, the poor headlight performance, the reflectors of which quickly yellowed and the cramped rear legroom. The lowering of specification levels around that time (e.g. air-conditioning and alloy wheels became optional on the UK Ghia models) may have indicated a desire by Ford to cut costs and recoup some of the considerable sums invested in the original design. These specification levels were improved again in 1998 as the Mondeo approached replacement.

1996–2000 Ford Mondeo (HC) GLX sedan (Australia)
2000 Ford Mondeo (HE) Ghia hatchback (Australia)

The facelift left only the doors, the roof, and the rear quarter panels on the estate the same as the original model. Even the extractor vents on the rear doors were replaced by a panel bearing the name Mondeo. The most notable change was the introduction of the grille and larger, wraparound lighting units. The saloon version featured some distinctive rear lights. These incorporated an additional reflector panel that extended around the top and the side of the rear wings. Unlike the iterations seen on the heavily facelifted Scorpio and Mk IV Fiesta during the previous year, this facelift was well received.

The interior was also mildly revised, though the basic dashboard architecture was the same as before. Safety specification was improved, with the car gaining a full-size driver airbag in place of the smaller 'euro-bag' fitted in the Mk I Mondeo. The Mk II gained a 'flagged' 3 star rating in EuroNCAP testing, which was average for rivals of its time (the same as the Vauxhall Vectra, better than the Citroën Xantia and Peugeot 406, and worse than the Nissan Primera).The cars structure suffering excessive footwell intrusion in the frontal impact and a disturbing B pillar displacement in the side test.

The Zetec engine was thoroughly revised in 1998. The updated version was far more refined at high revolutions, addressing a common criticism of the Zetec motor.

Engines

1992–1996 Ford Mondeo estate (Germany)
1996–1998 Ford Mondeo (HC) LX wagon (Australia)
Mk II interior

Along with an all-new platform, the Mondeo also used Ford's then-new Zetec engines, first seen in 1991 in the Ford Escort and Ford Fiesta.

Three versions of the 16-valve Zetec engine were used. The 1.6 L version (rated at 90 metric horsepower (66 kW)) from the Escort was used, a 1.8 (115 metric horsepower (85 kW)) also found in the Escort and Ford Fiesta (105 and 130 metric horsepower (77 and 96 kW)), while a new 136 metric horsepower (100 kW) 2.0 L version was launched.

An alternative to the Zetec engines was the Endura-D 1.8 L turbodiesel. This engine had origins in the older 1.6 L diesel design used in the Fiesta and elsewhere. Although not without merits, it was not seen as a strong competitor to other European diesels such as that produced by Peugeot. The contrast between this unit and the competition seemed enormous by the time the engine was dropped in 2000. Strangely, the diesel powered vehicles could easily be distinguished by dint of their having a slightly redesigned grille.

A less popular engine (for the UK and Ireland) was introduced in 1994 in the form of the 170 metric horsepower (130 kW) 2.5 L 24-valve V6 Duratec unit, primarily included for markets where four-cylinder petrol engines are not favored and are usually intended for the upmarket European buyer. This engine, first unveiled in the Mondeo's North American cousin, the Ford Contour, is characterized by its smooth operation, chain-driven camshafts and an ability to operate using only half its 24 valves at low engine speeds. Fuel economy was poor, the automatic even worse than the manual (and far less reliable). This engine was originally branded 24v (when valve count was all important), but later on sold as the more glamorous sounding V6.

This engine was also used to introduce the new "ST" brand to the Mondeo range as a flagship model (with less specification than a Ghia or a Ghia X), the ST24 in 1997. The power of the engine stayed at 170 PS (130 kW), the same as other 2.5 L-engined models (so was slower than a Mk I 24v), but the ST featured unique cabin trim (half leather seats), unique 16 in alloy wheels (that were originally only available on a Ghia X Estate), and a full Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kit as standard, The bodykit option was listed as a delete option for those that did not want it fitted as standard. This was later replaced by the Limited Edition ST200 in 1999, featuring an SVT version of the V6 Duratec with a power output of 200 PS (150 kW).

Although neither of these models ever sold in high numbers, the marketing was important to Ford, as it was an introduction to the ST range as a sportier side to the full range, especially significant as apart from the Focus RS, both the XR and RS model ranges were phased out during the 1990s.

Ford briefly sold a version using the 2.0 L Zetec engine and four-wheel drive, available between 1995 and 1996 on cars with Si, Ghia and Ghia X trim.

