Gloucester

This article is about the city in England. For other uses, see Gloucester (disambiguation).
Gloucester
City & Non-metropolitan district

Gloucester and its cathedral

Coat of arms

City of Gloucester shown within Gloucestershire
Coordinates: 51°52′N 2°14′W / 51.87°N 2.24°W / 51.87; -2.24Coordinates: 51°52′N 2°14′W / 51.87°N 2.24°W / 51.87; -2.24
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Region South West England
Non-metropolitan county Gloucestershire
Status Non-metropolitan district, City
Admin HQ Gloucester
Government
 • Type Non-metropolitan district council
 • Body Gloucester City Council
 • Leadership Mayor & Cabinet (TBA (council NOC))
 • MPs Richard Graham
Area rank 289th (of 326)
Population (mid-2014 est.)
 • Total 125,649
 • Rank 172nd (of 326)
 • Ethnicity[1] 84.6% White British
4.6% White Other
3.5% South Asian
2.8% Black or Black British
1.3% Chinese or Other Asian
3.1% Mixed Race
0.3% Other
Time zone GMT (UTC0)
 • Summer (DST) BST (UTC+1)
Postcodes GL1-GL4
Area code(s) 01452
ONS code 23UE (ONS)
E07000081 (GSS)
OS grid reference SO832186
Website www.gloucester.gov.uk

Gloucester (i/ˈɡlɒstər/) is a city and district in southwest England, the county town of Gloucestershire. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the southwest.

Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries, and has a strong financial and business sector,[2] being home to the bank Cheltenham & Gloucester and historically was prominent in the aerospace industry.[3]

History

Kip's West prospect of Gloucester, c. 1725, emphasises the causeway and bridges traversing the water meadows of the floodplain.

The origins of the name Gloucester can be traced to Caerloyw in the modern Welsh. There are various appellations in history such as Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre as an early British settlement is not confirmed by direct evidence. However, Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, built in the reign of Nerva. Parts of the walls can be traced, and a number of remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. In Historia Brittonum, a fabled account of the early rulers of Britain, Vortigern's grandfather, Gloiu (or Gloyw Wallt Hir: "Gloiu Long-hair"), is given as the founder of Gloucester.[4][5] In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester is shown as part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, when it came under the control of Mercia. The name Gloucester derives from the Anglo-Saxon for fort (Old English ceaster) preceded by the Roman stem Glev- (pronounced glaiw).[6]Claudia Castra is mentioned in the 18th Century as possible Latin name related to the city.[7]

Gloucester was captured by the Saxons in 577. Its situation on a navigable river, and the foundation in 681 of the abbey of St Peter by Æthelred, favoured the growth of the town; and before the Norman Conquest of England, Gloucester was a borough governed by a portreeve, with a castle which was frequently a royal residence, and a mint. In the early 10th century the remains of Saint Oswald were brought to a small church in Gloucester, bringing many pilgrims to the town. The core street layout is thought to date back to the reign of Ethelfleda in late Saxon times.[8]

Gloucester in 1805

During the Anarchy, Gloucester was a centre of support for the Empress Matilda.[9] The first Earl of Gloucester, Earl Godwine, was succeeded nearly a century later by Robert of Gloucester. King Henry II granted the first charter in 1155, which gave the burgesses the same liberties as the citizens of London and Winchester, and a second charter of Henry II gave them freedom of passage on the River Severn. The first charter was confirmed in 1194 by King Richard I. The privileges of the borough were greatly extended by the charter of King John (1200), which gave freedom from toll throughout the kingdom and from pleading outside the borough.

