George Read (U.S. statesman)

George Read
Chief Justice of Delaware
In office September 30, 1793 – September 21, 1798
Preceded by	William Killen
Succeeded by	Kensey Johns
United States Senator from Delaware
In office March 4, 1789 – September 18, 1793
Preceded by	new office
Succeeded by	Henry Latimer[1]
President of Delaware
In office October 20, 1777 – March 31, 1778
Preceded by	Thomas McKean
Succeeded by	Caesar Rodney
Continental Congressman from Delaware
In office August 2, 1774 – December 17, 1777
Preceded by	new office
Succeeded by	Caesar Rodney
Personal details
Born	September 18, 1733 Cecil County, Province of Maryland
Died	September 21, 1798 (aged 65) New Castle, Delaware
Resting place	Immanuel Episcopal Churchyard, New Castle
Political party	Federalist
Spouse(s)	Gertrude Ross Till
Residence	New Castle, Delaware
Profession	lawyer
Religion	Episcopalian
Signature

George Read (/riːd/; September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, President of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of Delaware. Read was one of only two statesmen who signed all three of the great State papers on which the country’s history is based: the original Petition to the King of the Congress of 1774, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Parents

George Read was the son of John and Mary (Howell) Read. George's father was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of an Englishman of large fortune belonging to the family of Read of Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire. The death of his beloved having left George's father bereft, John Read came to the American colonies and, with a view of diverting his mind, entered into extensive enterprises in Maryland and Delaware.^[2]

Soon after his arrival in America, John Read purchased a large landed estate in Cecil County, Maryland, and founded, with six associates, the city of Charlestown, on the headwaters of Chesapeake Bay, twelve years after Baltimore was begun, with the intention of creating a new market for the northern trade, and thus developing northern Maryland and building up the neighboring iron works of the Principio Company, in which the older generations of the Washington family, and at a later period General George Washington himself, were also largely interested.^[2]

As an original proprietor of Charlestown, John Read was appointed by the colonial legislature of Maryland one of the commissioners to lay it out and govern it. He held various military offices during his life, and in his later years resided on his plantation in New Castle County, Delaware.^[2]

Early life

George Read was born in Cecil County, Maryland, on September 18, 1733. When he was an infant, the family moved to New Castle County, Delaware, settling near the village of Christiana. As he grew up, George Read joined Thomas McKean at the Rev. Francis Allison's Academy at New London, Pennsylvania and then studied law in Philadelphia with John Moland. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1753 and a year later he returned home to establish a practice at New Castle, Delaware. In 1763 he married Gertrude Ross Till, daughter of the Rev. George Ross, the Anglican rector of Immanuel Church in New Castle and widowed sister of George Ross, also a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had five children, John, George Jr., William, John, and Mary, who married Matthew Pearce (she is often confused with her paternal aunt, Mary Read, who in 1769 married Gunning Bedford, Sr., a future Governor of Delaware). They lived on The Strand in New Castle and their house was in what is now the garden of the present Read House and Gardens, owned by the Delaware Historical Society. They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church.

In 1763 John Penn, the Proprietary Governor, appointed Read Crown Attorney General for the three Delaware counties and he served in that position until leaving for the Continental Congress in 1774. He also served in the Colonial Assembly of the Lower Counties for twelve sessions, from 1764/65 through 1775/76.

American Revolution

The presentation of the Declaration of Independence to Congress.

Eighteenth century Delaware was politically divided into loose factions known as the "Court Party" and the "Country Party." The majority Court Party was generally Anglican, strongest in Kent County and Sussex County, worked well with the colonial Proprietary government, and was in favor of reconciliation with the British government.The minority Country Party was largely Ulster-Scot, centered in New Castle County, and quickly advocated independence from the British. Read was often the leader of the Court party faction, and as such he generally worked in opposition to Caesar Rodney and his friend and neighbor, Thomas McKean.

