Girl Scouts of the USA

Girl Scouts of the United States of America
Headquarters New York, New York
Country United States
Founded March 12, 1912 (1912-03-12)
Founder Juliette Gordon Low
Membership
  • 2,164,318 youth
  • 846,600 adults (2013)[1]
CEO Anna Maria Chávez
Affiliation World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
Website
www.girlscouts.org
Girl Scouts raising the flag at a Municipal Band concert in Eau Claire, Wisconsin

The Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA), commonly called in America as simply the Girl Scouts is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. Founded by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912, it was organized after Low met Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, in 1911.[2] Upon returning to Savannah, Georgia, she telephoned a distant cousin, saying, "I've got something for the girls of Savannah, and all of America, and all the world, and we're going to start it tonight!"[3]

GSUSA aims to empower girls and to help teach values such as honesty, fairness, courage, compassion, character, sisterhood, confidence, entrepreneurship, and citizenship through activities including camping, community service, learning first aid, and earning badges by acquiring practical skills. Girl Scouts' achievements are recognized through rank advancement and by various special awards such as the Girl Scout Bronze, Silver, and Gold Awards.

Membership is organized according to grade, with activities designed for each level. The GSUSA is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). It accepts girls from any background.

A 1994 Chronicle of Philanthropy poll showed that the Girl Scouts was ranked by the public as the eighth "most popular charity/non-profit in America" of over 100 charities.[4][5] It describes itself as "the world's preeminent organization dedicated solely to girls".[6]

History

Girl Guides of America

Juliette Gordon Low (center), with two Girl Scouts.

Girl Scouting in the United States of America began on March 12, 1912 when Juliette "Daisy" Gordon Low organized the first Girl Guide troop meeting of 18 girls in Savannah, Georgia. It has since grown to 3.7 million members.[3] Low, who had met Baden-Powell in London while she was living in the United Kingdom, dreamed of giving the United States and the world "something for all the girls." She envisioned an organization that would bring girls out of their homes to serve their communities, experience the out-of-doors, and have the opportunity to develop "self-reliance and resourcefulness." From its inception, the Girl Scouts has been organized and run exclusively by women, for girls and women.[7]

Juliette Gordon Low was the granddaughter of Juliette Magill Kinzie and John Harris Kinzie, the earliest family of Chicago, IL. Juliette Kinzie wrote about her experiences in the Northwest Territory (now the state of Wisconsin) in her book Wau-Bun: The Early Day. Some of what her granddaughter, Juliette Gordon Low, knew first-hand about her grandmother's experiences on the frontier were incorporated into the beginnings and traditions of the Girl Scouts. The early home of Juliette Low's grandparents can be visited May 15-Oct 15 in Portage, Wisconsin.[8]

In late 1912, Low proposed that the Camp Fire Girls merge with the Girl Guides, but was rejected in January 1913 as Camp Fire was then the larger group. Next, Low attempted to merge her organization with the Girl Scouts of America which was founded in Des Moines, Iowa by Clara Lisetor-Lane. She thought their similarities would make this easier but Lisetor-Lane felt Daisy copycatted her organization and threatened to sue. Lisetor-Lane later claimed Low's organization was luring members away but the GSA's growth was limited by a lack of financial resources which led to its eventual demise.[9]

Girl Scouts of the United States

The Girl Guides of America in 1913 changed its name to the Girl Scouts of the United States and moved its headquarters to Washington, DC.[9] In 1915 the organization was incorporated[10] and the National Headquarters was moved to New York City.[9] The name reached its current form, Girl Scouts of the United States of America, in 1947. The organization was given a congressional charter on March 16, 1950.

The GSUSA started with 18 members. Within months, members were hiking through the woods in knee-length blue uniforms, playing basketball on a curtained-off court, and going on camping trips. In 1916, Low established an aviation badge—even before women could vote. By 1920, there were nearly 70,000 members.[11] By 1923 the organization had branches in every state in the union, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico and a total membership of 125,738.[12] In 1930 it had over 200,000. In 2013 there were over 3.2 million Girl Scouts: 2.3 million girl members and 890,000 adult members in the United States.[11] More than 50 million American women have participated in the Girl Scouts. Through its membership in the WAGGGS, GSUSA girls and adults are among over 10 million members in 145 countries.[11]

The names and ages of the levels and the larger structure of the program have changed significantly over time. In 1923 the Girl Scouts were organized into patrols, troops, local councils and the National Council.[12] Troops were initially fairly independent before joining together into small councils, which have recently merged into larger councils. Today there are over 100 councils across the U.S.[11]

The Juliette Gordon Low Birthplace, located in Savannah, Georgia in the former Gordon family home, became the National Girl Scout program center in 1956.[13] It provides tours to thousands of Girl Scouts yearly. Upon Low's death in 1927, she willed her carriage house, which would eventually become The Girl Scout First Headquarters, to the local Savannah Girl Scouts for continued use.[14] In 1923 the National Headquarters were located at 189 Lexington Avenue, New York.[12]

World War II

Girl Scout presentation at Hinamatsuri (Doll Festival) on Japanese Girl's Day at Crystal City Internment Camp, Crystal City, Texas

During World War II, 1943–1945, many young Japanese-American girls were confined in internment camps with their families. Girl Scout troops were organized, even in these camps. These girls participated in many activities, including dramatic presentations that took place in the Crystal City Internment Camp in Crystal City, Texas.

