Trier

Trier
View over Trier
Coat of arms
Trier
Coordinates: 49°45′N 6°38′E / 49.750°N 6.633°ECoordinates: 49°45′N 6°38′E / 49.750°N 6.633°E
Country	Germany
State	Rhineland-Palatinate
District	Urban district
Government
• Lord Mayor	Wolfram Leibe (SPD)
Area
• Total	117.14 km^2 (45.23 sq mi)
Population (2013-12-31)[1]
• Total	107,233
• Density	920/km^2 (2,400/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Trevian
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes	54290, 54292, 54293, 54294, 54295, 54296
Dialling codes	0651
Vehicle registration	TR
Website	www.trier.de

Trier (German pronunciation: [ˈtʀiːɐ̯]; Luxembourgish: Tréier), formerly known in English as Treves (French: Trèves, IPA: [tʁɛv]), is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle. Trier lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Moselle wine region. Founded by the Celts presumably in the late-4th century BC as Treuorum, it was later conquered by the Romans in the late-1st century BC and renamed Trevorum or Augusta Treverorum (Latin for "The City of Augustus among the Treveri"), Trier may be the oldest city in Germany.^[2][3] It is also the oldest seat of a bishop north of the Alps. In the Middle Ages, the Archbishop-Elector of Trier was an important prince of the church, as the archbishop-electorate controlled land from the French border to the Rhine. The Archbishop-Elector also had great significance as one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire.

With an approximate population of 105,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after Mainz, Ludwigshafen, and Koblenz.^[4] The nearest major cities are Luxembourg (50 km or 31 mi to the southwest), Saarbrücken (80 kilometres or 50 miles southeast), and Koblenz (100 km or 62 mi northeast).

The University of Trier, the administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD (Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five "central places" of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole union of cities, it is central to the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux (Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia.

History

The Porta Nigra

According to a legend recorded in the 12th-century Deeds of the Treveri, the city was founded by an eponymous, otherwise-unrecorded prince of Assyria named Trebeta, placing the city's founding legend independent of and centuries before ancient Rome's. A medieval inscription on the façade of the Red House in Trier market stated:

ANTE ROMAM TREVIRIS STETIT ANNIS MILLE TRECENTIS.
PERSTET ET ÆTERNA PACE FRVATVR. AMEN.^[5]

Trebeta's parents were said to have been Ninus, a legendary "King of Assyria" invented by the ancient Greeks, and an unknown mother who was Ninus's wife before Semiramis. Semiramis took control of the kingdom upon his father's death and Trebeta was forced into exile, wandering Europe before settling at Trier. His body was said to have been cremated on Petrisberg.

The historical record describes the Roman Empire subduing the Treveri in the 1st century BC and establishing Augusta Treverorum in 16 BC. The name distinguished it from the empire's many other cities honoring the first emperor Augustus. The city later became the capital of the province of Belgic Gaul; after the Diocletian Reforms, it became the capital of the prefecture of the Gauls, overseeing much of the Western Roman Empire. In the 4th century, Trier was one of the five biggest cities in the known world with a population around 75,000 and perhaps as much as 100,000.^[6][7][8][9] The Porta Nigra ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A residence of the Western Roman Emperor, Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose. Sometime between 395 and 418, the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from the city to Arles. The city continued to be inhabited but was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production of ballistae and armor and woolen uniforms for the troops, clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at Amiens.

The Cathedral of Trier

The Franks seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of Eastern Francia, which developed into the Holy Roman Empire. Relics of Saint Matthias brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of Trier was recognized as an electorate of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The University of Trier was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residences to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established.

Palace of Trier

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Trier was sought after by France, who invaded during the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Grand Alliance, the War of the Spanish Succession, and the War of the Polish Succession. France succeeded in finally claiming Trier in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl Marx was born in the city in 1818.

As part of the Prussian Rhineland, Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire in 1871.

In June 1940 over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at Dunkirk and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps. Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944 during World War II. The city became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university, dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984.

Geography

View of the city from St. Mary's Column (Mariensäule).

Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and vineyard-covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateau in the south and the Eifel in the north. The border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is some 15 km (9 mi) away.