In the Middle Ages the main export was wool which came from the Cotswolds and was processed in Gloucester; other exports included leather and iron (tools and weapons). Gloucester also had a large fishing industry at that time. In 1223 thatched roofs were banned after a massive fire that destroyed a part of Gloucester. In November 2011 a unique coin, dated to 1077–80, was discovered, just north of the city, featuring the name of the moneyer Silacwine and its place of minting. The Portable Antiquities Scheme said that, until the coin was discovered, there had been no known examples of William I coins minted in Gloucester in this period.[10]

Subsequent charters were numerous. Gloucester was incorporated by King Richard III in 1483, the town being made a county in itself. This charter was confirmed in 1489 and 1510, and other charters of incorporation were received by Gloucester from Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. Gloucester was the site of the execution by burning of John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester in the time of Queen Mary and martyred by her in 1555. In 1580 Gloucester was awarded the status of a port by Queen Elizabeth I. The Siege of Gloucester in 1643 was a battle of the English Civil War in which the besieged parliamentarians emerged victorious.

The spring of 1994 saw the arrest of Fred West and his wife Rose for the murder of 12 women and girls who went missing between 1967 and 1987 – including two of their daughters. Their home, 25 Cromwell Street, where the remains of many of the victims were buried, was later demolished and a public walkway laid in its place.

In July 2007, Gloucester was hit badly by a flood that struck Gloucestershire and its surrounding areas. Hundreds of homes were flooded, but the event was most memorable because of its wider impact – about 40,000 people were without power for 24 hours, and the entire city (plus surrounding areas) was without piped water for 17 days.

In 2009, Gloucester Day was revived as an annual day of celebration of Gloucester's history and culture. The day originally dates from the lifting of the Siege of Gloucester in 1643, during which the city held out against Royalist forces during the First English Civil War.[11]

Coat of arms

Left: the arms of the Clare family; centre: the arms of the Bishop of Worcester; right: the arms of the city of Gloucester

Gloucester is one of few cities in England with the distinction of having two coats of arms. The first consists of three chevrons surrounded by ten roundels. The chevrons come from the arms of the Clare family, who were earls of Gloucester from the 12th to the 14th centuries, while the roundels come from the arms of the Bishop of Worcester, whose bishopric historically encompassed Gloucester. This coat is the older of the two, though it is usually termed the "Commonwealth coat", as it was not officially granted to the city until 1652, during the Commonwealth period. The crest and supporters (lions bearing broadswords and trowels) were also adopted at this time, along with the motto Fides Invicta Triumphat ("unconquered faith triumphs", in reference to the royalist siege withstood by the city in 1643).

The second coat, termed the "Tudor coat", was granted in 1538. It features the roses of York and Lancaster, the boar's head of Richard III, a ceremonial sword and cap, and two horseshoes surrounded by nails, to represent Gloucester's historical association with ironworking.

Though grants made by Commonwealth heralds were nullified after the restoration, the Commonwealth coat continued to be used by the city in favour of the uglier Tudor coat. The Commonwealth coat, along with the crest and supporters, was legally granted to the city by letters patent dated 16 April 1945. This was reconfirmed in 1974 following the local government changes of that year.[12][13]

Geography

Gloucester Docks at night

Gloucester is the county town of Gloucestershire, and is the 53rd largest settlement in the United Kingdom by population.[14] In 2011 the city had a population of 121,900. However the built-up area extends beyond the city boundary, with several outlying districts. The 2011 census gave the population of the whole "Gloucester Urban Area" as 149,820.

The city is located on the eastern bank of the River Severn, sheltered by the Cotswolds to the east, while the Forest of Dean and the Malvern Hills rise to the west and north, respectively. Gloucester is a port, linked via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal which runs from Gloucester's docks to the Severn Estuary, allowing larger ships to reach the docks than would be possible on the tidal reaches of the river itself, which go well north of the city to Haw Bridge. The wharfs, warehouses and the docks themselves fell into disrepair until their renovation in the 1980s. They now form a public open space. Some warehouses now house the Gloucester Waterways Museum, others were converted into residential flats, shops and bars. Additionally, the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum is located in the Custom House. Next to the museum is Gloucester Yacht Club. The port still houses the most inland RNLI lifeboat in the United Kingdom.

Districts of Gloucester

†Quedgeley is the only civil parish within the city boundary, and as such has its own parish council.[15] Quedgeley was transferred to the district of Gloucester in 1991.[16] The remainder of the city (the former county borough of Gloucester) is unparished.