Read, therefore, like most people in Delaware, was very much in favor of trying to reconcile differences with Great Britain. He opposed the Stamp Act and similar measures of Parliament, and supported anti-importation measures and dignified protests, but was quite reluctant to pursue the option of outright independence. Nevertheless, from 1764 he led the Delaware Committee of Correspondence and was elected to serve along with the more radical Thomas McKean and Caesar Rodney in the First and Second Continental Congress from 1774 through 1777. He was frequently absent though, and when the Congress voted on American Independence on July 2, 1776, Read surprised many by voting against it. This meant Caesar Rodney had to ride overnight to Philadelphia to break the deadlock in Delaware's delegation in favor of independence. However, when the Declaration of Independence was finally adopted, Read signed it, joining the cause in spite of his natural caution.

Government of Delaware

Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, the General Assembly of the Lower Counties declared its separation from the British government on June 15, 1776 in the New Castle Court House. Once the Declaration of Independence was actually adopted, the General Assembly called for elections to a Delaware constitutional convention to draft a constitution for the new state. Read was elected to this convention, became its President, and guided the passage of the Thomas McKean-drafted document, which became the Delaware Constitution of 1776.

Read was then elected to the first Legislative Council of the Delaware General Assembly and was selected as the Speaker in both the 1776/77 and 1777/78 sessions. At the time of the capture of President John McKinly, Read was in Philadelphia attending Congress, and after narrowly escaping capture himself while returning home, he became President on October 20, 1777, serving until March 31, 1778. During these months the British occupied Philadelphia and were in control of the Delaware River. Read tried, mostly in vain, to recruit additional soldiers and protect the state from raiders from Philadelphia and off ships in the Delaware River. The Delaware General Assembly session of 1777/78 had to be moved to Dover, Delaware for safety and the Sussex County General Assembly delegation was never seated because disruptions at the polls had negated the election results.

After Caesar Rodney was elected to replace him as President, Read continued to serve in the Legislative Council through the 1778–79 session. After a one-year rest nursing ill health, he was elected to the House of Assembly for the 1780/81 and 1781/82 sessions. He returned to the Legislative Council in the 1782/83 session and served two terms, through the 1787/88 session. On Dec. 5, 1782, he was elected Judge of the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture.^[3]

Delaware General Assembly (sessions while President)
Year	Assembly		Senate Majority	Speaker		House Majority	Speaker
1777/78	2nd		non-partisan	George Read		non-partisan	Samuel West

Federal Government and Congress

Read was again called to national service in 1786 when he represented Delaware at the Annapolis Convention. Because so few states were represented, this meeting produced only a report calling for a broader convention to be held in Philadelphia the next year.

At what became the Constitutional Convention, Read again represented Delaware. Quoting from Wright & Morris in their Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution,

"Read immediately argued for a new national government under a new Constitution, saying 'to amend the Articles was simply putting old cloth on a new garment.' He was a leader in the fight for a strong central government, advocating, at one time, the abolition of the states altogether and the consolidation of the country under one powerful national government. 'Let no one fear the states, the people are with us;' he declared to a Convention shocked by this radical proposal. With no one to support his motion, he settled for protecting the rights of the small states against the infringements of their larger, more populous neighbors who, he feared, would 'probably combine to swallow up the smaller ones by addition, division or impoverishment.' He warned that Delaware 'would become at once a cipher in the union' if the principle of equal representation embodied in the New Jersey (small-state) Plan was not adopted and if the method of amendment in the Articles was not retained. He favored giving Congress the right to vote state laws, making the federal legislature immune to popular whims by having senators hold office for nine years or during good behavior, and granting the U.S. President broad appointive powers. Outspoken, he threatened to lead the Delaware delegation out of the Convention if the rights of the small states were not specifically guaranteed in the new Constitution."

Once those rights were assured, he led the ratification movement in Delaware which, partly as a result of his efforts, became the first state to ratify.