Neighbouring municipalities

Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the Trier-Saarburg district

Schweich, Kenn and Longuich (all part of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße), Mertesdorf, Kasel, Waldrach, Morscheid, Korlingen, Gutweiler, Sommerau and Gusterath (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Hockweiler, Franzenheim (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land), Konz (Verbandsgemeinde Konz), Igel, Trierweiler, Aach, Newel, Kordel, Zemmer (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land)

Organization of city districts

The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city districts. For each district there is an Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets.

The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009):

Official district number	District with associated sub-districts	Area in km^2	Inhabitants
11	Mitte/Gartenfeld	2.978	11,954
12	Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin)	3.769	13,405
13	Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St. Mattheis)	1.722	9,123
21	Ehrang/Quint	26.134	9,195
22	Pfalzel	2.350	3,514
23	Biewer	5.186	1,949
24	Ruwer/Eitelsbach	9.167	3,091
31	West/Pallien	8.488	7,005
32	Euren (Herresthal)	13.189	4,207
33	Zewen (Oberkirch)	7.496	3,634
41	Olewig	3.100	3,135
42	Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz)	5.825	8,708
43	Tarforst	4.184	6,605
44	Filsch	1.601	761
45	Irsch	4.082	2,351
46	Kernscheid	3.768	958
51	Feyen/Weismark	5.095	5,689
52	Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus)	2.036	6,672
53	Mariahof (St. Michael)	7.040	3,120
	Totals	117.210	105,076

Main sights

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Roman bath ruins in Trier.
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iii, iv, vi
Reference	367
UNESCO region	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1986 (10th Session)

Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include:

• the Porta Nigra, the best-preserved Roman city gate north of the Alps;
• ruins of three Roman baths, among them the largest Roman baths north of the Alps; including the Barbara Baths and the Trier Imperial Baths;
• the huge Constantine Basilica, a basilica in the original Roman sense, was the 67 m (219.82 ft) long throne hall of Roman Emperor Constantine; it is today used as a Protestant church.
• Trier Cathedral (German: Trierer Dom or Dom St. Peter), a Roman Catholic church that dates back to Roman times and is home to the Holy Tunic, a garment with a recorded history back to the 12th century, in Catholic tradition said to be the robe Jesus was wearing when he died. It is exhibited only every few decades, at irregular intervals.
• The Liebfrauenkirche (German for Church of Our dear Lady), which is one of the most important early Gothic cathedrals in Germany and falls into the architectural tradition of the French Gothic cathedrals;
• the Roman Trier Amphitheater;
• the 2nd century AD Roman bridge (Römerbrücke) across the Moselle, the oldest bridge north of the Alps still crossed by traffic;
• St. Matthias' Abbey (Abtei St. Matthias), a still-in-use monastery in whose medieval church the only apostle north of the Alps is held to be buried
• St. Gangolf's church was the city's market church that rivalled the Archbishop's Trier Cathedral.
• Saint Paulinus' Church, one of the most important Baroque churches in Rhineland-Palatinate and designed in part by the architect Balthasar Neumann
• two old treadwheel cranes, one being the Gothic "Old Crane" (Alte Krahnen) or "Trier Moselle Crane" (Trierer Moselkrahn) from 1413, and the other the 1774 Baroque crane called the "(Old) Customs Crane" ((Alter) Zollkran) or "Younger Moselle Crane" (Jüngerer Moselkran) (see List of historical harbour cranes)

Museums

• Rheinisches Landesmuseum (one of the two most important German archaeological museums for the Roman period, along with the Römisch-Germanisches Museum in Cologne)
• Stadtmuseum Simeonstift (history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a model of the medieval city)
• Bischöfliches Dom- und Diözesanmuseum (Museum of the Diocese of Trier, displays also numerous Roman artefacts)
• Toy Museum of Trier
• Ethnological and open-air museum Roscheider Hof, a museum in the neighbouring town of Konz, right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet.
• Fell Exhibition Slate Mine; site in the municipality of Fell, 20 km (12 mi) from Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail.
• Karl Marx House; a museum exhibiting Marx's personal history, volumes of poetry, original letters, and photographs with personal dedications. There is also a collection of rare first editions and international editions of his works, as well as exhibits on the development of socialism in the 19th century.

