Tikka Khan

Tikka Khan
General Tikka Khan in mess dress, PA
Birth name	Tikka Khan
Nickname(s)	Butcher of Bengal
Born	7 July 1915
Died	28 March 2002 (aged 86)
Allegiance	British India  Pakistan
Service/branch	British Indian Army(1940-1947)  Pakistan Army(1947-1976)
Years of service	1940-1976
Rank	General
Service number	(PA – 124)
Unit	2 Field Regiment, Corps of Artillery
Commands held	8th Infantry Division, Rann of Kutch 15th Infantry Division, Sialkot IV Corps Eastern Military High Command II Strike Corps Chief of Army Staff
Battles/wars	Battle of Rann of Kutch Battle of Chawinda Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War Operation Searchlight
Awards	Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) Hilal-i-Quaid-i-Azam (HQA) Sitara-e-Pakistan (SPk)
Other work	Politician

Tikka Khan, HJ, HQA, SPk, (Punjabi, Urdu: ٹکا خان‎; 7 July 1915 – 28 March 2002) was a four-star general in the Pakistan Army who served as the first Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army from 3 March 1972 to 1 March 1976. After retiring from the Army he was appointed to the cabinet position of Defense and Security Advisor in Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto's administration. He, along with Secretary General of Defense Mr. Ghulam Ishaq Khan oversaw the genesis of Pakistan's nuclear weapons project in Kahuta according to Dr. A.Q. Khan.^[1] Coincidentally, the decision to construct A.Q. Khan's lab in Kahuta was made in the days of Gen Tikka who was from Kahuta. (see early life).

Prior to Tikka's appointment, the Chief of Army Staff (head of the army) was designated as Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army. Before the four-star assignment (in 1971), Tikka Khan was a Martial Law Administrator of erstwhile East-Pakistan (later, Bangladesh). He succeeded Air Commodore Mitty Masud, and assumed the command of Eastern Military High Command on 26 March 1971. As a Commander of Eastern Command, (then) Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan was the architect and top planner of Operation Searchlight.^[2] He became Chief of the Army, Member of Bhutto's cabinet, Governor of a Province and leader of the Pakistan People's Party. He was buried with full military honors upon his death in Pakistan.

Early life and education

Tikka Khan was born in a Narma Rajput Punjabi family in the village of Jochha Mamdot in Tehsil Kallar Syedan district Rawalpindi, in 1915 (in what was then British India). He was a graduate of the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun, India and was commissioned on 22 December 1940.

World War II and British Army career

He fought in World War II as part of the Indian Army. After his return from World War II, Khan was an instructor at the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun for some time. During the independence, Major Tikka Khan remained in what is now Pakistan, and became an officer in the Pakistan Army.

Career with Pakistan Army

After Independence, he served in only one Artillery Regiment of Royal Pakistan Artillery, where he raised and commanded the first post independence Medium Regiment of Royal Pakistan Artillery, i.e., 12 Medium Regiment Artillery.

He was promoted to the rank of Major General in 1962.

Between the wars

Tikka Khan was a Major-General at the time of 1965 Pak-India war and was posted at Sialkot.

Tikka Khan was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General in August 1969. He was then posted as commander IV Corps at Lahore, where he stayed till March 1971. By virtue of Yahya Khan's martial law, Tikka Khan was also the Martial Law Administrator, Zone A (West Pakistan). He had replaced Lt Gen Attiqur Rahman as the MLA and left the post to Lt Gen Bahadur Sher in March 1971. Lahore's Fortress Stadium was constructed under General Tikka Khan's tenure as corps commander.

Tikka Khan left for Dacca in March 1971, where he was to take charge as the commander of the Eastern Command, Martial Law Administrator, Zone B (East Pakistan), and Governor of East Pakistan.