Model Years Engine and type Displ. Power Torque
1.6 1993–1999 I4 16V Zetec 1597 cc 66 kW (90 PS; 89 hp) @ 5250 rpm 135 N·m (100 ft·lbf) @ 3500 rpm
1.6 1999–2000 I4 16V Zetec 1597 cc 70 kW (95 PS; 94 hp) @ 5250 rpm 142 N·m (105 ft·lbf) @ 3600 rpm
1.8 1993–2000 I4 16V Zetec 1796 cc 85 kW (116 PS; 114 hp) @ 5750 rpm 158 N·m (117 ft·lbf) @ 3750 rpm
2.0 1993–1996 I4 16V Zetec 1988 cc 100 kW (136 PS; 134 hp) @ 6000 rpm 175 N·m (129 ft·lbf) @ 4000 rpm
2.0 1996–2000 I4 16V Zetec 1988 cc 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) @ 5600 rpm 178 N·m (131 ft·lbf) @ 4000 rpm
2.0 4x4 1993–1996 I4 16V Zetec 1988 cc 97 kW (132 PS; 130 hp) @ 6000 rpm 175 N·m (129 ft·lbf) @ 4000 rpm
2.5 1994–1998 V6 24V Duratec 2544 cc 130 kW (177 PS; 174 hp) @ 6250 rpm 220 N·m (162 ft·lbf) @ 4250 rpm
2.5 1998–2000 V6 24V Duratec 2495 cc 130 kW (177 PS; 174 hp) @ 6250 rpm 220 N·m (162 ft·lbf) @ 4250 rpm
2.5 ST200 1999–2000 V6 24V Duratec 2495 cc 151 kW (205 PS; 202 hp) @ 6500 rpm 235 N·m (173 ft·lbf) @ 5500 rpm
1.8 TD 1993–2000 I4 8V Endura-D 1753 cc 66 kW (90 PS; 89 hp) @ 4500 rpm 177 N·m (131 ft·lbf) @ 2250 rpm

Market

Europe

The 1992–1996 range had the following trim levels:

UK market

Additional trim levels in other European markets included:

The 1996–2000 range had the following trim levels:

The facelifted Mk II Mondeo sports variants included the ST24 and the ST200. The ST24 produced 170 bhp (130 kW) from its 2.5-litre V6 24v engine and was launched with Rally Sport Appearance Pack body kits, along with sports suspension and half-leather sports bucket-seats. Its standard setup saw the ST24 from standstill to 62 mph (100 km/h) in 8.0 seconds, coupled with a maximum speed of 148 mph (238 km/h). North America got an SE "Sport" Version of the Contour, which featured exclusive wheels and the coveted 9" Sport Drum rear brakes. Rear disc brakes eventually became available in North America on certain Contour and Mystique models, although some customers bemoaned the reduced level of feel over the original sport drums.

The ST200 was then launched as the Enthusiast's car, with a tuned 2.5-litre V6 24v engine producing 202 bhp (151 kW). This engine made the ST200 go from standing to 60 mph (97 km/h) in around 7.7 seconds,[5] and reach a maximum speed of 151 mph (243 km/h). Tuning included a different throttle body, cams, flywheel, and upper manifold to name a few. This version of the Mondeo also had even harder sports suspension than the ST24, and came with half-leather Recaro sports bucket-seats, full-leather was available as a cost option. The ST200 was released to the public in Imperial Blue colour, Moondust Silver and a very limited number in white (mainly for use by the police). The North American counterpart to this model was known as the Contour SVT.

Africa

In South Africa, the trim levels offered were:

South America

In Brazil, the trim levels offered were:

Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique

1995–1997 Ford Contour
1995–1997 Mercury Mystique

The Ford Contour, as well as its sister the Mercury Mystique were the North American versions of the mid-size Ford Mondeo sedan produced between 1994 and 2000. The Contour and Mystique replaced the Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz. They were introduced in September 1994 as 1995 models, with production having commenced in Mexico on 15 August.[6] Development of the first generation European Mondeo and its derivatives, the Contour and Mystique, was a major project for the Ford Motor Company. While the Mondeo has been afforded three body styles (four-door sedan, five-door liftback and a station wagon), the North American variants were developed as sedans only. The interior was slightly different, though the Ford Focus would be more successful as "one design for the world". Although the cars ended up slightly larger than the Tempo and Topaz, and the Mondeo was marketed as a large family car in Europe, reviewers would judge the car too small for American tastes compared to Japanese product lines where Toyota's Camry was their next size up from compact cars.

Initially, three trim levels were available for the Contour a base GL (available until 1998), a more luxurious LX and a sporty SE trim. A 125 hp (93 kW), 2.0 L Zetec inline four-cylinder engine was standard on the GL and LX models, while a 170 hp 2.5 L Duratec V6 was standard on SE models and optional on the GL and LX models. A 5-speed manual transmission was standard on all models, with a 4-speed automatic as an option. However, in April 1996, Ford produced a "Sport" model in both the 2.0 L four-cylinder and 2.5 L V6. The "Sport" model was an option in both SE and GL series. It was marketed as a car for a serious driver who wants an economical car.

