Glasgow Coma Scale

Not to be confused with Glasgow Outcome Scale.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale which aims to give a reliable and objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (the more widely used modified or revised scale).

GCS was initially used to assess level of consciousness after head injury, and the scale is now used by first aid, EMS, nurses and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients. In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in intensive care.

The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city's Southern General Hospital.

GCS is used as part of several ICU scoring systems, including APACHE II, SAPS II, and SOFA, to assess the status of the central nervous system, as it was designed for. The initial indication for use of the GCS was serial assessments of patients with traumatic brain injury[1] and coma for at least 6 hours in the neurosurgical ICU setting, though it is commonly used throughout hospital departments. A similar scale, the Rancho Los Amigos Scale is used to assess the recovery of traumatic brain injury patients.

Elements of the scale

Glasgow Coma Scale
1 2 3 4 5 6
Eye Does not open eyes Opens eyes in response to painful stimuli Opens eyes in response to voice Opens eyes spontaneously N/A N/A
Verbal Makes no sounds Incomprehensible sounds Utters inappropriate words Confused, disoriented Oriented, converses normally N/A
Motor Makes no movements Extension to painful stimuli (decerebrate response) Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli (decorticate response) Flexion / Withdrawal to painful stimuli Localizes painful stimuli Obeys commands

Note that a motor response in any limb is acceptable.[2] The scale is composed of three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses. The three values separately as well as their sum are considered. The lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep coma or death), while the highest is 15 (fully awake person).

Eye response (E)

There are four grades starting with the most severe:

  1. No eye opening
  2. Eye opening in response to pain stimulus. (a peripheral pain stimulus, such as squeezing the lunula area of the patient's fingernail is more effective than a central stimulus such as a trapezius squeeze, due to a grimacing effect).[3]
  3. Eye opening to speech. (Not to be confused with the awakening of a sleeping person; such patients receive a score of 4, not 3.)
  4. Eyes opening spontaneously

Verbal response (V)

There are five grades starting with the most severe:

  1. No verbal response
  2. Incomprehensible sounds. (Moaning but no words.)
  3. Inappropriate words. (Random or exclamatory articulated speech, but no conversational exchange. Speaks words but no sentences.)
  4. Confused. (The patient responds to questions coherently but there is some disorientation and confusion.)
  5. Oriented. (Patient responds coherently and appropriately to questions such as the patient’s name and age, where they are and why, the year, month, etc.)

Motor response (M)

There are six grades:

  1. No motor response
  2. Decerebrate posturing accentuated by pain (extensor response: adduction of arm, internal rotation of shoulder, pronation of forearm and extension at elbow, flexion of wrist and fingers, leg extension, plantarflexion of foot)
  3. Decorticate posturing accentuated by pain (flexor response: internal rotation of shoulder, flexion of forearm and wrist with clenched fist, leg extension, plantarflexion of foot)
  4. Withdrawal from pain (Absence of abnormal posturing; unable to lift hand past chin with supraorbital pain but does pull away when nailbed is pinched)
  5. Localizes to pain (Purposeful movements towards painful stimuli; e.g., brings hand up beyond chin when supraorbital pressure applied.)
  6. Obeys commands (The patient does simple things as asked.)

Interpretation

Individual elements as well as the sum of the score are important. Hence, the score is expressed in the form "GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07:35".

Generally, brain injury is classified as:

Generally when a patient is in a decline of their GCS score, the nurse or medical staff should assess the cranial nerves and determine which of the twelve have been affected.

Tracheal intubation and severe facial/eye swelling or damage make it impossible to test the verbal and eye responses. In these circumstances, the score is given as 1 with a modifier attached e.g. "E1c" where "c" = closed, or "V1t" where t = tube. A composite might be "GCS 5tc". This would mean, for example, eyes closed because of swelling = 1, intubated = 1, leaving a motor score of 3 for "abnormal flexion". Often the 1 is left out, so the scale reads Ec or Vt.

The GCS has limited applicability to children, especially below the age of 36 months (where the verbal performance of even a healthy child would be expected to be poor). Consequently the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, a separate yet closely related scale, was developed for assessing younger children.

Revisions

Controversy

The GCS has come under pressure from some researchers who take issue with the scale's poor inter-rater reliability and lack of prognostic utility.[6] Although there is no agreed-upon alternative, newer scores such as the Simplified motor scale and FOUR score have also been developed as improvements to the GCS.[7] Although the inter-rater reliability of these newer scores has been slightly higher than that of the GCS, they have not gained consensus as replacements.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Teasdale G, Jennett B. (1974). "Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale.". Lancet 13 (2): 81–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0. PMID 4136544.
  2. ↑ Hutchinson’s clinical methods 22nd edition
  3. ↑ "The Glasgow Coma Scale: clinical application in Emergency Departments". Emergency Nurse 14 (8): 30–5. 2006. doi:10.7748/en2006.12.14.8.30.c4221.
  4. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/masstrauma/resources/gcs.pdf
  5. ↑ Gill M, Windemuth R, Steele R, Green SM. (2005). "A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale score to simplified alternative scores for the prediction of traumatic brain injury outcomes.". Ann Emerg Med. 45 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.07.429. PMID 15635308.
  6. ↑ Green S. M. (2011). "Cheerio, Laddie! Bidding Farewell to the Glasgow Coma Scale". Annals of Emergency Medicine 58 (5): 427–430. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.009. PMID 21803447.
  7. ↑ Iver, VN; Mandrekar, JN; Danielson, RD; Zubkov, AY; Elmer, JL; Wijdicks, EF (2009). "Validity of the FOUR score coma scale in the medical intensive care unit.". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 84 (8): 694–701. doi:10.4065/84.8.694. PMC 2719522. PMID 19648386.
  8. ↑ Fischer, M; Rüegg, S; Czaplinski, A; Strohmeier, M; Lehmann, A; Tschan, F; Hunziker, PR; Marschcorresponding, SC (2010). "Inter-rater reliability of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score and the Glasgow Coma Scale in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study". BioMed Central: Critical Care 14 (2): R–64. doi:10.1186/cc8963. PMC 2887186. PMID 20398274.

External links

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