Following the adoption of the Federal Constitution of 1787, the Delaware General Assembly elected Read as one of its two U.S. Senators. His term began March 4, 1789, he was reelected in 1791, and resigned September 18, 1793. Read served with the pro-administration majority in the 1st and 2nd Congress, during the administration of U.S. President George Washington. As Senator he supported the assumption of state debts, establishment of a national bank, and the imposition of excise taxes. He resigned as Senator to accept an appointment as Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court and served in that capacity until his death.

Read's resignation from the U.S. Senate was before the first session of the 3rd Congress assembled, but it was not until February 7, 1795, 4 weeks before it adjourned, that Henry Latimer was elected to replace him. One of Delaware's U.S. Senate seats was, therefore, vacant from September 18, 1793 until February 7, 1795.

Death and legacy

Read died at New Castle on September 21, 1798, and is buried there in the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery.^[4] William T. Read in his Life and Correspondence described Read as "tall, slightly and gracefully formed, with pleasing features and lustrous brown eyes. His manners were dignified, bordering upon austerity, but courteous, and at times captivating. He commanded entire confidence, not only from his profound legal knowledge, sound judgment, and impartial decisions, but from his severe integrity and the purity of his private character." However, a fellow delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 noted that "his legal abilities are said to be very great, but his powers of oratory are fatiguing and tiresome to the last degree; his voice is feeble and his articulation so bad that few can have patience to attend him." Historians like John Munroe have generally recognized that all in all, Read was the dominating figure in Delaware politics during his career, directly or indirectly providing consistent and reliable leadership to the new state.^[5]

His home, Stonum, is now a historic landmark. On The Strand in New Castle is the house built by his son, George Read, II. It is owned by the Delaware Historical Society, restored and opened to the public. There is a school named for him in New Castle and a dorm at the University of Delaware.

In popular culture

In the Broadway musical 1776, Read is portrayed in a minor role as proper, conservative, somewhat effete, and wealthy planter who has difficulty getting along with the other two members of the Delaware contingent who are for Independence. Duane Bodin^[6] played the character in the original Broadway cast and Leo Leyden^[7] appeared in the film version.

Family

Read's brother Thomas was an officer in the Continental Navy during the Revolution. Another brother, James, was an officer in the Continental Army, and was later active in managing the navy under the Articles of Confederation. George Read's son George Read, Jr. served as the first U.S. Attorney for Delaware. Another son, John was a noted lawyer and banker of Philadelphia.^[2] George Read's great-granddaughter, Louisa, married Maj. Benjamin Kendrick Pierce, the brother of future President Franklin Pierce.

Almanac

Elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. The colonial Attorney General was appointed by the Crown.

The Legislative Council was created in 1776 and its Legislative Councilmen had a three-year term. State Assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the Continental Congressmen for a one-year term and the State President for a three-year term. However, Read served as State President only temporarily, filling the vacancy created by the resignation of Thomas McKean and awaiting the selection of a successor by the General Assembly. The Chief Justice of the state Supreme Court was also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed.

The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term. However, Read's first term was only two years to establish a rotation.

Public Offices
Office	Type	Location	Began office	Ended office	notes
Attorney General	Judiciary	New Castle	October 20, 1763	October 20, 1774	Crown
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1764	October 21, 1765
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 21, 1765	October 20, 1766
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1766	October 20, 1767
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1767	October 20, 1768
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1768	October 20, 1769
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1769	October 20, 1770
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 21, 1770	October 20, 1771
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 21, 1771	October 20, 1772
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1772	October 20, 1773
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1773	October 20, 1774
Continental Congressman	Legislature	Philadelphia	September 5, 1774	October 26, 1774
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1774	October 20, 1775
Continental Congressman	Legislature	Philadelphia	May 10, 1775	October 21, 1775
Assemblyman	Legislature	New Castle	October 20, 1775	June 15, 1776
Continental Congressman	Legislature	Philadelphia	October 21, 1775	November 7, 1776
Delegate	Convention	New Castle	August 27, 1776	September 21, 1776	State Constitution
Councilman	Legislature	Dover	October 28, 1776	October 20, 1779	Speaker
Continental Congressman	Legislature	Philadelphia	November 7, 1776	December 17, 1777	[8]
State President	Executive	Dover	October 20, 1777	March 31, 1778	acting
Assemblyman	Legislature	Dover	October 20, 1780	October 20, 1781
Assemblyman	Legislature	Dover	October 20, 1781	October 20, 1782
Councilman	Legislature	Dover	October 20, 1782	October 20, 1785
Councilman	Legislature	Dover	October 20, 1785	October 20, 1788
Delegate	Convention	Philadelphia	May 14, 1787	September 1, 1787	U.S. Constitution
U.S. Senator	Legislature	New York	March 4, 1789	March 3, 1791
U.S. Senator	Legislature	Philadelphia	March 4, 1791	September 18, 1793	resigned
Chief Justice	Judiciary	Dover	September 30, 1793	September 21, 1798	State Supreme Court

