Graz

For other uses, see Graz (disambiguation).
Graz

Rathaus (Town Hall) at dusk

Coat of arms
Graz

Location within Austria

Coordinates: 47°4′N 15°26′E / 47.067°N 15.433°E / 47.067; 15.433Coordinates: 47°4′N 15°26′E / 47.067°N 15.433°E / 47.067; 15.433
Country Austria
State Styria
District Statutory city
Government
 • Mayor Siegfried Nagl (ÖVP)
Area
 • Total 127.56 km2 (49.25 sq mi)
Elevation 353 m (1,158 ft)
Population (1 January 2014)[1]
 • Total 269,997
 • Density 2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal codes A-801x, A-802x, A-803x, A-804x, A-805x
Area codes +43 316
Vehicle registration G
Website www.graz.at
UNESCO World Heritage Site
City of Graz – Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iv
Reference 931bis
UNESCO region Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1999 (23rd Session)
Extensions 2010

Graz (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʁaːt͡s]) is the capital of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 July 2015, it had a population of 310,391 (of which 278,050 had principal residence status).[2] In 2014, the population of the Graz Larger Urban Zone who had principal residence status stood at 605,143.

Graz has a long tradition as a "university town": its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Its "Old Town" is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe.

Politically and culturally, Graz was for centuries more important for Slovenes than Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, and still remains influential.[3]

In 1999, Graz was added to the UNESCO list of World Cultural Heritage Sites, and the site was extended in 2010 by Schloss Eggenberg. Graz was sole Cultural Capital of Europe for 2003 and got the title of a City of Culinary Delights in 2008.

Etymology

The name of the city, Graz, formerly known as Gratz[4], stems most likely from the Slavic gradec "small castle". Some archaeological finds point to the erection of a small castle by Alpine Slavic people, which in time became a heavily defended fortification. In literary Slovene, gradec still means "small castle", forming a hypocoristic derivative of Proto-West-South Slavic *gradьcъ, whichs descends itself by means of liquid metathesis from Common Slavic *gardьcъ and through Slavic third palatalisation from Proto-Slavic *gardiku (cf. Ancient Greek toponym Γαρδίκι), originally denoting "small town, settlement". The name thus follows the common South Slavic pattern for naming settlements as grad. The German name 'Graz' was first used in 1128.[5]

Geography

Aerial photography showing the historic city center of Graz

Graz is situated on the Mur River in the southeast of Austria. It is about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Vienna. The nearest larger urban center is Maribor in Slovenia which is about 50 km (31 mi) away. Graz is the capital and largest city in Styria, a green and heavily forested area.

Neighbouring municipalities

These towns and villages border Graz:

Districts

The city of Graz is divided into 17 districts:

I. Innere Stadt (3,302)
II. St. Leonhard (12,377)
III. Geidorf (19,119)
IV. Lend (22,369)
V. Gries (22,658)
VI. Jakomini (25,808)
VII. Liebenau (11,556)
VIII. St. Peter (12,809)
IX. Waltendorf (10,782)

X. Ries (5,789)
XI. Mariatrost (7,403)
XII. Andritz (16,316)
XIII. Gösting (11,489)
XIV. Eggenberg (16,467)
XV. Wetzelsdorf (12,225)
XVI. Straßgang (12,212)
XVII. Puntigam (6,248)

History

Graz, Georg Matthäus Vischer (1670)
Graz,1830 – Lith. J.F. Kaiser

The oldest settlement on the ground of the modern city of Graz dates back to the Copper Age. However, no historical continuity exists of a settlement before the Middle Ages.

During the 12th century, dukes under Babenberg rule made the town into an important commercial center. Later, Graz came under the rule of the Habsburgs, and in 1281, gained special privileges from King Rudolph I.

In the 14th century, Graz became the city of residence of the Inner Austrian line of the Habsburgs. The royalty lived in the Schloßberg castle and from there ruled Styria, Carinthia, most of today's Slovenia, and parts of Italy (Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste).

In the 16th century, the city's design and planning were primarily controlled by Italian Renaissance architects and artists. One of the most famous buildings built in this style is the Landhaus, designed by Domenico dell'Allio, and used by the local rulers as a governmental headquarters.

Neutor in 1883
University of Graz
Landhaus
Hauptplatz

The astronomer Johannes Kepler lived in Graz for a short period. There, he worked as a math teacher, but found time to study astronomy. He left Graz to go to Prague when Lutherans were banned from the city.