Attractions

Gloucester Cathedral

Gloucester Cathedral, in the north of the city near the river, originates in the foundation of an abbey dedicated to Saint Peter in 681. It is the burial place of King Edward II and Walter de Lacy. The cathedral (mainly its cloisters) was used for corridor scenes in the films Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince It was also used for a scene in Sherlock Christmas special, where upon the crypt was used.[17] Attached to the deanery is the Norman prior's chapel. In St Mary's Square outside the Abbey gate, the Bishop of Gloucester, Bishop John Hooper, was martyred under Queen Mary I in 1555.

A good number of medieval and Tudor period gabled and half timbered houses survive from earlier periods of Gloucester's history. At the point where the four principal streets intersected stood the Tolsey (town hall), which was replaced by a modern building in 1894. None of the old public buildings are left except for the New Inn in Northgate Street. It is a timbered house, with strong, massive external galleries and courtyards. It was built around 1450 by John Twyning, a monk.[18]

King's Square (1976)

King's Square is at the heart of the city centre and occupies what was once a cattle market and bus station. Officially opened in 1972, it was the centrepiece of a radical redesign of the city, The Jellicoe Plan, which was first proposed in 1961. It stands beside the Debenham's (formerly Bon Marché) store built in the early 1960s. Many of the features of the redevelopment have since been dismantled; the brutalist concrete fountains in the middle of the square have gone and the overhead roadways which linked three multi storey car parks around the centre have been either closed or dismantled. The present main bus station received a Civic Trust Award in 1963 but is now in a state of disrepair. In 2012 a £60 million plan was unveiled to revamp the square.[19] In 2014 the prominent Golden Egg restaurant was demolished and a new look public space was created. A prior archaeological dig revealed a Roman house underneath.[20]

An indoor market opened in Eastgate Street in 1968, followed by the Eastgate Shopping Centre in 1974. The corner of Eastgate Street and Brunswick Road was redeveloped around this time; Roman remains unearthed below street level in 1974 may be seen through a glass observation panel outside the Boots building, which opened in 1980. The HSBC building on the Cross was renovated and a modern extension added to the Westgate Street aspect in 1972 which received a Civic Trust Award. Sainsbury's opened a supermarket in Northgate Street in 1970; it retains its original interior. Opposite, Tesco opened a large two-storey supermarket in 1974 on the site of a demolished chapel. This is now occupied by Wilkinson's after Tesco moved to Quedgeley in 1984.

Gloucester Leisure Centre opened on the corner of Eastgate Street and Bruton Way in September 1974 and was redeveloped and rebranded (as "GL1") in August 2002. Gloucester Central railway station was rebuilt in 1977 to serve both the original traffic to that railway station and the services from the closed Gloucester Eastgate railway station (former Midland Railway) which had stood on another site further east along the same road. Opposite the station stands one of the city's largest office blocks, Twyver House, opened in 1968, which houses the regional Land Registry. The main shopping streets were pedestrianised in the late 1980s.

The 1966 Heights Plan for Gloucester sought to restrict construction of tall buildings and defend spiritual values by protecting views of Gloucester Cathedral.[21] The tower of Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, started in 1970 and completed in August 1975, can be seen from miles around. In Brunswick Road, a brown concrete tower, which housed classrooms at the Gloucestershire College of Arts and Technology (now moved to a site near Llanthony Bridge). The tower was added incongruously to the existing 1930s Technical College buildings in 1971 which has now been demolished. Clapham Court, a tall block of flats, stands in Columbia Close, between London Road and Kingsholm Road. It was built in 1972 and stands on what was once Columbia Street in a small district formerly known as Clapham.

Other features of interest include the museum and school of art and science, the former county jail (on the site of a Saxon and Norman castle), the Shire Hall (now headquarters of the County Council) and the Whitefield memorial church. A park in the south of the city contains a spa, a chalybeate spring having been discovered in 1814. West of this, across the canal, are the remains (a gateway and some walls) of Llanthony Secunda Priory, a cell of the mother abbey in the Vale of Ewyas, Monmouthshire, which in the reign of King Edward IV became the secondary establishment.