Desegregation

Most Girl Scout units were originally segregated by race according to state and local laws and customs. The first troop for African-American girls was founded in 1917; the first American Indian troop was formed in New York State in 1921; and the first troop for Mexican Americans was formed in Houston, Texas, in 1922. In 1933, Josephine Groves Holloway founded unofficial African-American troops in Tennessee. She also fully desegregated the Cumberland Valley council in 1962.[15] The first official African-American troop in the South was founded in 1932 in Richmond, Virginia by Lena B. Watson and led initially by Lavnia Banks, a teacher from Armstrong High School. It first met in Hartshorn Hall at Virginia Union University.[16]

By the 1950s, GSUSA had begun significant national efforts to desegregate the camps and maintain racial balance. One of the first desegregations, accomplished by Murray Walls in 1956, was Camp Shantituck in Kentucky.[17] Later the same year, Martin Luther King, Jr. described Girl Scouts as "a force for desegregation".[18] In 1969, a national Girl Scout initiative called Action 70 was created that aimed to eliminate prejudice. Gloria D. Scott, an African American, was elected National President of the Girl Scouts in 1975.[19]

Wing Scouts

Main article: Wing Scout

The Wing Scout program was a Senior Girl Scout program for girls interested in flying and wanting to serve their country that started in 1941 and ended in the 1970s. In July 1942, 29 troop leaders from 15 states met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to take Wing Scout leadership training. They returned to their councils and began setting up Wing Scout troops. In 1959, the Girl Scout Council in North San Mateo County, California was presented with an offer from United Airlines San Francisco Management Club President J. L. Burnside to start an aviation program for Senior Girl Scouts. One of the highlights of the Wing Scout program was the courtesy flight provided to Senior Girl Scouts using United Airlines' jets. For many of the girls, this was the first time they had flown in a plane. Senior Girl Scouts who had been in the program for three years were given the opportunity to take over the controls during flight in a small aircraft. The program was discontinued after United Airlines experienced financial setbacks in the 1970s.[20]

Age levels

Bess Truman with Girl Scouts and their leaders
Hillary Clinton posing with Girl Scouts

The program was originally for girls aged 10 to 18, but it was subsequently divided into three levels. Brownies (for younger girls) was based on a program developed in England in 1914 and was officially recognized in the mid-1920s. At the same time, girls over 18, or over 16 if First Class Scouts, became known as Senior Scouts. In 1938, the age divisions were: Brownies (ages 7 through 9), Intermediates (ages 10 through 13), and Seniors (ages 14 through 18).[21]

In 1965 the age structure was rearranged to Brownies (ages 7 and 8, or 2nd and 3rd grades), Juniors (ages 9 through 11, or 4th through 6th grades), Cadettes (ages 11 through 14, or 7th through 9th grades), and Seniors (ages 14 through 18, or 10th through 12th grades).[22] In 1984, the Brownie level was extended to girls six years old or in the first grade, and the Daisy program for kindergarten girls or those aged five was introduced.[23]

In 2003, the Studio 2B program for girls aged 11 to 17 was introduced through Cadettes and Seniors.[24] Studio 2B allowed girls to call themselves by any name of their choosing, including but not limited to "Studio 2Bs,"[25] "teen Girl Scouts," or Cadettes and Seniors. Under the Studio 2B programs, girls were able to work on traditional badges as well as Studio 2B activities, and the Silver Award and Gold Award requirements were rewritten to require both. Studio 2B activities differed from badges in two ways: each booklet focused on topics such as environmentalism or self-confidence rather than being; and to earn each Studio 2B charm, the Girl Scout had to choose activities from the booklet and then meet a goal relevant to the booklet topic. She would create her own plan for achieving her goal, following a basic planning procedure called SMART (standing for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely).

On October 1, 2008, all levels were renamed to have Girl Scouts as the beginning of their name, e.g. "Girl Scout Brownies" instead of "Brownie Girl Scouts", and all levels are by grade only instead of by age or grade. A new level, Girl Scout Ambassadors, was created for girls in Grades 11 and 12 (around 16 to 18 years old), with Girl Scout Seniors to be only in ninth and tenth grade (around 14 to 16 years old) and sixth grade girls were reclassed from the Junior level to Cadette to conform with school grade levels (by this time, sixth grade was considered a middle school rather than an elementary school grade). The new levels were tried in approximately six councils in Spring 2008, and began national use after October 1, 2008.

Although troop membership has always and is still the most common way to participate in Girl Scouting, girls who do not have a local troop, or who do not desire or have the time to participate in traditional troop activities, can still sign up as individual Girl Scouts. Individual Girls Scouts were known in the early years of Girl Scouting as Lone Scouts and later as Juliettes; they attend activities independently and work individually on badges and awards. In 2015-16, the term Juliette was phased out in favor of the term Independent Girl Scouts.