Delaware General Assembly service
Dates	Assembly	Chamber	Majority	Governor	Committees	District
1776/77	1st	State Council	non-partisan	John McKinly	Speaker	New Castle at-large
1777/78	2nd	State Council	non-partisan	Caesar Rodney	Speaker	New Castle at-large
1778/79	3rd	State Council	non-partisan	Caesar Rodney		New Castle at-large
1780/81	5th	State House	non-partisan	Caesar Rodney		New Castle at-large
1781/82	6th	State House	non-partisan	John Dickinson		New Castle at-large
1782/83	7th	State Council	non-partisan	Nicholas Van Dyke		New Castle at-large
1783/84	8th	State Council	non-partisan	Nicholas Van Dyke		New Castle at-large
1784/85	9th	State Council	non-partisan	Nicholas Van Dyke		New Castle at-large
1785/86	10th	State Council	non-partisan	Nicholas Van Dyke		New Castle at-large
1786/87	11th	State Council	non-partisan	Thomas Collins		New Castle at-large
1787/88	12th	State Council	non-partisan	Thomas Collins		New Castle at-large

United States Congressional service
Dates	Congress	Chamber	Majority	President	Committees	Class/District
1789–1791	1st	U.S. Senate	Pro-Administration	George Washington		class 1
1791–1793	2nd	U.S. Senate	Pro-Administration	George Washington		class 1
1793–1795	3rd	U.S. Senate	Pro-Administration	George Washington		class 1

See also

• U.S. Constitution, man of “original principles” in Convention

Notes

1. this seat was vacant from September 18, 1793 until February 7, 1795.
2.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Read, John, planter". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
3. Library of Congress Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789 (Government Printing Office, 1904–1937), Vol. 23, 765.
4. George Read at Find a Grave
5. Munroe, John A. (1993). History of Delaware.
6. "1776". IBDB. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
7. "1776". IMDb. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
8. Congress met at Baltimore, Maryland from December 20, 1776 – March 4, 1777, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania on September 27, 1777 and at York, Pennsylvania from September 30, 1777 to the end of his term. He did not attend the sessions at Lancaster or York.

References

• Conrad, Henry C. (1908). History of the State of Delaware, 3 vols. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham Company.
• Hoffecker, Carol E. (2004). Democracy in Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Cedar Tree Books. ISBN 1-892142-23-6.
• Martin, Roger A. (1984). History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press.
• Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.
• Munroe, John A. (1954). Federalist Delaware 1775–1815. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University.
• Munroe, John A. (2004). Philadelawareans. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-872-8.
• Racino, John W. (1980). Biographical Directory of American and Revolutionary Governors 1607–1789. Westport, CT: Meckler Books. ISBN 0-930466-00-4.
• Scharf, John Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609–1888. 2 vols. Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co. ISBN 0-87413-493-5.

External links

• Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Biography by Russell Pickett
• Delaware’s Governors
• The Political Graveyard
• Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover.
• Delaware Historical Society; website
• University of Delaware; Library website
• Read House and Gardens
• Immanuel Episcopal Church