Culture

View of Gloucester by Thomas Hearne, watercolour

The Three Choirs Festival, originating in the 18th century and one of the oldest music festivals in the British Isles, is held in Gloucester every third year, the other venues being Hereford and Worcester. Gloucester hosted the festival in 2013, and it is next due in the city in 2016.

The city's main theatre and cultural venue is the Guildhall.[22] The Guildhall hosts a huge amount of entertainment, including live music, dance sessions, a cinema, bar, café, art gallery and much more. The Leisure Centre, GL1, hosts concerts and has a larger capacity than the Guildhall.

The annual Gloucester International Rhythm and Blues Festival takes place at the end of July and early August.[23] Gloucester International Cajun and Zydeco Festival, the largest in the UK and longest-running in Europe, runs for a weekend in January each year.[24] A Medieval Fayre is held in Westgate Street each year during the summer.

Gloucester is also noted as the home of the Frightmare Halloween Festival, the largest Halloween festival in the South West.[25]

The main museum in the city is the The Museum of Gloucester but there are several other important museums.

The Tailor of Gloucester House which is dedicated to the author Beatrix Potter can be found near the cathedral.

Since 2013 Gloucester has marked Armed Forces Day with a Drum Head Service held on College Green in the shadow of the cathedral. This is followed by a parade of serving forces, veterans and cadets through the city centre to the docks for a family day with military and military-related charity displays and entertainment in Back Badge Square in front of the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum.

Nature in Art is a gallery dedicated to the display of works of art inspired by the natural world.

A popular and well known rhyme about the city: Doctor Foster went to Gloucester in a shower of rain, he stood in a puddle right up to his middle and never went there again.

Churches

Gloucester has many churches, and historically has also had many dissenting chapels. It may have been the old proverb "as sure as God's in Gloucester" that provoked Oliver Cromwell to declare that the city had "more churches than godliness". Gloucester was the host of the first Sunday school in England; this was founded by Robert Raikes in 1780. Four of the churches that are of special interest are

In the neighbourhood around St Mary de Crypt there are slight remains of Greyfriars and Blackfriars monasteries, and also of the city wall. Under the Golden Fleece (The Monks Bar) and Saracen's Head inns early vaulted cellars still remains. In addition, in the city is St Peter's Roman Catholic Church, a Grade II* listed building.[26]

During the construction of the Boots store on the corner of Brunswick Road and Eastgate Street in 1974, Roman remains were found. These can be seen through a glass case on the street. At the back of the Gloucester Furniture Exhibition Centre part of the city's South Gate can be seen.

Education

See also List of schools in Gloucestershire.

There are three endowed schools: The King's School, refounded by Henry VIII as part of the cathedral establishment; the school of St Mary de Crypt now known as "The Crypt School, Gloucester" since it moved to a mile from town centre to Podsmead, founded by Dame Joan Cooke in the same reign (1539), Sir Thomas Rich's School, previously known as Sir Thomas Rich's Bluecoat Hospital for Boys (1666); The High School for Girls (1883) ; and Ribston Hall High School for Girls. Comprehensives include Millbrook Academy, Beaufort Co-operative Academy, St Peter's High School (Catholic school), Chosen Hill School, Severn Vale School, Gloucester Academy, Barnwood Park Arts College and Churchdown School Academy.

Transport

Cargo boats known as trows navigating under a bridge at Gloucester

Gloucester is served by the M5 motorway, which runs to the east of the city. Junction 12 serves south Gloucester and Quedgeley. Junction 11a serves central Gloucester and junction 11 serves north Gloucester. The A38 runs north–south through Gloucester connecting the city with Tewkesbury and Bristol. The A40 runs west to east, connecting Gloucester with Cheltenham to the east (via a dual carriageway section known as The Golden Valley Bypass) and the Forest of Dean and Monmouth to the West. The A46 and A4173 links Gloucester and Stroud, and the A417 links Gloucester with Cirencester in the south east and Ledbury in the north west.