The Campus Girl Scouts program allows women (ages 18 and older) to be active in Girl Scouting while in college. Campus Girl Scouting is an organization that helps promote and build student involvement in the community, the local council, and the college campus through service.[26]

Mariner Scouts

The 20th National Council of the GSUSA launched the Mariner Girl Scout program in October 1934.[27] Similar to the Boy Scouts of Americas' Sea Scouting, the program was designed for older Girl Scouts interested in outdoor water-based activities. By the end of 1934, 12 Mariner ships were registered and the first two handbooks, Launching a Girl Scout Mariner Ship and Charting the Course of a Girl Scout Mariner Ship were published. The Mariner Girl Scout program remains active but in a smaller form; most girls have instead joined Sea Scouting, which has been co-ed since 1971.[28]

Special programs

There are programs for girls in unusual situations that make it difficult for them to participate in the standard program. The Girl Scouts Beyond Bars program helps daughters of incarcerated mothers to connect with their mothers and to have the mothers participate in Girl Scout activities. Another program, Girl Scouting in Detention Centers, allows girls who are themselves in detention centers to participate in Scouting. Other initiatives try to help girls in rural areas or in public housing. There are also programs for American girls living overseas.[29]

Organizational structure

The national organization has its central headquarters in New York City. With a staff of 400, it is headed by a Chief Executive Officer and a 40-member National Board of Directors. Girl Scouts of the USA celebrated 100 years of history and welcomed its new chief executive officer, Anna Maria Chávez, at its National Council Session/52nd Convention in Houston in November 2011.[30] The Chair of the National Board of Directors, the highest volunteer position, is Connie L. Lindsey.[31]

Below the national organization are councils, which cover a large portion of a state or geographic region. Some councils own and run camps for the troops within its area of responsibility. Councils are usually subdivided into areas, called Neighborhoods, Service Units, or Associations (terms vary), which are program delivery areas that consist of troops at all age levels in a smaller area, such as a town.

The basic unit is the troop which may or may not be sponsored. In contrast to Boy Scout troop chartered organizations, Girl Scout troop sponsors do not own the troop. Troops range in size from as small as five to as large as 30 or more girls and may be divided into several patrols of 8 or fewer girls.

Realignment

In 2004, the Girl Scouts of the USA hired a consultant "to help Girl Scouts develop a strategy to ensure our future success and growth". They set targets and implemented ways to change the organization for the better. In addition, six "Gap Teams" looked at ways for Girl Scouting to improve its structure to prepare for future growth and success for the organization.[32] This was following declines in membership and in revenue, as well as challenges in subsidizing programs for inner city girls. The governance Gap Team found that consolidation decreased confusion and provided economies of scale, and recommended an optimal council size of approximately 10,000 girls.[33] As of 2006, there were 312 regional Girl Scout councils, which own the 236,000 local troops and other groups.

As part of a 2006 reorganization, the National Board of Directors consolidated the 312 councils into 109 councils.[34]

This was not without resistance; the Manitou Girl Scout Council in Wisconsin sued the national GSUSA in Federal District Court alleging breach of the Girl Scout charter. Although the suit was summarily dismissed with prejudice by the district court,[33] the Seventh U.S. Circuit of Appeals overturned that decision, stating that a Girl Scout council agreement "was no different than a Dunkin' Donuts franchise". The decision of the appeals court maintained the status of the Manitou Council. As a result, there are 112 Girl Scout councils in the United States.[35]

Insignia

Promise, Law, Motto, and Slogan

Promise

The Girl Scout Promise can be made in English, Spanish, or in American Sign Language with the same meaning.[36]

On my honor, I will try:
 To serve God and my country,
To help people at all times,
And to live by the Girl Scout Law.[1]

  1. ^ "Girl Scout Promise and Law". Girl Scouts of the USA. Retrieved February 4, 2009. 

The Promise is often recited at Girl Scout troop meetings while holding up the three middle fingers of the right hand, which forms the Girl Scout sign. Girl Scout policy states that the organization does not endorse or promote any particular philosophy or religious belief. The movement is nonsectarian, founded on American democratic principles, one of which is freedom of religion. In this context, the word "God" may be interpreted by each Girl Scout depending on her individual spiritual beliefs, and Girl Scouts are free to substitute the word consistent with her beliefs, such as "Creator", "my faith", "Allah", etc.[37]

The aim of the Girl Scouts is to help girls by pursuing four goals: developing their full potential; relating to others with increasing understanding, skill, and respect; developing a meaningful set of values to guide their actions and make sound decisions; and contributing to the improvement of society.[38]

Law

I will do my best to be
Honest and Fair,
Friendly and Helpful,
Considerate and Caring,
Courageous and Strong, and
Responsible for what I say and do,
And to
respect myself and others,
respect authority,
use resources wisely,
make the world a better place, and
be a sister to every Girl Scout.[1]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Girl_Scout_Promise was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

The Girl Scout Law has been changed several times since 1912. The original Girl Scout Law written by Juliette Gordon Low was:[39] The Girl Scout Law

  1. A Girl Scout's Honor Is to be Trusted
  2. A Girl Scout Is Loyal
  3. A Girl Scout's Duty Is to be Useful and to Help Others
  4. A Girl Scout is a Friend to All, and a Sister to every other Girl Scout no matter to what Social Class she May Belong
  5. A Girl Scout Is Courteous
  6. A Girl Scout Keeps Herself Pure
  7. A Girl Scout Is a Friend to Animals
  8. A Girl Scout Obeys Orders
  9. A Girl Scout is Cheerful
  10. A Girl Scout is Thrifty

Motto

"Be Prepared."[40]

Slogan

"Do a Good Turn Daily"[40]