Education

Trier is home to the University of Trier, founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has the Trier University of Applied Sciences. The Academy of European Law (ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40 Kindergärten,^[10] 25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as the Humboldt Gymnasium Trier, Max Planck Gymnasium, Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium and the Pestalozzi-Hauptschule.^[11]

Annual events

• Until 2014, Trier was home to Germany's largest Roman festival, Brot und Spiele (German for Bread and Games - a translation of the famous Latin phrase panem et circenses from the satires of Juvenal)
• Trier has been the base for the German round of the World Rally Championship since 2000, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
• Trier holds a lavish Christmas street festival every year called the Trier Christmas Market on the Hauptmarkt (Main Market Square) and the Domfreihof in front of the Cathedral of Trier.

Transportation

Trier station has direct railway connections to many cities in the region. The nearest cities by train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways A 1, A 48 and A 64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are in Luxembourg (0:40 h by car), Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle River is an important waterway and is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the River Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2018.^[12]

Sports

Major sports clubs in Trier include:

• FSV Trier-Tarforst, intera alia football and rugby
• SV Eintracht Trier 05, association football
• TBB Trier, basketball
• DJK/MJC Trier, women's team handball
• Trier Cardinals, baseball
• PST Trier Stampers, American Football
• Renn Center, Trier, Slotcar

Notable residents

See Heinz Monz: Trierer Biographisches Lexikon. Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2000. 539 p. ISBN 3-931014-49-5.

• Eucharius (died ~250), first bishop of Trier
• Valerius (died 320), second bishop of Trier
• Helena (ca. 250-330), saint, mother of Constantine the Great^[13]
• Paulinus (died 358), bishop of Trier
• Valentinian I (321–375), Roman emperor
• Ausonius (ca. 310–395), Roman consul and poet
• Ambrose (ca. 340–397), saint
• Kaspar Olevianus (1536–1587), theologian
• Karl Marx (1818–1883), social philosopher
• Frederick A. Schroeder (1833–1899), American politician, mayor of Brooklyn
• Ludwig Kaas (1881–1952), Roman Catholic priest and politician of the Zentrum
• Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890–1991), theologian
• Peter Thullen (1907–1996), mathematician
• Wolf Graf von Baudissin (1907–1993), general, military planner and peace researcher
• Xavier Bout de Marnhac (born 1951), French general, former commander of KFOR
• Robert Zimmer (philosopher) (born 1953), German philosopher and essayist
• Ernst Ulrich Deuker (born 1954), musician of Ideal
• Eric Jelen (born 1965), tennis player
• Martin Bambauer (born 1970), church musician
• Jordan Carver (born 1986), glamour model and actress
• Josephine Henning (born 1989), footballer

International relations

Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Saarbrücken, and Metz (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg and France).

Twinning

Trier is twinned with:

Metz, France since 1957 Gloucester, United Kingdom, since 1957 Ascoli Piceno, Italy, since 1958

's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands, since 1968 Pula, Croatia, since 1971[14] Fort Worth, Texas, USA since 1987[15]

Weimar, Germany since 1990 Nagaoka, Japan, since 2006 Xiamen, China, since 2010

Namesakes

• New Trier Township, Illinois, USA, originally settled by people from Trier.
• New Trier, Minnesota, USA, settled by people from Trier about 1856.
• New Trier High School, an Illinois school named after Trier.

References

1. "Gemeinden in Deutschland mit Bevölkerung am 31. Dezember 2013". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). 2014.
2. Rathaus der Stadt Trier. "Stadt Trier - City of Trier - La Ville de Trèves | Website of the Municipality of Trier". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
3. The honor is disputed among Trier, Worms, Kempten, and Cologne.
4. "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010" (PDF). Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz (in German). 2011.
5. Latin for "Before Rome, Trier stood for 1300 years. May it stand on and enjoy eternal peace. Amen."
6. "TRIER THE CENTER OF ANTIQUITY IN GERMANY" (PDF). 8 March 2012. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
7. LaVerne, F.K. (1991). Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train. Globe Pequot Press. p. 337. ISBN 9780762761630. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
8. 2.
9. "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind | Svante Fischer and Helena Victor - Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
10. "Stadt Trier - Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier". cms.trier.de. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
11. "Stadt Trier - Startseite – Schulen in Trier". cms.trier.de. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
12. Fender, Keith (12 February 2014). "Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
13. "Catholic Encyclopedia - St. Helena - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon". heiligenlexikon.de. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
14. "Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule". Grad Pula (in Croatian and Italian). Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
15. "Fort Worth". Sister Cities International. Retrieved 2014-04-11.

External links

• Official website
•  "Treves". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.