Karl-Franzens-Universität, also called the University of Graz, is the city's oldest university, founded in 1585 by Archduke Karl II. For most of its existence, it was controlled by the Catholic church, and was closed in 1782 by Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a lyceum where civil servants and medical personnel were trained. In 1827 it was re-instituted as a university by Emperor Franz I, thus gaining the name 'Karl-Franzens Universität,' meaning 'Charles-Francis University.' Over 30,000 students currently study at this university.

Nikola Tesla studied electrical engineering at the Polytechnic in Graz in 1875. Nobel Laureate Otto Loewi taught at the University of Graz from 1909 until 1938. Ivo Andric, the 1961 Nobel Prize for Literature Laureate obtained his doctorate at the University of Graz. Johannes Kepler was a professor of mathematics at the University of Graz. Erwin Schrödinger was briefly chancellor of the University of Graz in 1936.

Adolf Hitler was given a warm welcome when he visited in 1938, the year Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany. The thriving Jewish community was destroyed by the Nazis, and their grand synagogue was burnt. A small group of Graz Jews returned despite everything after the war. In 2000, on the anniversary of the Reichskristallnacht, Graz city council presented the Jewish community with a new synagogue as a gesture of reconciliation. Hitler promised the people of Graz 1,000 years of prosperity and an end to mass unemployment; only seven years later, the Graz resistance surrendered the city to Soviet troops, sparing Graz any further destruction. By then, about 16% of buildings had been destroyed by Allied bombing – luckily the Old Town was not seriously hit.

Graz lies in Styria, or Steiermark in German. Mark is an old German word indicating a large area of land used as a defensive border, in which the peasantry is taught how to organize and fight in the case of an invasion. With a strategic location at the head of the open and fertile Mur valley, Graz was often assaulted (unsuccessfully), e.g. by the Hungarians under Matthias Corvinus in 1481, and by the Ottoman Turks in 1529 and 1532. Apart from the Riegersburg, the Schloßberg was the only fortification in the region that never fell to the Ottoman Turks. Graz is home to the region's provincial armory, which is the world's largest historical collection of Baroque weaponry. It has been preserved since 1551, and displays over 30,000 items.

From the earlier part of the 15th century, Graz was the residence of the younger branch of the Habsburgs, which succeeded to the imperial throne in 1619 in the person of Emperor Ferdinand II, who moved the capital to Vienna. New fortifications were built on the Schloßberg at the end of the 16th century. Napoleon's army occupied Graz in 1797. In 1809, the city withstood another assault by the French army. During this attack, the commanding officer in the fortress was ordered to defend it with about 900 men against Napoleon's army of about 3,000. He successfully defended the Schloßberg against eight attacks, but they were forced to give up after the Grande Armée occupied Vienna and the Emperor ordered to surrender. Following the defeat of Austria by Napoleonic forces at the Battle of Wagram in 1809, the fortifications were demolished using explosives, as stipulated in the Peace of Schönbrunn of the same year. The belltower and the civic clock tower, often used as the symbol of Graz, were spared after the people of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation.[5]

Archduke Karl II of Inner Austria had 20,000 Protestant books burned in the square of what is now a mental hospital, and succeeded in returning Styria to the authority of the Holy See. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was born in Graz, in what is now the Stadtmuseum (city museum).

Population development

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1900168,808—    
1951226,476+34.2%
1961237,080+4.7%
1971249,089+5.1%
1981243,166−2.4%
1991237,810−2.2%
2001226,244−4.9%
2006250,099+10.5%
2008252,852+1.1%
2014269,994+6.8%

The more recent population figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students. At the end of 2006 there were 37,624 people with secondary residence status in Graz.[6][7]

The population (with principal residence status) in the agglomeration was about 320,000 at the end of 2006.

Largest groups of foreign residents[8]
Nationality Population (2014)
 Germany 6,611
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5,850
 Romania 5,772
 Croatia 5,326
 Turkey 4,765
 Hungary 3,172
 Slovenia 2,061
 Slovakia 1,938
 Italy 1,578
 Russia 1,568
 Serbia 1,410
 Kosovo 1,315
 Afghanistan 1,000
 Nigeria 935
 Poland 881
 Egypt 750

Climate

Due to its position southeast of the Alps, Graz is shielded from the prevailing westerly winds that bring weather fronts in from the North Atlantic to northwestern and central Europe. The weather in Graz is thus influenced by the Mediterranean, and it has more hours of sunshine per year than Vienna or Salzburg and also less wind or rain. Graz lies in a basin that is only open to the south, causing the climate to be warmer than would be expected at that latitude. Plants are found in Graz that normally grow much further south. However, this milder, less windy climate is detrimental to the air quality in Graz as it makes the city prone to smog in winter. The exhaust fumes of the around 120,000 cars driven into Graz every weekday by people living in the surrounding areas, together with the car journeys made by the inhabitants of Graz itself, are the most significant source of air pollution.