Girl Scout Uniforms

Girl Scout in uniform, 1973

For girls ages 5 to 14, the unifying look includes wearing a choice of a tunic, vest, sash for displaying official pins and awards, combined with their own solid white shirts and khaki pants or skirts. Girl Scouts in high school can also wear a scarf that unites their look with the sisterhood of Girl Scouts around the world. For adult members the unifying look of the uniform is a Girl Scout official scarf or tie for men, worn with the official membership pins, combined with their own navy blue business attire. Girl Scouts at the Daisy and Brownie levels will continue to have a full uniform ensemble available.[41]

Girl Scout uniforms have changed significantly over the years from the original navy blue in 1912, to khaki in 1914, to the familiar green. The evolution has included uniforms with the specificity to designate each age level of Girl Scouting. Since 2008, Girl Scouts at each level have one required element (Tunic, Sash or Vest) for the display of official pins and awards which will be required when girls participate in ceremonies or officially represent the Girl Scout Movement.

For all levels, earned awards go on the front of the vest or sash following official placements. Fun patches can be displayed on the back of their vest or sash. Girl Scout Daisies can choose a blue vest or a smock with a full uniform or white shirt and khaki pants and skirt. They have their own Daisy Pin and a choice of accessories. Girl Scout Brownies can choose a traditional brown vest or sash to be worn with the historic Brownie Pin and other uniform pieces or white shirt and khaki pants or skirts. Girl Scout Juniors wear their official vest or sash to display insignia including awards, coupled with a white shirt and khaki pants or skirt. Girl Scout Cadettes, Seniors and Ambassadors can choose a khaki sash or vest to go with khaki pants or skirt and a white shirt.

The adult uniform also changed, with registered women and men wearing navy blue business attire, again from their regular wardrobes. Also available for women are official sweaters and an insignia scarf, while men have the option of an official tie.[41][42]

Logos

Designed by Juliette Low, the sole emblem of the Girl Scouts of the USA from 1912 until 1976

The current Girl Scouts of the USA logo was adopted in 2010, based on Saul Bass's 1978 logo. Bass was a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences, most notably for Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho. The hair and facial styles were updated by Jennifer Kinon and Bobby Martin of The Original Champions of Design.[43]

The emblem designed by Juliette Low was the only emblem used for Girl Scout Pins through 1980. The 1978 GSUSA National Convention voted to use two logos, and allow Girl Scouts to pick which they wanted to wear as their Girl Scout Pin (for Girl Scout Juniors and up).

Activities and Programs

One of the original and continuing attractions of Girl Scouts is that girls become proficient campers and participate in many outdoor activities such as canoeing or backpacking with their troops. Troops do service projects such as carrying out flag ceremonies, collecting food for food drives, visiting nursing homes and Christmas caroling or other community services.[44] Troops may also plan and take extended trips such as visiting another part of the United States or even travel to another country. Troops may organize cultural or learning events such as first aid training or attending live theatre. The Girl Scout activity most familiar to the general public may be the annual sale of Girl Scout Cookies, which started in 1917 as a money-earning opportunity for the local council and troops.

Girl Scouts and STEM

In the past few years, Girl Scouts has incorporated STEM-related programs and badges in order to encourage more interest in Scouts in STEM fields.[45] From 2005 to 2007, more than 8.6 million STEM-related badges were sold.[46] The first STEM-related Girl Scout badges, though, can be traced back to the 1913 Electrician and Flyer Badges.[47] The first computer-related badges appeared in the 1980s.[47] In 2001, The Girl Scout Research Institute, published a 36-page report about the need for more encouragement to get girls into the field of technology.[48] An even larger push for STEM programs came after a 2012 study by the Girl Scout Research Institute reported that 74% of teenage girls were interested in courses in STEM subjects while only 25% of STEM industry jobs were held by women.[49] Recent endeavors to encourage interest in STEM fields amongst Girl Scouts includes partnerships with companies like NASA,[50] AT&T,[51] and Lockheed Martin.[52] NASA specifically paired the Girl Scouts with the SETI Institute to create a 5-year space education program for called “Reaching for the Stars: NASA Science for Girl Scouts.”[53] The most recent push to help Girl Scouts imagine a future in STEM was the Girl Scout’s appearance at the International Consumer Electronics Show in January 2016 to show off Digital Cookie 2.0, a website made in partnership with Dell and Visa, that helps Girl Scouts manage their cookie business online.[54]

Girl Scouts currently has five badge categories that relate to STEM activities.[55] The Naturalist, Digital Art, Science and Technology, Innovation, and Financial Literacy badge categories are all listed on the Girl Scout's website as badge categories able to be connected with STEM lessons and projects.[55] Current available STEM-related badges include the Home Scientist Badge for Brownies.[56] For Juniors, the Entertainment Technology badge is currently offered.[56] For Cadettes, there is the Science of Happiness badge, and for Seniors, the Science of Style and Sky badges.[56]

Destinations

Main article: Destinations

Once known as "Wider Opportunities" or Wider Ops, Destinations are travel opportunities for individual older Girl Scouts. Destinations are held within the United States and in other countries. Destinations are primarily international, outdoor, science, people, or apprenticeship oriented,[57] such as kayaking in Alaska, or career oriented such as learning about working for NASA.[58]

A "Destination" may be a trip to one of the WAGGGS World Centres:

Traditions

The Girl Scouts of the USA have many customs and traditions: camping, community service, singing, and money earning to support their activities. The Girl Scout Handshake and the Girl Scout signal for silence are two shared by WAGGGS member organizations. Other traditions include the Friendship Circle with "the squeeze," taking bandanas and homemade sit-upons on camping trips, and the buddy system.