The Mystique was initially available in entry-level GS, LS both available with the "sport" option. A base model was also available from model year 1997 through 1999.[7]

Both the Contour and Mystique were praised for its handling and ride quality, and were even dubbed "A fun four-door sedan that offered European moves at American prices" in an Edmunds review. The Contour and Mystique were on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1995, 1996 and 1997. Although Car and Driver staff wrote an article in 2009 apologizing for the inclusion of the Ford Contour on the "Ten Best" list, it was the only car the staff did not outright recant from the list, but did cite that, in hindsight, the car should have been considered too small for its price range to properly meet criteria, and that this is the likely reason for the car's failure to achieve widespread appeal.[8] The Contour was also named as an Automobile Magazine All Star for 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998.[9] For the SVT trim, Edmunds.com named the Contour SVT the most wanted sedan under $25,000 for the year of 1999.

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the Contour a "Poor" overall rating in the frontal impact crash. The head, neck, and chest were all well protected and the dummy movement was well controlled, however, excessive footwell intrusion contributed to high forces on both legs and a "Marginal" structural rating.[10] The Contour received five stars for both the driver and passenger in the NHTSA test.

Facelift

1998–2000 Ford Contour SE
1998–2000 Mercury Mystique
1998–2000 Ford Contour SVT

In 1998, Ford restyled the Contour and Mystique. The restyle was based on the facelifted Mondeo which had been launched in Europe two years earlier. Ford also added an SVT version for the Contour, which utilized a specially tuned and modified version of the 2.5 L V6 that produced 195 hp (145 kW)(1998 MY) / 200 hp (149 kW) (1999/2000 MY) and was only available with a 5-speed manual transmission. Also included with the SVT Contour was new bodywork, seats and trim, white-faced gauges, larger wheels with ultra high performance tires, upgraded brakes and a retuned suspension. The Contour SVT was available primarily by special order by specially designated Ford dealerships.

The SVT Contour was a modified version of the Ford Contour sedan from Ford's in-house Special Vehicle Team.[11] The SVT Contour was produced from 1998MY through 2000MY, with a mid-year revision for 1998.5. All Ford Contours were produced at the Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant (KCAP) in Claycomo, Missouri, just outside Kansas City, Missouri.[11]

YearEnginePowerTorqueProduction
19982.5 L Duratec 25 SVT V6195 hp (145 kW)165 ft·lbf (224 N·m)4,485
1998.52,050
1999200 hp (149 kW)169 ft·lbf (229 N·m)2,760
20002,150
Total 11,445

Engines

Model year changes

1996
1997
1995–1997 Ford Contour
1998–2000 Ford Contour SE
1998
1998.5

In mid-production for the 1998 model, (manufactured after Feb 98) Ford decided to make several more changes to the SVT Contour. This resulted in a noticeable distinction between early and late 1998 SVT Contours. To differentiate between the two, the late 1998 model is sometimes referred to as the "1998.5", or alternatively the early 1998 model as the "E0" and the late 1998 model as the "E1". The mid-year changes are as listed below.

1999
2000

Sales

In Europe, the Mondeo was instantly declared a class leader. It was elected Car of the Year in 1994, ahead of PSA's new Xantia model.[12] The facelifted Mondeo was initially popular, being Britain's third best selling new car in 1996 through to 1998. However in 1999 it dipped into sixth place and had been outsold by its biggest rival, the Vauxhall Vectra.

However, the Mondeo struggled to compete in North America and Australia. In the United States and Canada, the Contour suffered from market incompatibility with the preceding Ford Tempo, which by the end of its production run was an outdated design from the mid-1980s which sold primarily on its low price to lower-end customers and fleets. In contrast, the Contour was significantly more expensive as Ford hoped to sell it on its redeeming qualities instead; a base model Contour was several hundred dollars more expensive than a loaded Tempo LX, pricing it out of the market for prospective and returning Tempo customers. Customers in the Contour's price range were instead drawn to the Taurus which was larger and offered better value for money; large factory incentives on the outgoing Taurus throughout 1995 in anticipation of a completely redesigned model due to launch later that year helped the Taurus cut into the Contour's initial market.