Climate data for Graz (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3)		 20.1
(68.2)		 25.1
(77.2)		 28.3
(82.9)		 31.5
(88.7)		 34.3
(93.7)		 34.5
(94.1)		 35.5
(95.9)		 28.9
(84)		 25.9
(78.6)		 20.9
(69.6)		 19.2
(66.6)		 35.5
(95.9)
Average high °C (°F) 2.8
(37)		 5.8
(42.4)		 10.7
(51.3)		 15.3
(59.5)		 20.5
(68.9)		 23.4
(74.1)		 25.3
(77.5)		 24.7
(76.5)		 20.4
(68.7)		 14.6
(58.3)		 7.7
(45.9)		 3.6
(38.5)		 14.6
(58.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2)		 1.0
(33.8)		 5.1
(41.2)		 9.6
(49.3)		 14.6
(58.3)		 17.7
(63.9)		 19.5
(67.1)		 18.9
(66)		 14.7
(58.5)		 9.4
(48.9)		 3.7
(38.7)		 0.1
(32.2)		 9.4
(48.9)
Average low °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 1.0
(33.8)		 4.9
(40.8)		 9.5
(49.1)		 12.7
(54.9)		 14.7
(58.5)		 14.3
(57.7)		 10.6
(51.1)		 5.9
(42.6)		 0.9
(33.6)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −20.2
(−4.4)		 −19.3
(−2.7)		 −17.2
(1)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 3.6
(38.5)		 6.3
(43.3)		 4.9
(40.8)		 0.8
(33.4)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 −12.7
(9.1)		 −17.5
(0.5)		 −19.3
(−2.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23.9
(0.941)		 30.4
(1.197)		 44.1
(1.736)		 49.0
(1.929)		 86.0
(3.386)		 117.8
(4.638)		 125.1
(4.925)		 113.0
(4.449)		 81.1
(3.193)		 61.7
(2.429)		 51.9
(2.043)		 34.9
(1.374)		 818.9
(32.24)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 12.8
(5.04)		 15.6
(6.14)		 6.5
(2.56)		 2.3
(0.91)		 0.1
(0.04)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.2
(0.08)		 9.1
(3.58)		 15.5
(6.1)		 62.1
(24.45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.8 4.8 6.6 7.9 10.6 11.5 10.7 9.7 7.5 6.3 6.5 5.2 92.1
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 15.6 10.0 4.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 9.1 42.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 90.4 117.8 145.7 166.4 210.0 213.0 234.4 226.9 174.0 139.6 93.0 78.8 1,890
Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[9]

Slovenes and Graz

The name of Graz is of Slovene language origin and the city was Slovene for a short period. Politically, culturally, scientifically and religiously, Graz was an important centre for all the Slovenes, especially from the establishment of the University of Graz in 1586 until the establishment of University of Ljubljana in 1919. In 1574, the first Slovene Catholic book was published in Graz, and in 1592, Hieronymus Megiser published in Graz the book Dictionarium quatuor linguarum, the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene.[10]

The Styrian Slovenes did not consider Graz a German city, but their own, a place to study while living at their relatives' homes and to fulfill one's career ambitions. The student associations in Graz were a crucible of the Slovene identity and the Slovene students in Graz were more nationally aware than some others. This led to fierce anti-Slovene efforts of German nationalists in Graz before and during World War II.[3]

Nowadays, the city is cosmopolitan and quite fond of the Slovenes. Many Slovenian Styrians study there. The Slovenes are among the professors at the Institute for Jazz in Graz. Numerous Slovenes have found employment there, while being formally unemployed in Slovenia.[3] For the Slovene culture, Graz remains permanently important due to its university and the Universalmuseum Joanneum archives containing numerous documents from the Slovenian Styria.[3]

A symposium on the relation of Graz and the Slovenes was held in Graz in 2010, at the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the establishment of the first and oldest chair of Slovene. It was established at the Lyzeum of Graz in July 1811 on the initiative of Janez Nepomuk Primic.[11] A collection of lectures on the topic was published. The Slovenian Post commemorated the anniversary with a stamp.[12]

Main sights

A panoramic view of the old town from the Grazer Schloßberg

For Graz's stint as Cultural Capital of Europe some strikingly modern new public buildings where erected in the city. The most famous is the Kunsthaus (house of modern art) designed by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier, a museum constructed right next to the river Mur, and the "Murinsel" (island in the Mur), an island made of steel, situated in the river. It was designed by the American architect Vito Acconci and contains a café, an open-air theatre and a playground.