Until the construction of the Severn Bridge in 1966, Gloucester was the lowest bridging point on the river and hence was an important settlement on the route between London and South Wales. The Severn is split into two branches at this point, so the road crosses first onto Alney Island and then onto the western bank. A road bridge on this western side at Over, built by Thomas Telford in 1829, still stands, notable for its very flat arch construction, but its fragility and narrow width means it is no longer used for traffic, and since 1974 it has been paralleled by a modern road bridge. There is a rail crossing, also across Alney Island, which was the lowest on the river until the opening of the Severn Railway Bridge in 1879, followed by the Severn Tunnel in 1886, although following the dismantling of the former in 1970 Gloucester once again has the furthest downstream rail bridge crossing of the Severn.

Gloucester railway station has frequent trains to London, Reading, Bristol, Cardiff, Nottingham and Birmingham. Gloucester was the site of the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company railway works, which have now closed. Buses are run by Stagecoach West, operating from its depot on London Road. For longer, slower journeys, National Express operate a number of services including the 444 to London and the 222 to Heathrow and Gatwick airports.

Gloucester is linked to the Severn Estuary by the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal, which is navigable by small coasters. The city is linked to the River Avon and Stourport-on-Severn by the navigable part of the River Severn, which is navigable by river craft of a few hundred tonnes' displacement. Gloucester Docks mark the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the river.[27] Gloucester was formerly linked to Ledbury and Hereford by the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal; and subsequently by the Ledbury and Gloucester Railway, which used the southern section of the former canal, until it also closed in 1964. This canal is now being restored, and the restored canal basin in the Gloucester suburb of Over is a local attraction.

Business and industry

Gloucester has a long history in the aerospace business. In 1926 the Gloucestershire Aircraft Company at Brockworth changed its name to the Gloster Aircraft Company because international customers claimed that the name "Gloucestershire" was too difficult to spell. A sculpture in the city centre celebrates Gloucester's aviation history and its involvement in the jet engine. Frank Whittle's pioneering turbojet engine powered the first British jet aircraft, which first flew at the company's airfield at Brockworth. This is commemorated by the pub "The Whittle" at Gloucester Business Park, which now occupies the site. Roads in the business park are named after other Gloster aircraft, and a small statue overlooks the site of the old main runway. Messier-Dowty's landing gear plant and Smiths Aerospace Dowty Propellers plants are on the outskirts of the city.

Gloucester is home to the headquarters of Cheltenham & Gloucester at Barnwood, a major mortgage lender, and now a subsidiary of Lloyds TSB. The large insurer Ecclesiastical Insurance is based in the city, as is its owner, the charity Allchurches Trust.[28]

Gloucester was the home of Priday, Metford and Company Limited, a family milling firm which survived for over one hundred years, and hydraulic engineering firm Fielding & Platt.

Gloucester Business Park is a business park on the outskirts on the city and is home to a number of big brands including Fortis and Detica.[29]

Sport and leisure

Media

The Citizen, published by Northcliffe Media is Gloucester's main daily newspaper, which shares almost all its content with the Gloucestershire Echo and the weekly Forester covering the Forest of Dean and Chepstow.

BBC Radio Gloucestershire has its studios on London Road in Gloucester. Heart Gloucestershire, previously Severn Sound, is based in Eastgate Shopping Centre. Gloucester FM is a community radio station specialising in black and urban music. Sunshine Radio, which broadcasts from Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, can be heard clearly across the county. It also broadcasts on the Gloucester DAB Multiplex.

Local radio is broadcast from transmitters on Churchdown Hill (Chosen Hill), and for television reception Gloucester is in a transmitter overlap area between Ridge Hill (Midlands) and Mendip (West), although the West regional broadcasts cover the city editorially.