Anticipating this, Ford moved the Taurus upmarket with the release of the redesigned 1996 model, but poor customer reception to the new model's design and high price forced Ford to heavily discount it and continuously reduce its base price through its life, reviving the in-showroom competition between the two models. Additionally, the Contour was hurt by strong competition in the medium segment by the other American automakers; The similarly-priced Chrysler Cirrus, which was concurrently launched by the Chrysler Corporation for the 1995 model year, matched the Contour in design, performance and driving dynamics, but had more features and a larger interior. The 1996 launch of the lower-priced Chevrolet Malibu by General Motors further cut into Contour sales. The Mondeo faced similar issues in Australia, as it was hampered by stiff competition from Japanese competitors in an already limited medium-sized market while its high price drove prospective customers to the larger and better equipped Ford Falcon. Heavy fleet sales of the Taurus and Falcon, which lead to a large volume of low-mileage, low-priced one- and two-year-old examples saturating the used vehicle market was also a factor in making the Mondeo a tough sell to respective American and Australian consumers.

There is however another theory advanced by some motoring journalists: because the Mondeo was developed in Europe with limited input from Ford's North American and Australian operations, executives at both operations were unenthusiastic about the car and had no qualms about letting it fail in the marketplace to allow for the continued success of their locally developed models. Ford withdrew the Mondeo and exited the medium-sized markets in both continents in 2000, not to return until the 2005 launch of the Fusion in North America and the 2007 return of the Mondeo in Australia. The Mondeo would return to North America in 2012 as the redesigned 2013 Fusion as part of the "One Ford" business plan. The redesigned Mondeos, thanks to their larger size, better prices, increased development input from Australian and American customers, and changing market demographics, would prove successful in both continents.

The Mondeo was released in Australia in 1995, but was not a sales success, where, similarly, there was a much larger local model, the Falcon, and was dropped in 2000. Ford Australia withdrew completely from the medium-sized segment of the Australian market, arguing that it was in decline. The estate version, the first medium-sized Ford of its kind to be sold in Australia since the Cortina, was dropped in 1999. It struggled against Japanese mid-size models such as the Honda Accord and Subaru Liberty, as well as the Holden Vectra, also imported from Europe, although unlike the Mondeo, briefly assembled locally.[13] The Mondeo has since returned to Australia in 2007 with an all-new model.

In Australia, the 1995 to 2000 Ford Mondeo was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 as providing "significantly better than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash.[14]

The Mondeo launched in New Zealand to replace the Mazda 626-based Telstar following the closure of the Ford New Zealand assembly plant in 1997. Many earlier model Mondeos, imported used from Japan were also sold locally.

In 1997, the Mondeo was introduced into South Africa as a replacement for the Ford Telstar. It was produced locally at their Silverton plant in 1.8-litre and 2.0-litre saloon models. As production was limited to one body style, Estate (2.0-litre) Hatchback (2.5-litre V6) models were imported alongside the saloon models. The Mondeo was one of the first mainstream cars in South Africa to introduce airbags as standard equipment. Saloon sales were never a major success – fairly radical styling being cited as the main problem by a still conservative vehicle market. Styling was partly addressed by an Aspen model, which featured 15" alloy wheels, front fog lamps and full leather trim.

In Taiwan, Ford Lio Ho produced a version of the Mondeo known as the Mondeo M2000, which had a front end similar to the outgoing Mercury Mystique, but with Ford badges. Its rear end was identical to that of the European models. This model was also exported to China.[15]

US sales
Calendar year Contour Mystique
1999[16] 134,487 39,531
2000 45,109 16,208

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Mondeo Mk I, Ford Mondeo Mk II, Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique.
  1. ↑ Lester A. Digman (1997). Strategic management: cases. DAME Publications. ISBN 9780873936194. ISBN 0873936191.
  2. ↑ Mondeo The Story Of The Global Car. Mondeo The Story Of The Global Car 1992.
  3. ↑ "Plants in Europe: Assembly". Ford UK. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15.
  4. ↑ "04Mol" (PDF). Igi-pub.com. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  5. ↑ Finlay, David. "Ford Mondeo ST200: Sleeping on his What?". CarKeys.co.uk.
  6. ↑ "Ford Historic Dates & Events". United Auto Workers Local 387. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  7. ↑ "1995–2001 Mercury Mystique Review". Retrieved June 19, 2008.
  8. ↑ "Dishonorable Mention: The 10 Most Embarrassing Award Winners in Automotive History".
  9. ↑ "Automobile Magazine Unveils 1998 All-Stars".
  10. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI:Ford Contour".
  11. 1 2 "Ford SVT Contour", Ford Motor Company, svt.ford.com, web: SVT.
  12. ↑ "Rewind to 1994: Ford Mondeo.". Quicks. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  13. ↑ "Ford's disaster a strong performer". Drive.com.au. 2002-12-16. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  14. ↑ "Used car safety ratings" (PDF). Vicroads.vic.gov.au. 2005-06-29. p. 14.
  15. ↑ Ford Lio Ho Gears Up For Car Exports, CENS, Feb 26, 2004
  16. ↑ "Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
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