Old town

Main article: Innere Stadt (Graz)
Grazer Schloßberg (Castle mountain) with clock tower

The old town was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999[5] due to the harmonious co-existence of typical buildings from different epochs and in different architectural styles. Situated in a cultural borderland between Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan States, Graz absorbed various influences from the neighbouring regions and thus received its exceptional townscape. Today the old town consists of over 1000 buildings, their age ranging from Gothic to Contemporary.

The most important sights in the old town are:

Outside the Old Town

Schloss Eggenberg

Greater Graz area

Culture

During 2003 Graz held the title of "European Capital of Culture" and is (as of 2011) one of the UNESCO "Cities of Design".

Museums

Kunsthaus
Tramway Museum

The most important museums in Graz are:

Architecture

The Old Town and the adjacent districts are characterized by the historic residential buildings and churches found there. In the outer districts buildings are predominantly of the architectural styles from the second half of the 20th century.

In 1965 the Grazer Schule (School of Graz) was founded. Several buildings around the universities are of this style, for example the green houses by Volker Giencke and the RESOWI center by Günther Domenig.

Before Graz became the European Capital of Culture in 2003, several new projects were realized, such as the Stadthalle, the Kindermuseum (museum for children), the Helmut-List-Halle, the Kunsthaus and the Murinsel.

Herz-Jesu-Kirche

Buildings in Graz which are at least 50m tall:

Name or Address Completion Usage Height (m) floors
1. Herz-Jesu-Kirche 1887 church 109
2. Elisabeth Hochhaus 1964 residential 75 25
3. Kärntner Straße 212, Liebenauer Hauptstraße 309 1968 and 1955 residential 69 21
4. Franziskanerkirche 1240 church 69
5. Telekom Austria Tower 1960s office 65 15
6. Basilica Mariatrost 1724 church 61
7. Hafnerriegel 1960 residential 61 19
8. Styria Media Center 2014 office 60 15
9. St. Peter Pfarrweg, Kindermanngasse, Hanuschgasse 1970s residential 55 17
10. Vinzenz Muchitschstraße, Ungergasse, Kärntner Straße 216, Eggenberger Gürtel 1970s residential 52 16

Buildings that will be at least 50m high currently (2015) under construction: the eco-friendly "Science Tower", this 60m tall office building will house various local green technology companies when completed and will be a zero-energy building.

Transport

Tram at Jakominiplatz

An extensive public transport network makes Graz an easy city to navigate without a car. The city has a comprehensive bus network, complementing the Graz tram network consisting of eight lines. Four lines pass through the new underground tramstop at the main railway station (Hauptbahnhof) and on to the old town before branching out. Furthermore, there are seven night-time bus routes, although these run only at weekends and on evenings preceding public holidays.

The Schlossbergbahn, a funicular railway, and the Schlossberg lift, a vertical lift, link the city centre to the Schloßberg.

From the main railway station (Graz Hauptbahnhof), regional trains link to most of Styria. Direct trains also run to most major cities nearby including Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Maribor and Ljubljana in Slovenia, Zagreb in Croatia, Prague and Brno in the Czech Republic and Zürich in Switzerland. Trains for Vienna leave every hour. In recent years many railway stations within the city limits and in the suburbs have been rebuilt or modernised and are now part of the "S-Bahn Graz", a commuter train service connecting the city with its suburban area and towns nearby.

Graz Airport is about 10 km (6 mi) south of the city centre and has a railway station ("S-Bahn") within walking distance (east of the airport). Graz Airport has flights to various destinations including Frankfurt, Munich, Berlin, Zürich, Istanbul and Vienna.[13] Ryanair formerly flew to London (Stansted) from Graz until 2012.

Health

In Graz there are seven hospitals, several private hospitals and sanatoriums, as well as 44 pharmacies.

The LKH-Universitätsklinikum Graz is one of the hospitals that can provide maximum care, with 1556 beds and 7190 employees. It covers the east of the city. In the west of the city there is the LKH Graz-West in Eggenberg with 280 beds and about 500 employees, the Landesnervenklinik Sigmund Freud (LSF) in Straßgang with 880 beds and 1,100 employees, as well as the Unfallkrankenhaus der AUVA in Eggenberg with 180 beds and a total of 444 employees.

Furthermore, there is the geriatric hospital Albert-Schweitzer-Klinik in the west of the city with 304 beds, the Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder I in Lend with 225 beds, the Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder II in Eggenberg with 260 beds and the Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen in Gries with 182 beds.