A number of TV and film productions have been filmed in Gloucester; most notably at the cathedral and docks. These include three of the Harry Potter films, Doctor Who, Outlaw[33] and the upcoming 2016 film Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass.[34]

Crime

Crime rates in Gloucester (per 1000 population) 2012-2013[35]
Offence Gloucester South West England
Violence with Injury7.05.45.5
Violence without Injury5.04.55.1
Robbery0.90.41.2
Theft from the Person1.10.81.9
Criminal Damage and Arson11.09.49.3
Domestic Burglary5.52.64.1
Non Domestic Burglary5.83.94.1
Vehicle Offences7.55.16.9
Drug Offences4.03.03.6
Sexual Offences1.31.00.9

According to a Home office report Gloucester had the third highest murder rate in England and Wales between October 2014 and September 2015.[36]

Twin cities

Gloucester is twinned with Metz, France, since 1967;[37][38] Trier, Germany, since 1957; Saint Ann, Jamaica, since 1987; and Gouda, Netherlands, since 1972.

Notable people

Notable residents of Gloucester have included:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Neighbourhood Statistics. "Ethnic Group, 2011 (KS201EW)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  2. ↑ "The Economy in Gloucester". Gloucester City Council. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  3. ↑ "The Museum". Jet Age Museum. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  4. ↑ Nennius (828). Historia Brittonum.
  5. ↑ Robert Vermaat (2008). "Gloiu Long-Hair". vortigernstudies.org.uk.
  6. ↑ Kenneth Cameron: English Place Names
  7. ↑ Robert Ainsworth. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendiarius:. Mount, 1752 - 802 pages.
  8. ↑ "Anglo-Saxon Gloucester: c.680 - 1066". british-history.ac.uk.
  9. ↑ Gesta Stephani, §47
  10. ↑ "'Unique' 11th Century coin discovered near Gloucester". BBC Gloucestershire. 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  11. ↑ Tradition revived for city pride. BBC News, 5 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  12. ↑ "Gloucester City Council". Civic Heraldry of England and Wales.
  13. ↑ N M Herbert (ed.). A History of the County of Gloucester. London: Victoria County History.
  14. ↑ List of largest United Kingdom settlements by population
  15. ↑ "Quedgeley Parish Council". quedgeley-pc.gov.uk.
  16. ↑ "The Gloucestershire (District Boundaries) Order 1991 (S.I. 1991/281)". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  17. ↑ "Potter filming moves to cathedral". BBC Newsround. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  18. ↑ New Inn. English Heritage. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  19. ↑ "Kings Square £60m revamp signed by developer". BBC News. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  20. ↑ "New dawn for King's Square in Gloucester as Golden Egg piazza finally revealed". Gloucester Citizen. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  21. ↑ Geoffrey & Susan Jellicoe. "The Landscape of Man", pp356-7. pub. Thames & Hudson, 1975.
  22. ↑ "Guildhall". Gloucester.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  23. ↑ http://www.gloucesterblues.co.uk
  24. ↑ "Gloucester Cajun and Zydeco Festival". Gloucester Guildhall. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  25. ↑ "Frightmare at Over Farm". Heart Gloucestershire. Heart. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  26. ↑ Roman Catholic Church of St Peter, Gloucester from British Listed Buildings, retrieved 3 January 2016
  27. ↑ getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=p&gazString=GLOUCESTER getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk
  28. ↑ Charity Commission. Allchurches Trust, registered charity no. 263960.
  29. ↑ "Occupiers in Gloucester Business Park". Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  30. ↑ "Gloucester Ski facilities". Gloucesterski.com. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  31. ↑ Gloucester City Swimming Club Archived 5 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ "Gloucester City Hockey Club". gloucestercityhc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  33. ↑ "Things to Do".
  34. ↑ "Tall ships bring treasure to Gloucester". The Gloucester Citizen. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  35. ↑ Neighbourhood Statistics Office for National Statistics Area: Gloucester (Local Authority)
  36. ↑ http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/murder-capital-britain-revealed-its-7225784
  37. ↑ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  38. ↑ "Metz Municipal Council" (in French). Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  39. ↑ Tim Bridges 2000 rev. ed. 2005 Churches of Worcestershire Logaston Press, Logaston, Herefordshire pp106-107

Further reading

External links

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