"Bridging" is the process of going from one level to another. Bridging is usually done at the troop level, although area bridgings are often held. The girls that are bridging walk across a bridge to their new level and are greeted with the Girl Scout Handshake. There is a notable bridging ceremony held in San Francisco, as GS Juniors bridge to GS Cadettes over the Golden Gate Bridge.

World Thinking Day and "Girl Scouts' Own" are traditions throughout the world of Girl Scouting. World Thinking Day has occurred annually since 1926 on February 22, the birthday of both Robert Baden-Powell and Olave Baden-Powell. On World Thinking Day, Girl Scouts and Guides around the world think about their sisters in other lands;[60] Councils or local service units (associations) hold a celebration on or near this day, in which each participating troop gives a presentation of the culture and customs of a country selected by the troop. Many Girl Scouts in America celebrate Juliette Gordon Low's birthday on October 31, Founder's Day. The parties often include the girls dressing up in Halloween costumes, and serving birthday cake.

A "Girl Scouts' Own" is a special ceremony that expresses the spirit of Girl Scouting when the girls reflect upon their feelings about Girl Scouting and the world around them. A "Girl Scouts' Own" can have any theme, or none at all. It is a solemn time given for Girl Scouts to create a moment of their very own. It can be held at any time and include the girls' troop or be held at any inter-troop gathering.[61]

Awards and badges

A Girl Scout working on her Gold Award project.

Members can earn awards appropriate for their age level. All Girl Scouts earn badges, with the exception of Daisy Girl Scouts. They earn petals and leaves. Girl Scouts at every level can also earn Journey Awards. Journeys have become a large part of the Girl Scout program. In 2011, there were three Journeys, with books and awards for each level: "It's Your World—Change It!", "It's Your Planet—Love It!", and "It's Your Story—Tell It!".

The highest achievement in Girl Scouting is the Girl Scout Gold Award, which can only be earned by GS Seniors and Ambassadors. The highest award for GS Cadettes is the Silver Award, and Bronze Award is the highest award for Girl Scout Juniors. These awards require large-scale service projects showing leadership along with service hours.[62] The service projects must improve a current situation, such as restoring the eroded banks of a stream. These are the equivalent to the Eagle Scout honor among the Boy Scouts although it does not gain the same sort of recognition.

Girl Scouts can also earn and display on their uniform awards from outside organizations, such as the religious emblems from religious organizations, or the President's Volunteer Service Award. Girl Scouts can also receive awards for lifesaving and leadership.

Adult recognition

There are also GS awards for adults including: Outstanding Volunteer, Outstanding Leader, Appreciation Pin, Honor Pin, Thanks Badge, and Thanks Badge II. Outstanding Volunteer is awarded for Outstanding service as Girl Scout volunteer (other than a leader). Outstanding Leader is awarded for Outstanding service as Girl Scout leader. Appreciation Pin is awarded for exceptional performance beyond expectations for the position. The Honor Pin recognizes an adult member who has delivered exceptional service beyond expectations to two or more geographic areas, service units or program delivery audiences in a way that furthers the council's goals.[63] Thanks Badge recognizes outstanding service for two or more "service units". Different GS councils use different terminology for regions within their council. Thanks Badge II is awarded where the recipient has received the Thanks Badge and the recipient’s service continues to merit further recognition. At least one nomination, two endorsements, and a review of the forms is required for each of these awards.[64]

Effect on American life

Among the many famous American Girl Scouts are Dakota Fanning, Lucille Ball, Katie Couric, and Elizabeth Dole.[65] Many Girl Scouts have become successful leaders in numerous professional fields such as law, medicine, politics, journalism, and science.[65] Beginning with Lou Henry Hoover, the incumbent First Lady has served as the Honorary President of GSUSA. Lou Henry Hoover was also the actual President of the Girl Scouts from 1922–1925 and Chairman of the National Board of Directors from 1925–1928.[66]

During World War I and World War II, girls involved in Scouts helped the Allied forces by selling defense bonds, growing victory gardens, and collecting waste fat and scrap iron.[67] Girl Scouts also spread their values into their communities through community service projects such as soup kitchens and food drives.

Over twenty of NASA’s career astronauts were former Girl Scouts. The first American woman to spacewalk was a former Girl Scout, Dr. Kathryn Sullivan.[68]

The American Girl

From 1917 until 1979 Girl Scouts published a magazine, originally called The Rally (1917–1920) and then The American Girl, with the "The" later dropped (but not to be confused with the currently published American Girl magazine).[69] At one time this magazine had the largest circulation of any magazine aimed at teen-aged girls.