1971 Crisis and Bangladesh War

The 1970 elections in East Pakistan and West Pakistan resulted in a situation where Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League won 167 of the 169 seats in East Pakistan, whereas Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won 81 seats out of 138 in West Pakistan. Although, as the leader of the majority party, Mujib was supposed to be the next Prime Minster of Pakistan, Bhutto was not ready to accept and refused to sit in the National Assembly as opposition party. General Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan, influenced by Bhutto to keep the Bengalis from rising to power, postponed the National Assembly session. Mujib, in a public rally in Dhaka on 7 March, called upon the Bengalis to launch movement against the Pakistani regime. In this circumstance, Tikka was sent out to put down the unrest swelling in East Pakistan. Tikka took over Eastern Command (equivalent to a reinforced Corps) on 6 April 1971 after the previous commander Lt Gen Sahabzada Yaqub Khan resigned. He was the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Commander of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan from 26 March 1971 to 11 April 1971.^[3] He has faced accusations of Killing thousands of civilians.^[3][4] He was given the nickname "Butcher of Bengal".^[5]

He was the leading commander of the II Corps responsible for the defence on the Western front of the War in 1971. After a brief stay in East Pakistan, he was then posted as the first commander II Corps at Multan and commanded through the actual Indo-Pakistan conflict in December 1971.

Post-retirement

Tikka Khan’s tenure ended in March 1976, and he was later appointed to the cabinet position of Defense and Security Advisor by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's July 1977 coup led to the arrest of both Bhutto and General Tikka Khan. He was placed under house arrest.^[6] Bhutto was executed in 1979, after which General Tikka Khan emerged as one of the leaders of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), becoming its Secretary General, during a time when many party stalwarts abandoned it.

General Tikka was imprisoned numerous times for his political activities during the late 1970s and 1980s, until Zia-ul-Haq died in August 1988 in an airplane explosion over Bahawalpur. Despite Tikka's political inclinations, many of Tikka's army protégés such as Sawar Khan, Iqbal Khan and Rahimuddin Khan were promoted to Full General and remained on deferential terms with him. General Tikka Khan was appointed the Governor of Pakistan’s largest province, the Punjab, in December 1988. His tenure as the Governor was cut short by the dismissal of the Benazir Bhutto government in August 1990, after which he retired from active politics.

Later life and death

Tikka Khan's grave at Army graveyard, Rawalpindi

General Tikka Khan died on March 28, 2002 after several years of illness. He received a state burial with full military honors and his funeral was attended by thousands of people, including the entire top brass of the Pakistan Army. In a message to the General's son, Col. Khalid M. Khan, Benazir Bhutto, who had spent many years campaigning with the General, remembered him as a person who, "rose to the highest offices of this country due to his hard work and respect for the rule of law."

Battle of Chawinda 1965: The Largest Tank Battle after WWII. Gen Tikka Khan was commander of that battle.

See also

• Operation Searchlight
• Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Sawar Khan
• Rahimuddin Khan
• Benazir Bhutto
• The Blood telegram

References

1. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-57145-Defenders-of-Pakistan
2. Hamid Mir (2010-03-26). "Apology Day for Pakistanis". Archive.thedailystar.net. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
3. "Unfinished agenda of 1971". www.thestatesman.com. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
4. "A friend in need". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
5. Staff, From Times; Reports, Wire (2002-03-30). "Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
6. "An unwell commando". The Nation. Retrieved 2016-03-27.

Further reading

Zaheer, Hasan: The separation of East Pakistan : The rise and realization of Bengali Muslim nationalism, Oxford University Press, 1994.

Sisson, Richard & Rose, Leo: War and secession : Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh, University of California Press (Berkeley), 1990.

Matinuddin, General Kamal: Tragedy of Errors : East Pakistan Crisis, 1968-1971, Wajidalis, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994.

Salik, Siddiq: Witness to surrender, Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, 1977.

External links

• Official profile at Pakistan Army website
• Tikka Khan Passes Away---DAWN
• Article rebutting General A.A.K. Niazi's accusations against General Tikka Khan, by Nasir M. Khan, Pakistan Link, March 30, 2001
• Article mentioning General Tikka Khan's tenure as Chief of Army Staff (1972-1976), A.R. Siddiqui, Dawn, 14 September, 2003.
• Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry - 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report - Top secret, PART III - MILITARY ASPECT, CHAPTER VI.
• Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry - 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report - Top secret, PART IV - SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER II - Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army.
• Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry - 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART IV - MILITARY ASPECT, Chapter III, The formulation of defence plans.
• Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry - 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report - Top secret, PART IV - SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER I - The moral aspect.
• Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry - 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART V: MISCELLANEOUS, CHAPTER VI: Summary and recommendations.
• Amin Fahim pays rich tributes to General Tikka Khan, Dawn, 5 April, 2002.
• General Yahya Khan agreed to withdraw forces, India did not, by Khalid Hasan, Daily Times, July 3, 2005.