There are several private clinics as well: the Privatklinik Kastanienhof, the Privatklinik Leech, the Privatklinik der Kreuzschwestern, the Sanatorium St. Leonhard, the Sanatorium Hansa and the Privatklinik Graz-Ragnitz.

EMS in Graz is provided solely by the Austrian Red Cross. Perpetually two emergency doctor's cars (NEF – Notarzteinsatzfahrzeug), two NAWs (Notarztwagen – ambulances staffed with a doctor in addition to regular personnel) and about 30 RTWs (Rettungswagen – regular ambulances) are on standby. Furthermore, several non-emergency ambulances (KTW – Krankentransportwagen) and a Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU) are operated by the Red Cross in order to organise transportation of non-emergency patients to and between hospitals. In addition to the Red Cross the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Österreichs (Labor-Samaritan-Alliance), the Malteser Hospitaldienst Austria (the Austrian organisation of the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps) and the Grünes Kreuz (Green Cross) operate various non-emergency ambulances (KTW) for non-emergency patient transportation. In addition to the land-ambulances there's also the C12 air ambulance helicopter stationed at Graz airport, which is also staffed with an emergency doctor in addition to regular personnel.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Graz is twinned with:[14]

Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes

Notable residents

The following are past and present notable residents of Graz.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Statistik Austria - Bevölkerung zu Jahres- und Quartalsanfang, 2014-01-01.
  2. ↑ "Anwesende Bevölkerung nach Wohnsitz und Gechlecht pro Bezirk – Stand 1. April 2010" (PDF) (in German). Graz: Stadt Graz – Präsidialamt. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Granda, Stane (2006). "Gradec in Slovenci" (PDF). Traditiones (in Slovenian) 35 (2) (University of Graz). pp. 99–103. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  4. ↑  Baynes, T.S.; Smith, W.R., eds. (1880). "Gratz". Encyclopædia Britannica 11 (9th ed.). p. 63.
  5. 1 2 3 Strobl, Alexander (8 July 2008). "A Short History of the City". Graz: Stadt Graz – Magistratsdirektion, Abteilung für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  6. ↑ Tautscher, Sonja (7 January 2010). "Graz in Numbers". Graz: Stadt Graz – Magistratsdirektion, Abteilung für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  7. ↑ "Ein Blick auf die Gemeinde Graz <60101>" (PDF) (in German). Statistik Austria. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  8. ↑ "Ausländische Bevölkerung in Graz" (PDF). www.graz.at. GRAZ. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 -Graz-Uni" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  10. ↑ "Primeri nekaj sklanjatev in spregatev v Megiserjevem Dictionarium quatuor linguarum 1592" [The Concise Grammar of Four Languages in Megiser's 1592 Dictionary]. Jezikoslovni zapiski (in Slovenian) (Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU) 13 (1/2): 23–32. 2007. ISSN 0354-0448. COBISS 26967085.
  11. ↑ "Janez Nepomuk Primic in ustanovitev stolice za slovenski jezik na liceju v Gradcu 1811" [Janez Nepomuk Primic and the Establishment of the Chair of Slovene at the Lyzeum in Graz in 1811] (PDF). Slavistična revija [Journal of Slavic Linguistics] (in Slovenian) 50 (1). January–March 2002. ISSN 1855-7570.
  12. ↑ Bračič, Bojan (November–December 2011). Korber, Mateja, ed. "Predstavitev znamke v baročni dvorani graškega semenišča". Razgledi: glasilo Pošte Slovenije [Views: The Bulletin of the Post of Slovenia] (Pošta Slovenije [Post of Slovenia]). ISSN 1318-5705.
  13. ↑ "Flughafen Graz :: Destinations". Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Twin Towns – Graz Online – English Version". www.graz.at. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  15. ↑ "Coventry – Twin towns and cities". Coventry City Council. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  16. ↑ Griffin, Mary (2 August 2011). "Coventry's twin towns". Coventry Telegraph. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  17. ↑ "Städtepartnerschaften und Internationales". Büro für Städtepartnerschaften und internationale Beziehungen (in German). Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  18. ↑ "Groningen – Partner Cities". 2008 Gemeente Groningen, Kreupelstraat 1,9712 HW Groningen. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  19. ↑ "Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje". Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  20. ↑ "Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule". Grad Pula (in Croatian and Italian). Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  21. ↑ "Stadt Graz: Sister Cities". Retrieved 1 December 2008.
  22. ↑ (Norwegian)Trondheims offisielle nettsted – Vennskapsbyer

Further reading

Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graz.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Graz.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Graz.

Official websites

History

Further information

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