Girl Scout Senior Roundups

International Girl Scout gatherings named Senior Roundups were held every three years from 1956 until 1965:[70]

Issues

Sectarianism

When the Girl Scouts were first organized the organization claimed to be "non-sectarian in practice as well as theory". By the early 1920s Catholic Girl Scout units had been founded in New York, Philadelphia, Washington and other cities. In the 1920s only about 2,000 Girl Scouts were Catholic.[12]

No official stand on sexuality and gender issues

Girl Scouts of the USA stated in an October 1991 letter:[71]

As a private organization, Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. respects the values and beliefs of each of its members and does not intrude into personal matters. Therefore, there are no membership policies on sexual preference. However, Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. has firm standards relating to the appropriate conduct of adult volunteers and staff. The Girl Scout organization does not condone or permit sexual displays of any sort by its members during Girl Scout activities, nor does it permit the advocacy or promotion of a personal lifestyle or sexual preference. These are private matters for girls and their families to address.

GSUSA upholds a "don't ask, don't evangelize" policy on sexuality.[72] The debate over this issue is split between those who feel that the policy should avoid and prevent discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, and those who question the inclusion of lesbians.[73][74]

In October 2011, the Girl Scouts of Colorado council publicly stated, "If a child identifies as a girl and the child's family presents her as a girl, Girl Scouts of Colorado welcomes her as a Girl Scout," when overturning a local troop's rejection of a 7-year-old transgender girl.[75] In July 2015, the Girl Scouts of Western Washington returned a $100,000 donation after the donor stipulated that the money could not be used to support services for transgender scouts. The group then set up an online fundraising campaign to recoup the lost funds, ultimately raising $250,000.[76]

In January 2012, a teen in California created a video calling for the boycott of Girl Scout Cookies in response to the Girl Scouts’ policy of inclusion for transgender girls. The viral video became a rallying cry for both supporters and opponents of the group’s stance on transgender members.[77] In February 2016, Robert J. Carlson, the archbishop of St. Louis, urged parishioners to cut ties with the Girl Scouts over the group’s embrace of LGBT rights.[78]

The Girl Scouts themselves defended their actions against this. "For 100 years, Girl Scouts has prided itself on being an inclusive organization serving girls from all walks of life. We handle cases involving transgender children on a case-by-case basis, with a focus on ensuring the welfare and best interests of the child in question and the other girls in the troop as our highest priority."[79]

"To Serve God" in the Promise

In early 1992, the Totem Girl Scout Council suggested changing the promise to make it possible for girls who did not believe in a monotheistic god to join. In November 1992, the parents of Nitzya Cuevas-Macias sued for their daughter to be permitted to participate even though she refused to promise to serve God.[80][81]

On October 23, 1993, the Girl Scouts of the USA voted 1,560-375[82] to permit individuals to substitute another word or phrase for "God" in their promise.[37]

That, since the Girl Scout organization makes no attempt to interpret or define the word 'God' but encourages members to establish for themselves the nature of their spiritual beliefs, it is the policy of the Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. that individuals when making the Girl Scout Promise may substitute wording appropriate to their own spiritual beliefs for the word 'God'.

with the explanation that:

"For some individuals, the word 'God', no matter how broadly interpreted, does not appropriately reflect their spiritual beliefs. Since the belief in a spiritual principle is fundamental to Girl Scouting, not the word used to define that belief, it is important that individuals have the opportunity to express that belief in wording meaningful to them.

It is essential to maintain the spiritual foundation of Girl Scouting, yet be inclusive of the full range of spiritual beliefs. This [policy change] does not take the word 'God' out of the Girl Scout Promise. It gives those individuals who wish to do so the option to state their commitment to the spiritual concepts fundamental to the Movement with a word or words more appropriate to their own beliefs. For instance, an individual may say 'my faith' or 'Allah' or 'the Creator'."

Girl Scout President B. LaRae Orullian made an official statement that the change is "a very strong statement that Girl Scouts continue to be on the cutting edge, and this is a continuing effort to show that we have strength in diversity and that we are an inclusive organization."[82]

Some groups consider that the Girl Scouts of the USA have not gone far enough in making Scouting open to non-theists; others that they have gone too far in removing God or that they are violating the constitution of the WAGGGS. The WAGGGS constitution requires member societies to maintain membership standards to include a promise similar to the one established by Baden-Powell, which includes the concept of duty to God.[83][84][85] The GSUSA policy adopted in 1993 led to the 1995 formation of an alternative organization, the American Heritage Girls that accepts only leaders and chartering organizations that agree with a specific Christian statement of faith.[86] The organization had a little over 5,000 members in 2006. According to the organization, membership as of 2012 is over 18,000.[87]

Prayer at meetings

The official Girl Scout policy does not ban or require prayer.[88]

The Girl Scout organization does not endorse or promote any particular philosophy or religious belief. Our movement is secular and is founded on American democratic principles, one of which is freedom of religion.

Although Girl Scouts has policies supporting religious diversity, there is no policy by Girl Scouts of the USA that prohibits or requires the saying or singing of a grace, blessing, or invocation before meals by Girl Scout members in a troop/group setting, in a resident or day camp, or at meetings, conferences, and other large events. The decision to say a grace, blessing, or invocation is made locally at the troop or group level, and should be sensitive to the spiritual beliefs of all participants.

Local objections to sex education sponsored by Planned Parenthood in Waco, Texas

GSUSA is not aligned with and does not endorse, at the national level, the reproductive health organization and abortion provider Planned Parenthood; Girl Scout councils may choose to have or not have connections with Planned Parenthood.[89] In 2004, in Waco, Texas, the local Bluebonnet Council promoted a Planned Parenthood education event without providing money nor sending Girl Scouts to it. This was criticized by some pro-life movement supporters and social conservatives, resulting in a local attempt to boycott Girl Scout cookies sold by the Bluebonnet Council. Waco residents responded to the announced boycott by purchasing a record amount of cookies, and the Bluebonnet Council dropped promotion of the event.[90] A month later, GSUSA CEO Kathy Cloninger went on NBC's Today show, defending the Bluebonnet Council's decision to sever ties with Planned Parenthood.

National Presidents

Portrait of Juliette Gordon Low (1887)

Chief Executive Officers

The title has changed over the years.[99]

National Secretaries:

National Directors:

National Executive Directors:

Chief Executive Officers:

100th Anniversary

GSUSA celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding by Juliette Low with a "Bridge to the Second Century" event on November 13, 2011, at the GS National Convention in Houston and other sites around the country. The Anniversary was also celebrated by participation in the world famous Pasadena, California Tournament of Roses Parade of 2012, featuring the Girl Scouts 100th Anniversary float, which was designed and decorated by Girl Scouts.[102]

US President Barack Obama signed the "Girl Scouts of the USA Commemorative Coin Act" for the 100th Anniversary celebration. The act authorized the minting of 350,000 silver dollar coins in honor of Girl Scouts and the achievements of the 50 million women influenced by Girl Scouting during the last 100 years.[103]

Colorado is staging a vigorous campaign to create a special license plate to honor the Girl Scout Centennial. The Girl Scouts of Minnesota and Wisconsin River Valleys hosted "The Great Girl Gathering", a Centennial Celebration on March 10 and 11, 2012 for 140,000 girls at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota.[104]

Build-A-Bear Workshop had a limited edition Girl Scout bear and outfits for the 100th anniversary.

The Girl Scout Council of the Nation's Capital in Washington, DC hosted a 100th Anniversary Sing-Along on the National Mall, on June 9, 2012 called Girl Scouts Rock the Mall: 100th Anniversary Sing-Along.[105] The Rock the Mall event drew more than 200,000 people to the national mall to celebrate Girl Scouting and cost $2 million.[106]

Girl Scouts of Citrus, in partnership with Walt Disney World, held a special 100th anniversary bridging event on May 25–28, 2012. The Bridging into the Next Century event provides Girl Scouts from all over the country an opportunity to celebrate the spirit of Girl Scouting at Epcot.[107]

Cincinnati Museum Center held a day time and over night event to celebrate in partnership with the Girl Scouts of Western Ohio, who Ohio designed an exhibit, which will be on display for free until May 13, 2012. The exhibit displays old uniforms, literature and discusses the role of the Girl Scouts for the last 100 years.[108]

GSUSA have made a new cookie called Savannah Smiles to commemorate the anniversary.

The Girl Scouts of Northeast Texas hosted the Girl Scouts national exhibition at the 2012 State Fair of Texas in the historic Hall of State. At the State Fair of Texas, visitors were able to indulge on a Fried Samoa, be part of a virtual campfire, walk through a life - sized cookie box and see a replica of Juliette Gordon Low's house.

In Savannah, Georgia where Girl Scouting was founded, they hosted a "Party in the Park" in Forsyth Park where there was a Centennial Honor Guard consisting of girls wearing vintage uniforms from the Girl Scout First Headquarters. The uniforms were; 1912 (replica) 1914 1928 1940's 1960's 1970's 1980's and the current.

The city of Savannah closed part of the Talmadge Bridge so girls could walk the bridge and "Bridge to the next century." Savannah also had a "Sunrise Service" with the CEO, Anna Maria Chavez. The Honor guard from the park carried the Eternal Flame.

The city of Savannah dedicated their annual "Georgia Day" to Juliette.

Similar organizations

Camp Fire Girls was founded in 1910, two years prior to the Girl Scouts, by some of the creators of the Boy Scouts of America.[109] In 1975, the group became co-educational and soon afterwards changed its name to "Camp Fire Boys and Girls". The name was changed to Camp Fire USA in 2001 and to Camp Fire in 2012. As of 2009, the group has a membership of about 750,000.[110]

Various religions have their own youth clubs such as Missionettes (now Mpact Girls) for the Assemblies of God. Little Flowers Girls' Club®[111] is a Catholic-focused girls club.[112] GEMS Girls' Clubs is a non-denominational group with a Calvinist/Reformed background. Pioneer Girls started as a Methodist group but is non-denominational.

One youth group explicitly set up as a Christian alternative to the Girl Scouts is the American Heritage Girls (AHG), started in 1995 in West Chester, Ohio, by a group of parents upset with available female Scouting organizations.[113] AHG is a Christian organization that states that it is "a nonprofit organization dedicated to the mission of building women of integrity through service to God, family, community and country."[86] As of 2011 it claims a membership (adult and youth) of over 14,000.[114]

References

  1. ↑ 2013 GSUSA Annual Report (PDF). p. 18. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  2. ↑ Cook, David C. (2005). Mothers of Influence. Cook Communications Ministries. ISBN 978-1-56292-368-6. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  3. 1 2 Girl Scouts of the United States of America. Juliette Gordon Low Biography. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  4. ↑ "The Charities Americans Like Most And Least", The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 13, 1996
  5. ↑ "Charity Begins With Health", USA Today, December 20, 1994, p. 01D.
  6. ↑ "About Girl Scouts of the USA". Girl Scouts of the USA. 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
  7. ↑ Aickin Rothschild, Mary (Autumn 1981). "To Scout or to Guide? The Girl Scout-Boy Scout Controversy, 1912-1941". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies (University of Nebraska Press) 6 (3): 115–121. doi:10.2307/3346224. JSTOR 3346224. (registration required (help)).
  8. ↑ "hiahthebest". hiahthebest. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 Chirhart, Ann Short; Wood, Betty (2007). Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times. University of Georgia Press. p. 381.
  10. ↑ Preuss, Arthur A Dictionary of Secret and other Societies St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. 1924; republished Detroit: Gale Reference Company 1966; p.152
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Who We Are: Facts". Girl Scouts of The USA. 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Preuss p.152
  13. ↑ "Girl Scouting in Indiana" (PDF). The Indiana Historian. Retrieved November 4, 2006.
  14. ↑ Montgomery, Dana (2003). "History of the Girl Scout Organization". Troop 1440, Wakefield, MA. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
  15. ↑ Elisabeth Israels Perry (2002) [1998]. "Josephine Groves Holloway". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Tennessee Historical Society, Nashville, Tenn. (Online ed.). Retrieved September 8, 2006.
  16. ↑ "Girl Scout Commonwealth Council to celebrate and honor first African-American Troop in the South" (PDF). 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
  17. ↑ Human Rights Report: New Great Black Kentuckian poster unveiled (PDF). Kentucky Commission on Human Rights. Winter 2005. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2006. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
  18. ↑ Montgomery, Dana (2006). "Getting to Know Juliette Gordon Low". Girl Scouts of the USA. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
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  20. ↑ Highlights in Girl Scout 1912-1996. Girl Scouts of the USA. 1996. GSP154.2001
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  39. ↑ "Girl Scout Law History". Epilogsys.com. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
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  43. ↑ Walker, Alissa (July 6, 2010). "A Fresh Identity for the Girl Scouts of America". Co Design. Fast Company. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
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  46. ↑ Huband, Frank L. "Engineering for Life." 2007. Published in ASEE Prism by American Society for Engineering Education. Pg.6
  47. 1 2 Shallcross, Lynne. "Girl Power." 2007. Published in ASSE Prism by American Society for Engineering Education. Pg. 32
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  49. ↑ "A new Girl Scout badge aims to keep more girls in math and science.". =Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  50. ↑ Dawn Jenkins, SGT, Inc. (2010-10-15). "NASA Help for Girl Scouts". Spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
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  52. ↑ Melissa Kory (February 24, 2012). "Girl Scouts Visit Lockheed Martin in Marietta". Marietta, GA Patch. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
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  56. 1 2 3 http://forgirls.girlscouts.org/home/badgeexplorer/. Retrieved Feb. 23, 16.
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  79. ↑ Mandell, Nina (January 12, 2012). "Teen calls for boycott of Girl Scout cookies over transgender members". New York Daily News.
  80. ↑ Brennan, Pat (November 19, 1992). "OC lawyer moves battle over oath to Girl Scouts — Man who won suit for sons now backing Daisy hopeful". BSA Discrimination.org. Retrieved October 20, 2006.
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  91. ↑ anonymous (October 11, 1975). "Mrs. Roy Layton, Girl Scouts Chief :National President 1951-57 Is Dead at Age of 77". The New York Times. p. 34.
  92. ↑ Special to The New York Times (March 22, 1973). "Mrs. Margaret Price, 62, Dies; Ex-National Head of Girl Scouts :Received Service Awards.". The New York Times. p. 46.
  93. ↑ Special to the New York Times (October 26, 1969). "GIRL SCOUTS SEEK UPDATE GOALS :Give Members Policy Role and Widen Recruiting". The New York Times. p. 44.
  94. ↑ Obituary (July 12, 2000). "Grace MacNeil, 92, Leader of Girl Scouts". The New York Times. pp. B9.
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  97. ↑ Oliver, Lady (March 2007). "Hometown Hero Dr. Gloria Randall Scott, First African-American National President of Girl Scouts USA, Visits Girl Scouts of San Jacinto Council". Girl Scouts of San Jacinto Council. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  98. ↑ "Orville and Jane Freeman". University of Minnesota. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  99. ↑ "Meet Kathy Cloninger: Chief Executive Officer". Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  100. ↑ "Mrs. Rippin is dead; Girl Scout Leader". New York Times. June 3, 1953. p. 31.
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  105. ↑ "Rock the Mall". gscnc.org.
  106. ↑ Zaveri, Mihir (June 9, 2012). "Thousands of Girl Scouts Descend on National Mall to Celebrate 100th Birthday". The Washington Post Blog. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  107. ↑ "Home". citrus-gs.org.
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  109. ↑ Beard, Alice Marie. "Historical Origins of Camp Fire". Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  110. ↑ "All About Us". Camp Fire USA. 2005. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  111. ↑ "Behold Christ Clubs Foundation - Catholic Clubs". Behold Christ Clubs Foundation, Inc. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  112. ↑ The cookie crumbles: American girls abandoning Girl Scouts, retrieved September 24, 2012
  113. ↑ Brown, Angela K. "Some unhappy with Girl Scouts form new group". Planned Parenthood of the Inland Northwest. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  114. ↑ "American Heritage Girls celebrates 16 sweet years" (PDF). American Heritage Girls. September 12, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2012.

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